Féis
Encyclopedia
A Feis or Fèis (faɪʃ, roughly feysh) is a traditional Gaelic
arts and culture festival. The plural forms are feiseanna (ˈfɛʃənə fesh-a-na) and fèisean (ˈfaɪʃən feysh'n).
communities placed great importance on local festivals, where Gaels
could come together in song, dance, music, theatre
and sport. The largest of these was the Aonach, the great festival at Tara
, which was then the city of Ireland's
Ardrí, or "High King".
These feiseanna were a rich opportunity for storytellers to reach a large audience, and often warriors would recount their exploits in combat, clansmen would trace family genealogies, and bards and balladeers would lead the groups in legends, stories, and song.
These gatherings eventually gave rise to athletic and sporting competitions, including horse
- and chariot-racing
, as well as feats of strength and endurance.
in Ireland and Scotland
, as well as throughout the world. Typically they are community-based festivals seeking to promote and maintain Celtic Culture, tradition, and pride.
Feiseanna are generally centered around Irish Dancing competitions, and sometimes include music competitions, art competitions, Irish language classes and soda bread baking competitions. An Irish Dance competition that features only dancing is called a "Feile", or simply "Feis" in the Americans.
When competitors begin to dance in these competitions, they traditionally wear a dance costume decided on by their dance school. When these students reach a competition level decided on by the dance school, they have can design or choose a costume of their own. Girls wear ornate dresses with long sleeves and short skirt. The skirt panels are sometimes stiffened with cardboard inserts, but ballet-like "soft-skirts" have become the norm. Boys usually wear a dress shirt, tie and/or vest, and dress pants or a kilt. Girls that are competing also curl their hair or wear a curly, full wig.
The most important Feiseanna in Irish Dance are the "Oireachtas"competitions. There are regional Oireachtas competitions in Eastern and Western Canada, Northeast, Midwest, Southern and Western US, plus locations in Europe (Especially GB and Ireland) and Australia. Regional Oireachtas are open only to dancers from their defined region, and serve as qualifying competitions for National and World Oireachtas. Important National Oireachtas include North American Nationals (NANs), All Irelands, and All Great Britons.
The most prestigious competition for top dancers is the World Oireachtas. Worlds were held in Glasgow in 2007, Belfast in 2008, Philadelphia in 2009 and returning to Glasgow for the 40th Anniversary. The World Oireachtas (Oireachtas Rince Na Cruinne) is typically held Easter Week.
There are different levels of competition offered at all feiseanna, however the number of levels, and the names of each level vary by country (and even region within that country). Competitions are offered for both solo and team dancing, and are separated based upon the age of the competitors. At some competitions, ceili categories are offered for teams of 4 or 8 dancers, the ceili dances performed must be done so as espoused in the book 'Ar Rince Foirne' which lays down 30 of the traditional Irish ceili dancees. Competitions for teams of 2,3 and 8-16 dancers, called figure dances, may also be offered, choreography for these dances is made up by the teacher and/or dancers themselves, though must adhere to certain rules and parameters, a notable rule for figure dances being that 'any move in which a dancer is thrown across the stage is prohibited'.
The commonly competed dances are reel, slip jig, light jig and single jig, in soft shoe, and heavy/treble jig and hornpipe in hard shoe. Treble reels (hard shoe reels) may be offered as 'special dances', as may traditional set dances and special trophy dances in soft and hard shoe in addition to the regular competition. Grade dances are when competitors dance, are judged and are placed in each dance separately. Championships consist of three rounds, an initial soft (reel or slip jig) round and a heavy (heavy/treble jig or hornpipe) round danced by all entrants, the scores from the soft and heavy round are combined, and a percentage (usually circa 50%) of dancers with the highest combined score dance a third round of a modern set dance, the winner is the dancer with the highest combined score across all three rounds. Championships must be judged by a minimum of three judges, preliminary championships in the UK may offer a recall of the heavy dance not danced in the initial heavy round instead of a modern set dance upon recall. Modern set dances are of the teacher and/or dancers own choreography and are danced to a specific set dance chosen from a list compiled by the overseeing organisation. Modern set dances are rarely offered to dance outside of championship competitions, though may occasionally be present as a 'special' competition. Slip jig is only danced by girls, with the exception of male dancers from the CRN organisation.
