František Vyskočil
Encyclopedia
František Vyskočil is a Czech
neuroscientist
and a Professor of Physiology and Neurobiology at Charles University.
, Bohemia
. In 1963 he graduated with honours from the Faculty of Science of Charles University in Prague and in later years obtained the title of Candidate of Sciences (1968, Ph.D. equivalent), Doctor of Science (1990), associate professor (1994) and professor. He worked as a Senior Fogarty Visiting Scholar and Visiting Professor
in the Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco
, USA (with Zach Hall) and Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics of the Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology, St. Petersburg
(with Lev Magazanik). He now works for the Department of Neurobiology of the Faculty of Science of Charles University in Prague and the Institute of Physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. He is a member of The Physiological Society of Cambridge and London and a founding member of The Learned Society of the Czech Republic[1]. He has worked at a number of overseas universities as visiting and regular professor (University of California, San Francisco USA, Kazan State Medical University and others). Under Communist rule, when he was discriminated against for his opinions (in 1968 he was a member of the Academy's Union Board, led by the famous dissident and sociologist Rudolf Battěk) he received a combined prize of the Academy of Sciences of The Czechoslovak Republic and the Russian Federation (1974). His contacts with Russian scientists, at a time when he was banned from staying overseas in the West, led to a range of discoveries and were recognized with the State Prize of the Republic of Tatarstan (1995) and the American Fogarty Award in 1992. He was also awarded the prize of the Czech Academy of Sciences for his work "Molecular Basis for the Transfer of Information at the Myoneural Junction" the Lifelong Contribution Award of the Czech Academy of Sciences and the Purkynje Medal of the Czech Academy of Sciences. He is an member of the Czech Medical Association, The Physiological Society
, and the Society for Neuroscience
.
He has organized cycles of presentations for the People's Academy and the Institute for further education of doctors and pharmacologists and for international summer courses (FEBS 2007 and others). As a member of the specialist commission for science and executive committee of the Czech Literary Fund, he takes part in the awarding of annual prizes for specialist literature and contributions to the publication of specialist journals, as well as the provision of creative grants and travel stipendiums for young research workers and students. He is also involved in activities supporting scientifically talented young people.
His work has been cited over 3600 times, his best known are his publications in the field of ion-selective microelectrodes in the brain and in work on human muscles, work on the quantal and non-quantal release of neurotransmitters (which he discovered in mammals) and on the activity of the gaseous hormone nitric oxide. He is the main author of the Citation Classics work on the movement of potassium in the brain during spreading depression (which clearly plays a role in migraines) and clinical death of the brain, which was distinguished by the American Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) as Citation Classic. (see Current Contents, 15, 1989 and the Web of Science Database)
and regeneration including NO pathway. Models: Tissue cultures of dissociated nerve cells. Spinal cord
of the rat. Neuromuscular junction
of the rat, mouse and frog. Techniques: Glass microelectrodes, ion-sensitive microelectrodes, patch clamp
, rapid application of drugs, standard electrophysiological techniques, such as voltage clamp
and current clamp
.
1. Desensitization of nicotinic ACh receptors.
First demonstration of potential and temperature dependence. (J. Physiol.Lond.210:507, 1970; J. Physiol.Lond. 249:285, 1975; J. Physiol.Lond. 412:113, 1989; J. Physiol.Lond. 446:105,1993, J.Physiol.Lond. 502: 305-316, 1997)
2. Properties of acetylcholine receptor
s at neuromuscular junction.
First demonstration of differences between junctional and extrajunctional (denervation-induced) receptors (Ph.D. Thesis). Trophic nerve-muscle interactions including NO pathway. Functional and hormonal studies. Computer modeling
(J. Physiol.Lond. 219:331, 1971; Brain Res. 72:158, 1974; Brain Res. 88:309, 1975; Pflügers Arch. 367:43, 1976; Pflügers Arch. 390:265, 1981, J. Physiol. 381:607, 1986; Pflügers Arch. 416:126, 1990, Eur J.Nerosci.5:1677-83,1993, J.Physiol.Lond. 446:95, Eur.Biophys.J.23:443, 1995,NeuroReport 8: 403-6, 1997, Physiol. Res. 47:291-5, 1998, BBA 2008).
3. Ion-selective microelectrodes for K+ and Na+ in nerve and muscle tissue.
He performed first direct measurements of external K+ in c.n.s. and muscle (rabbit, cat and human) at rest and during activity. (Brain Res. 39255, 1972; Brain Res. 40:559, 1972; Pflügers Arch. 338:177, 1973; Pflügers Arch. 394:161, 1982; Pflügers Arch. 399:235, 1983; Physiol. bohemoslov. 34:201, 1985; Physiol. Res. 41:251, 1992).