In CLRG affiliated competitions in the USA, Canada and Mexico these levels of competition are offered: beginner, advanced beginner, novice, open/prizewinner, preliminary championship, and championship. The names of categories vary by region. In some regions of the USA there are also special categories for adults, to be eligible the adult dancers must not have competed in the standard age-defined competitions for a stipulated amount of time (usually circa 4 years). Some feiseanna in the US also offer a 'first feis' category for the youngest dancers, to give them a more gentle introduction into the world of competitions.
In the UK, Europe, Australia and New Zealand almost all of the organisations separate the competitions into beginner (sometimes referred to as novice), primary, intermediate and open levels. In recent years an a preliminary championship level has begun to be introduced at many feiseanna, unlike in the US this level is not compulsory, and is an opptional level to bridge the gap between placing out of intermediate and entering the open level. Apart from in the younger age groups, the majority of feiseanna in the UK operate only an open championship competition, rather than open grade dances.
The most common way for dancers to advance between levels is though winning a dance when there are 6 or more competitors in the competition. However in many regions a dancer can only win 3 competitions with fewer than 6 dancers before they must move up to the next level. Teachers may also choose to move a dancer up a level. Once a dancer has met the requirements to move up a level they are no longer allowed to compete at the lower level of competition, however in the UK if a dancer in the open level has not placed in the top 5 for a period of more than a year, they may return to the intermediate level of competition.
Placing of dancers
For Individual dance competitions, placing is based entirely on a single judges subjective opinion. Ties are common, and can result in slightly skewed final results. For instance, a tie at 2nd place would result in the 4th best dancer receiving 3rd place (1st, 2nd, 2nd, 3rd, instead of 1st, 2nd, 2nd, 4th).
Complete List of Irish Points:
1st 100 11th 41 21st 30 31st 20 41st 10
2nd 75 12th 39 22nd 29 32nd 19 42nd 9
3rd 65 13th 38 23rd 28 33rd 18 43rd 8
4th 60 14th 37 24th 27 34th 17 44th 7
5th 56 15th 36 25th 26 35th 16 45th 6
6th 53 16th 35 26th 25 36th 15 46th 5
7th 50 17th 34 27th 24 37th 14 47th 4
8th 47 18th 33 28th 23 38th 13 48th 3
9th 45 19th 32 29th 22 39th 12 49th 2
10th 43 20th 31 30th 21 40th 11 50th 1
In a 3 judge competition it is almost impossible to Not get first with 2 judges agreeing that 1st place is warranted, since with 200 Irish points, the 3rd judge would need to place a dance 7th or worse to overcome the 25 point bonus between 1st and 2nd. This scoring method helps ensure that a single bad adjudicator does not unfairly ruin the results. At a standard 3 judge Feis competition, a unanimous 1st place score is 300 (100 from each judge). At Regional Oireachtas competitions, there are 5 judges who rate all three dance programs, creating the possibility of a perfect score of 500. At the World Championship Oireachtas (Oireachtas Rince na Cruinne), there are 7 judges, which means that 700 would be perfect if all 7 judges agree that one dancer performed the best.
In order to compete at a feis in North America, a dancer must be registered with An Coimisiun le Rince Gaelacha and its subsidiary the Irish Dance Teacher's Association of North America.
Gaels
The Gaels or Goidels are speakers of one of the Goidelic Celtic languages: Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx. Goidelic speech originated in Ireland and subsequently spread to western and northern Scotland and the Isle of Man....
arts and culture festival. The plural forms are feiseanna (ˈfɛʃənə fesh-a-na) and fèisean (ˈfaɪʃən feysh'n).