4. Functional correlation between Na+,K+-ATPase
and electrogenic sodium pump in membrane fractions and intact muscle cells
.
(Nature 286:516, 1980; Physiol. bohemoslov. 31:288, 1981; BBA 720:405, 1982; Lancet May 8, 1078, 1982; BBRC 116:783, 1983; BBA 775:405, 1984; Biochem. Pharmacol. 33:2485, 1984; BBA 863:18, 1986; Brain Res. 436:85, 1987; J. Neurosci. Res. 19:497, 1988; J. Neurochem. 58:1066, 1992; J.Neurochem. 63:662-70, 1994, Eur. J. Physiol. (Pflügers Arch.) 429:716-721, 1995, Eur. J. Pharmacol.276:101-105, 1995, Gen Physiol Biophys. 17(3):271-83, 1998. Phys. Res 2001, 2007).
5. Non-quantal and quantal release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. First demonstration of non-quantal transmitter release on mouse diaphragm and analysis of the release and action mechanism. Synchronization of evoked quantal release.(Pflügers Arch. 370:295, 1977; J. Physiol. 286:1, 1979; Pflügers Arch. 379:319, 1983; Neuroscience 9:429, 1983; Pflügers Arch. 409:540, 1987; J. Physiol. 423:631, 1990; Pflügers Arch. 418:74, 1991; Brain Res. 560:354, 1991; Brit. J. Pharmacol. 104:1024, 1991; Physiol. Res. 41:333, 1992; J. Physiol.446:105-114, 1993; J.Physiol. 446:95-103,1993; J.Physiol. 477: 497-502,1994, Eur.J.Pharmacol. 263: 107-114,1994; Eur. Biophys.J.23: 443-446,1995, J.Physiol. (Paris) 89:155-160, 1995, NeuroReport 8:403-406,1997, Physiol. Res. 48:315, 1999; J Physiol. (Lond) 517:879-88,1999, 2004, Phys.Res. 2009).
6. Patch-clamp studies on nerve and muscle cells. First demonstration of K+ channel subtypes during myotube formation. (Neurosci. Lett. 77:298, 1987; J. Physiol. 386:425, 1987; BBA 986:146, 1989, Physiol. Res. 44: 151,1995, Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008, 1778:864-71).
Academic and Professional positions: Chairman of the Scientific Board, Institute of Physiology, Prague, 1990–1995, The Member of the Medical Society J. E. Purkyně
, Prague 1990, Member of the American Biophysical Society
, 1990, Collegium of Cellular and Molecular Biology
, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague, 1990 Physiological Research, Editorial Board
, Prague, 1990, Purkyně Award of Czechoslovak Physiological Society, 1982, 1992, Common Award of Czechoslovak and Soviet Academies of Sciences, 1975, Citation Classic, Current Contents (ISI) 15, 1989, Award of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences for Scientific Achievement, 1991, Laufberger Medal of Purkyně Medical Society, 1993, Award of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences for Science popularization, 1991,Fogarty Research Fellowship Award, Central and Eastern Europe
Senior Fellowship, Neurosciences 1992-4,Purkyně Medal of the Czechoslovak Medical Society 1992,Award of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences for Scientific Achievement, 1991,Honorary Professor of the Kazan Medical Institute, University of Kazan, Russia 1993, Golden Record of Achievement IBC 1996, Man of the Year IBC 2006. Purkynje medal of the Czech Academy of Sciences 2011.
Open English version, open People, open Vyskocil
http://d360prx.biomed.cas.cz:2186/CitationReport.do?product=WOS&search_mode=CitationReport&SID=N1LedG7cbNn8pNkGFfi&page=1&cr_pqid=1
Czech Republic
The Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the northeast, Slovakia to the east, Austria to the south, and Germany to the west and northwest....
neuroscientist
Neuroscientist
A neuroscientist is an individual who studies the scientific field of neuroscience or any of its related sub-fields...
and a Professor of Physiology and Neurobiology at Charles University.
Biography
Born in 1941 in PelhřimovPelhrimov
- Basic facts :Pelhřimov is located approximately half-way between Prague and Brno. It is known as “the Gateway to the Highlands“ because of its location in the westernmost tip of the Czech-Moravian Highlands. The altitude above sea level at the foot of the tower of the Church of St...
, Bohemia
Bohemia
Bohemia is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands. It is located in the contemporary Czech Republic with its capital in Prague...
. In 1963 he graduated with honours from the Faculty of Science of Charles University in Prague and in later years obtained the title of Candidate of Sciences (1968, Ph.D. equivalent), Doctor of Science (1990), associate professor (1994) and professor. He worked as a Senior Fogarty Visiting Scholar and Visiting Professor
Professor
A professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
in the Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco
University of California, San Francisco
The University of California, San Francisco is one of the world's leading centers of health sciences research, patient care, and education. UCSF's medical, pharmacy, dentistry, nursing, and graduate schools are among the top health science professional schools in the world...
, USA (with Zach Hall) and Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics of the Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology, St. Petersburg
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea...
(with Lev Magazanik). He now works for the Department of Neurobiology of the Faculty of Science of Charles University in Prague and the Institute of Physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. He is a member of The Physiological Society of Cambridge and London and a founding member of The Learned Society of the Czech Republic[1]. He has worked at a number of overseas universities as visiting and regular professor (University of California, San Francisco USA, Kazan State Medical University and others). Under Communist rule, when he was discriminated against for his opinions (in 1968 he was a member of the Academy's Union Board, led by the famous dissident and sociologist Rudolf Battěk) he received a combined prize of the Academy of Sciences of The Czechoslovak Republic and the Russian Federation (1974). His contacts with Russian scientists, at a time when he was banned from staying overseas in the West, led to a range of discoveries and were recognized with the State Prize of the Republic of Tatarstan (1995) and the American Fogarty Award in 1992. He was also awarded the prize of the Czech Academy of Sciences for his work "Molecular Basis for the Transfer of Information at the Myoneural Junction" the Lifelong Contribution Award of the Czech Academy of Sciences and the Purkynje Medal of the Czech Academy of Sciences. He is an member of the Czech Medical Association, The Physiological Society
The Physiological Society
-History:The Physiological Society was founded in 1876 as a dining society "for mutual benefit and protection" by a group of 19 physiologists, led by John Burdon Sanderson and Michael Foster, as a result of the 1875 Royal Commission on Vivisection and the subsequent 1876 Cruelty to Animals Act. The...
, and the Society for Neuroscience
Society for Neuroscience
The Society for Neuroscience is a professional society, headquartered in Washington, D.C., for basic scientists and physicians around the world whose research is focused on the study of the brain and nervous system.-History:...
.
Scientific and Professional Activity
His laboratory studies of nerve systems, the electrophysiology and biochemistry of nerve-muscle contacts and synapses in the brain led to a range of interesting findings and discoveries, among others concerning the effect of adrenalin and noradrenalin on improving the effectiveness of nerve connections and non-quantal discharge of neurotransmitters. He is the author and co-author of 450 publications, 180 of which in international journals including Nature. He wrote the book "Nerve-Muscle connections" in 1990 and, together with MUDr. J. Slavíček, the English monograph „Monophasis Action potential of the Heart, Experimental and Clinical Aspects“ in 2005. In 1977, through his groundbreaking discoveries he founded a physiological scientific school for the study of the non-quantal release of neurotransmitters, presented an integrated theory of this second main mechanism for the transfer of information at nerve and muscle synapses (the location of signal transmission). This field was not only developed in his laboratory and among his many co-workers, but also at several other universities. His concept of the mechanism of the origin and activity of diffusive non-quantal release is part of the neurobiology textbook and is taught at many universities.He has organized cycles of presentations for the People's Academy and the Institute for further education of doctors and pharmacologists and for international summer courses (FEBS 2007 and others). As a member of the specialist commission for science and executive committee of the Czech Literary Fund, he takes part in the awarding of annual prizes for specialist literature and contributions to the publication of specialist journals, as well as the provision of creative grants and travel stipendiums for young research workers and students. He is also involved in activities supporting scientifically talented young people.