History
In Ancient IrelandEarly history of Ireland
The early medieval history of Ireland, often called Early Christian Ireland, spans the 5th to 8th centuries, from the gradual emergence out of the protohistoric period to the beginning of the Viking Age...
communities placed great importance on local festivals, where Gaels
Gaels
The Gaels or Goidels are speakers of one of the Goidelic Celtic languages: Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx. Goidelic speech originated in Ireland and subsequently spread to western and northern Scotland and the Isle of Man....
could come together in song, dance, music, theatre
Theatre
Theatre is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place. The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music or dance...
and sport. The largest of these was the Aonach, the great festival at Tara
Hill of Tara
The Hill of Tara , located near the River Boyne, is an archaeological complex that runs between Navan and Dunshaughlin in County Meath, Leinster, Ireland...
, which was then the city of Ireland's
Ireland
Ireland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...
Ardrí, or "High King".
These feiseanna were a rich opportunity for storytellers to reach a large audience, and often warriors would recount their exploits in combat, clansmen would trace family genealogies, and bards and balladeers would lead the groups in legends, stories, and song.
These gatherings eventually gave rise to athletic and sporting competitions, including horse
Horse racing
Horse racing is an equestrian sport that has a long history. Archaeological records indicate that horse racing occurred in ancient Babylon, Syria, and Egypt. Both chariot and mounted horse racing were events in the ancient Greek Olympics by 648 BC...
- and chariot-racing
Chariot racing
Chariot racing was one of the most popular ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine sports. Chariot racing was often dangerous to both driver and horse as they frequently suffered serious injury and even death, but generated strong spectator enthusiasm...
, as well as feats of strength and endurance.
Modern Feiseanna
Today the Feis has experienced something of a rebirth, both for ethnic Gaels and for enthusiasts of the Gaelic cultureGaels
The Gaels or Goidels are speakers of one of the Goidelic Celtic languages: Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx. Goidelic speech originated in Ireland and subsequently spread to western and northern Scotland and the Isle of Man....
in Ireland and Scotland
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
, as well as throughout the world. Typically they are community-based festivals seeking to promote and maintain Celtic Culture, tradition, and pride.
Feiseanna are generally centered around Irish Dancing competitions, and sometimes include music competitions, art competitions, Irish language classes and soda bread baking competitions. An Irish Dance competition that features only dancing is called a "Feile", or simply "Feis" in the Americans.
When competitors begin to dance in these competitions, they traditionally wear a dance costume decided on by their dance school. When these students reach a competition level decided on by the dance school, they have can design or choose a costume of their own. Girls wear ornate dresses with long sleeves and short skirt. The skirt panels are sometimes stiffened with cardboard inserts, but ballet-like "soft-skirts" have become the norm. Boys usually wear a dress shirt, tie and/or vest, and dress pants or a kilt. Girls that are competing also curl their hair or wear a curly, full wig.
The most important Feiseanna in Irish Dance are the "Oireachtas"competitions. There are regional Oireachtas competitions in Eastern and Western Canada, Northeast, Midwest, Southern and Western US, plus locations in Europe (Especially GB and Ireland) and Australia. Regional Oireachtas are open only to dancers from their defined region, and serve as qualifying competitions for National and World Oireachtas. Important National Oireachtas include North American Nationals (NANs), All Irelands, and All Great Britons.
The most prestigious competition for top dancers is the World Oireachtas. Worlds were held in Glasgow in 2007, Belfast in 2008, Philadelphia in 2009 and returning to Glasgow for the 40th Anniversary. The World Oireachtas (Oireachtas Rince Na Cruinne) is typically held Easter Week.
Dance Competition
Feiseanna are held all over the world, Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, England, Scotland, Wales, all over Europe, South Africa, the USA and Canada. Feiseanna are held by all the organisations which oversee Irish dance, with most feisanna being confined to only those dancers who take lessons with a teacher certified by that particular organisation. However, there are a number of organisations (primarily CRN and WIDA along with it's affiliated organisations) who organise 'open feisanna', which are open to any dancer regardless of their teacher's organisation (or if they are self-taught). The organisers of 'closed feiseanna' frown upon dancers from their organisation competing at such open competitions, and may sanction competitors/teachers found to participate in such open feiseanna.There are different levels of competition offered at all feiseanna, however the number of levels, and the names of each level vary by country (and even region within that country). Competitions are offered for both solo and team dancing, and are separated based upon the age of the competitors. At some competitions, ceili categories are offered for teams of 4 or 8 dancers, the ceili dances performed must be done so as espoused in the book 'Ar Rince Foirne' which lays down 30 of the traditional Irish ceili dancees. Competitions for teams of 2,3 and 8-16 dancers, called figure dances, may also be offered, choreography for these dances is made up by the teacher and/or dancers themselves, though must adhere to certain rules and parameters, a notable rule for figure dances being that 'any move in which a dancer is thrown across the stage is prohibited'.
The commonly competed dances are reel, slip jig, light jig and single jig, in soft shoe, and heavy/treble jig and hornpipe in hard shoe. Treble reels (hard shoe reels) may be offered as 'special dances', as may traditional set dances and special trophy dances in soft and hard shoe in addition to the regular competition. Grade dances are when competitors dance, are judged and are placed in each dance separately. Championships consist of three rounds, an initial soft (reel or slip jig) round and a heavy (heavy/treble jig or hornpipe) round danced by all entrants, the scores from the soft and heavy round are combined, and a percentage (usually circa 50%) of dancers with the highest combined score dance a third round of a modern set dance, the winner is the dancer with the highest combined score across all three rounds. Championships must be judged by a minimum of three judges, preliminary championships in the UK may offer a recall of the heavy dance not danced in the initial heavy round instead of a modern set dance upon recall. Modern set dances are of the teacher and/or dancers own choreography and are danced to a specific set dance chosen from a list compiled by the overseeing organisation. Modern set dances are rarely offered to dance outside of championship competitions, though may occasionally be present as a 'special' competition. Slip jig is only danced by girls, with the exception of male dancers from the CRN organisation.
In CLRG affiliated competitions in the USA, Canada and Mexico these levels of competition are offered: beginner, advanced beginner, novice, open/prizewinner, preliminary championship, and championship. The names of categories vary by region. In some regions of the USA there are also special categories for adults, to be eligible the adult dancers must not have competed in the standard age-defined competitions for a stipulated amount of time (usually circa 4 years). Some feiseanna in the US also offer a 'first feis' category for the youngest dancers, to give them a more gentle introduction into the world of competitions.
In the UK, Europe, Australia and New Zealand almost all of the organisations separate the competitions into beginner (sometimes referred to as novice), primary, intermediate and open levels. In recent years an a preliminary championship level has begun to be introduced at many feiseanna, unlike in the US this level is not compulsory, and is an opptional level to bridge the gap between placing out of intermediate and entering the open level. Apart from in the younger age groups, the majority of feiseanna in the UK operate only an open championship competition, rather than open grade dances.
The most common way for dancers to advance between levels is though winning a dance when there are 6 or more competitors in the competition. However in many regions a dancer can only win 3 competitions with fewer than 6 dancers before they must move up to the next level. Teachers may also choose to move a dancer up a level. Once a dancer has met the requirements to move up a level they are no longer allowed to compete at the lower level of competition, however in the UK if a dancer in the open level has not placed in the top 5 for a period of more than a year, they may return to the intermediate level of competition.
Competition Scoring
Competitions for each individual dance are scored on a 100 point system, which indicate the subjective opinion of each different judge. Most scores seem to be in the 60-95 point range, and can vary wildly depending upon the judge. However, each competition is judged in its entirety by the same judge(s), so what really matters is the relative placing of each dancer.Placing of dancers
For Individual dance competitions, placing is based entirely on a single judges subjective opinion. Ties are common, and can result in slightly skewed final results. For instance, a tie at 2nd place would result in the 4th best dancer receiving 3rd place (1st, 2nd, 2nd, 3rd, instead of 1st, 2nd, 2nd, 4th).