His work has been cited over 3600 times, his best known are his publications in the field of ion-selective microelectrodes in the brain and in work on human muscles, work on the quantal and non-quantal release of neurotransmitters (which he discovered in mammals) and on the activity of the gaseous hormone nitric oxide. He is the main author of the Citation Classics work on the movement of potassium in the brain during spreading depression (which clearly plays a role in migraines) and clinical death of the brain, which was distinguished by the American Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) as Citation Classic. (see Current Contents, 15, 1989 and the Web of Science Database)
Research achievements
Molecular mechanisms of chemical interaction between excitable cells and factors determining excitability of nerve cellsNeuron
A neuron is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling. Chemical signaling occurs via synapses, specialized connections with other cells. Neurons connect to each other to form networks. Neurons are the core components of the nervous...
and regeneration including NO pathway. Models: Tissue cultures of dissociated nerve cells. Spinal cord
Spinal cord
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain . The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system...
of the rat. Neuromuscular junction
Neuromuscular junction
A neuromuscular junction is the synapse or junction of the axon terminal of a motor neuron with the motor end plate, the highly-excitable region of muscle fiber plasma membrane responsible for initiation of action potentials across the muscle's surface, ultimately causing the muscle to contract...
of the rat, mouse and frog. Techniques: Glass microelectrodes, ion-sensitive microelectrodes, patch clamp
Patch clamp
The patch clamp technique is a laboratory technique in electrophysiology that allows the study of single or multiple ion channels in cells. The technique can be applied to a wide variety of cells, but is especially useful in the study of excitable cells such as neurons, cardiomyocytes, muscle...
, rapid application of drugs, standard electrophysiological techniques, such as voltage clamp
Voltage clamp
The voltage clamp is used by electrophysiologists to measure the ion currents across the membrane of excitable cells, such as neurons, while holding the membrane voltage at a set level. Cell membranes of excitable cells contain many different kinds of ion channels, some of which are voltage gated...
and current clamp
Current clamp
In electrical and electronic engineering, a current clamp or current probe is an electrical device having two jaws which open to allow clamping around an electrical conductor. This allows properties of the electric current in the conductor to be measured, without having to make physical contact...
.
1. Desensitization of nicotinic ACh receptors.
First demonstration of potential and temperature dependence. (J. Physiol.Lond.210:507, 1970; J. Physiol.Lond. 249:285, 1975; J. Physiol.Lond. 412:113, 1989; J. Physiol.Lond. 446:105,1993, J.Physiol.Lond. 502: 305-316, 1997)
2. Properties of acetylcholine receptor
Acetylcholine receptor
An acetylcholine receptor is an integral membrane protein that responds to the binding of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter.-Classification:...
s at neuromuscular junction.
First demonstration of differences between junctional and extrajunctional (denervation-induced) receptors (Ph.D. Thesis). Trophic nerve-muscle interactions including NO pathway. Functional and hormonal studies. Computer modeling
Computer simulation
A computer simulation, a computer model, or a computational model is a computer program, or network of computers, that attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular system...
(J. Physiol.Lond. 219:331, 1971; Brain Res. 72:158, 1974; Brain Res. 88:309, 1975; Pflügers Arch. 367:43, 1976; Pflügers Arch. 390:265, 1981, J. Physiol. 381:607, 1986; Pflügers Arch. 416:126, 1990, Eur J.Nerosci.5:1677-83,1993, J.Physiol.Lond. 446:95, Eur.Biophys.J.23:443, 1995,NeuroReport 8: 403-6, 1997, Physiol. Res. 47:291-5, 1998, BBA 2008).
3. Ion-selective microelectrodes for K+ and Na+ in nerve and muscle tissue.
He performed first direct measurements of external K+ in c.n.s. and muscle (rabbit, cat and human) at rest and during activity. (Brain Res. 39255, 1972; Brain Res. 40:559, 1972; Pflügers Arch. 338:177, 1973; Pflügers Arch. 394:161, 1982; Pflügers Arch. 399:235, 1983; Physiol. bohemoslov. 34:201, 1985; Physiol. Res. 41:251, 1992).
4. Functional correlation between Na+,K+-ATPase
Na+/K+-ATPase
Na+/K+-ATPase is an enzyme located in the plasma membrane in all animals.- Sodium-potassium pumps :Active transport is responsible for cells containing relatively high...
and electrogenic sodium pump in membrane fractions and intact muscle cells
Muscle
Muscle is a contractile tissue of animals and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. Muscle cells contain contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. They are classified as skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscles. Their function is to...
.
(Nature 286:516, 1980; Physiol. bohemoslov. 31:288, 1981; BBA 720:405, 1982; Lancet May 8, 1078, 1982; BBRC 116:783, 1983; BBA 775:405, 1984; Biochem. Pharmacol. 33:2485, 1984; BBA 863:18, 1986; Brain Res. 436:85, 1987; J. Neurosci. Res. 19:497, 1988; J. Neurochem. 58:1066, 1992; J.Neurochem. 63:662-70, 1994, Eur. J. Physiol. (Pflügers Arch.) 429:716-721, 1995, Eur. J. Pharmacol.276:101-105, 1995, Gen Physiol Biophys. 17(3):271-83, 1998. Phys. Res 2001, 2007).