Irish Points
Preliminary and Open Championship competitions are judged by at least 3 adjudicators (Judges) and at regional, national and world "Oireachtas" competitions, there can be 5 or more. Because of the subjective nature of judging, the varying scales used by each judge, and fact that the scores of 3 dances must be combined to determine overall placing, an additional [Irish Points] method of scoring is used. Each individual adjudicator derives from their own scoring, a final placing. Ties in these placings are discouraged but do happen. Each of the placings from 1st to 50th are assigned an Irish Point Value, which when combined with the other adjudicators, determines final placing. The Irish Points per individually judged place are vaguely logarithmic, in that 1st100 points, 2nd
75, 3rd65 etc, until 50th
1. This gives higher marks by single judges more weight than average marks by more judges.Complete List of Irish Points:
1st 100 11th 41 21st 30 31st 20 41st 10
2nd 75 12th 39 22nd 29 32nd 19 42nd 9
3rd 65 13th 38 23rd 28 33rd 18 43rd 8
4th 60 14th 37 24th 27 34th 17 44th 7
5th 56 15th 36 25th 26 35th 16 45th 6
6th 53 16th 35 26th 25 36th 15 46th 5
7th 50 17th 34 27th 24 37th 14 47th 4
8th 47 18th 33 28th 23 38th 13 48th 3
9th 45 19th 32 29th 22 39th 12 49th 2
10th 43 20th 31 30th 21 40th 11 50th 1
In a 3 judge competition it is almost impossible to Not get first with 2 judges agreeing that 1st place is warranted, since with 200 Irish points, the 3rd judge would need to place a dance 7th or worse to overcome the 25 point bonus between 1st and 2nd. This scoring method helps ensure that a single bad adjudicator does not unfairly ruin the results. At a standard 3 judge Feis competition, a unanimous 1st place score is 300 (100 from each judge). At Regional Oireachtas competitions, there are 5 judges who rate all three dance programs, creating the possibility of a perfect score of 500. At the World Championship Oireachtas (Oireachtas Rince na Cruinne), there are 7 judges, which means that 700 would be perfect if all 7 judges agree that one dancer performed the best.
In order to compete at a feis in North America, a dancer must be registered with An Coimisiun le Rince Gaelacha and its subsidiary the Irish Dance Teacher's Association of North America.
See also
- Ardfheis, originally the name of the Conradh na GaeilgeConradh na GaeilgeConradh na Gaeilge is a non-governmental organisation that promotes the Irish language in Ireland and abroad. The motto of the League is Sinn Féin, Sinn Féin amháin .-Origins:...
Feis, now used of Irish political party conferenceParty conferenceThe terms party conference , political convention , and party congress usually refer to a general meeting of a political party. The conference is attended by certain delegates who represent the party membership...
s - Eisteddfod, the Welsh equivalent of a Feis.
- Fèisean nan GàidhealFèisean nan GàidhealFèisean nan Gàidheal is the National Association of Scottish Gaelic Arts Youth Tuition Festivals. Established in 1988, it is the support organisation for the Fèisean which are local Gaelic Arts tuition festivals....
, the Scottish Gaelic arts youth tutition festivals.
External links
- WorldIrishDancer.com Irish dance community & Annual Online Feis
- http://www.northamericanfeiscommission.org/ North American Feis Commission
- Feiseanna for dummies : a comprehensive explanation of the basics of feiseanna
- To Dance Irish WBGU-PBS local documentary about Irish Dancing,
- FeisWorx.com: Popular website for the registration and results of Irish Dancing Feiseanna
- FeisKeeper A place to register for NAIDF sponsored feiseanna.
- eFeis.com: Another popular website for the registration of Irish Dancing Feiseanna
- Feis Productions: a smaller site to register for several US Western Region feiseanna
- The Pan-Celtic Festival in Ireland
- The National Mòd (Am Mòd Nàiseanta Rìoghail) in Scotland
- Lorient Inter-Celtic Festival in Brittany, France
- Goderich Celtic Roots Festival in Canada
- Feisean nan Gaidheal - Scottish Gaelic Arts Youth Tuition Festivals
- Clearwater Beach Feis - Clearwater Beach Feis
- Feis na nGleann - 'The Glens Feis' - The first Gaelic Cultural festival in east Ulster
- The Feis of the Great Glen of Scotland (Loch Ness)
- Nassau Co. NY Feis - Outdoor Feis of AOH in Nassau County NY