5. Non-quantal and quantal release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. First demonstration of non-quantal transmitter release on mouse diaphragm and analysis of the release and action mechanism. Synchronization of evoked quantal release.(Pflügers Arch. 370:295, 1977; J. Physiol. 286:1, 1979; Pflügers Arch. 379:319, 1983; Neuroscience 9:429, 1983; Pflügers Arch. 409:540, 1987; J. Physiol. 423:631, 1990; Pflügers Arch. 418:74, 1991; Brain Res. 560:354, 1991; Brit. J. Pharmacol. 104:1024, 1991; Physiol. Res. 41:333, 1992; J. Physiol.446:105-114, 1993; J.Physiol. 446:95-103,1993; J.Physiol. 477: 497-502,1994, Eur.J.Pharmacol. 263: 107-114,1994; Eur. Biophys.J.23: 443-446,1995, J.Physiol. (Paris) 89:155-160, 1995, NeuroReport 8:403-406,1997, Physiol. Res. 48:315, 1999; J Physiol. (Lond) 517:879-88,1999, 2004, Phys.Res. 2009).
6. Patch-clamp studies on nerve and muscle cells. First demonstration of K+ channel subtypes during myotube formation. (Neurosci. Lett. 77:298, 1987; J. Physiol. 386:425, 1987; BBA 986:146, 1989, Physiol. Res. 44: 151,1995, Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008, 1778:864-71).
Academic and Professional positions: Chairman of the Scientific Board, Institute of Physiology, Prague, 1990–1995, The Member of the Medical Society J. E. Purkyně
Jan Evangelista Purkyne
Jan Evangelista Purkyně was a Czech anatomist and physiologist. He was one of the best known scientists of his time. His son was the painter Karel Purkyně...
, Prague 1990, Member of the American Biophysical Society
Biophysical Society
The Biophysical Society is an organization consisting of over 9,000 researchers in academia, government, and industry. Based in the USA, its international membership has grown to about 1/3 of the total. Founded in 1957 by Ernest C...
, 1990, Collegium of Cellular and Molecular Biology
Molecular biology
Molecular biology is the branch of biology that deals with the molecular basis of biological activity. This field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry...
, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague, 1990 Physiological Research, Editorial Board
Editorial board
The editorial board is a group of people, usually at a publication, who dictate the tone and direction the publication's editorial policy will take.- Board makeup :...
, Prague, 1990, Purkyně Award of Czechoslovak Physiological Society, 1982, 1992, Common Award of Czechoslovak and Soviet Academies of Sciences, 1975, Citation Classic, Current Contents (ISI) 15, 1989, Award of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences for Scientific Achievement, 1991, Laufberger Medal of Purkyně Medical Society, 1993, Award of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences for Science popularization, 1991,Fogarty Research Fellowship Award, Central and Eastern Europe
Central Europe
Central Europe or alternatively Middle Europe is a region of the European continent lying between the variously defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe...
Senior Fellowship, Neurosciences 1992-4,Purkyně Medal of the Czechoslovak Medical Society 1992,Award of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences for Scientific Achievement, 1991,Honorary Professor of the Kazan Medical Institute, University of Kazan, Russia 1993, Golden Record of Achievement IBC 1996, Man of the Year IBC 2006. Purkynje medal of the Czech Academy of Sciences 2011.
Sources
- http://www2.biomed.cas.cz/d331/eng/index_eng.html Open People open Vyskocil Frantisek. There is official CV short and full length.
- http://www.learned.cz/en/ Official page of distinguished Czech academicians Open English version, open Fellows, open Vyskocil
- For scientific papers see http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=vyskocil%20f
- Short Biography on the program 'Good times with radio "Classic"' (Czech) 29.11.2008
- University career see at http://web.natur.cuni.cz/fyziol
Open English version, open People, open Vyskocil
- ISI Web of Knowledge-Web of Science database Vyskocil F citation report (for registered users)
http://d360prx.biomed.cas.cz:2186/CitationReport.do?product=WOS&search_mode=CitationReport&SID=N1LedG7cbNn8pNkGFfi&page=1&cr_pqid=1
- Music: http://www.herolduvklub.cz/aktualne.htm