Francesco I d'Este
Encyclopedia
Francesco I d'Este was Duke of Modena and Reggio from 1629 until his death. The eldest son of Alfonso III d'Este
, he became reign
ing duke after his father's abdication.
of 1630–1631 killed 70% of Modena
's inhabitants. In 1631 he wed Maria Caterina Farnese
(1615–1646), daughter of Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma
. By this marriage, he had a daughter, Isabella d'Este.
After the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War
he sided with Spain
and invaded the duchy of Parma
, but upon visiting to Spain to claim his reward, he could only acquire Correggio
by a payment of 230,000 florins.
Later followed the First War of Castro
, in which Francesco's Modena joined Venice and Florence and sided with the Dukes of Parma
against Barberini
Pope Urban VIII
, aiming to reconquer Ferrara
. The war ended without any particular gain for the Modenese. As again no help had come from Spain, Francesco allied with France
through the intercession of Cardinal Mazarin. When he however failed to conquer Cremona
, and as the situation of the Thirty Years' War seemed to be favourable for Spain, the Duke sought for an agreement with the latter. He returned to the service of France by marrying his son and heir Alfonso
to Laura Martinozzi
, Mazarin's niece.
After successful resistance to a Spanish invasion from their territories in Milan
, he fought alongside France and Savoy
, conquering Alessandria
and Valenza
in 1656–1657 with the help of his son. In 1658 he conquered Mortara
but, struck by malaria
, died in Santhià
soon later. After Maria's death in 1646, he married her sister Vittoria Farnese who died 1649.
His last marriage was to Lucrezia Barberini
(1628–1699), daughter of Taddeo Barberini
with whom his troops had fought during the First War of Castro. He had a total of eleven children, two of them, Alfonso and Rinaldo, were later Dukes of Modena.
Although a skillful military commander, Francesco was renowned for his upright character and religious ideals. He enriched Modena with the construction of the Ducal Palace of Modena
, the large Teatro della Spelta, the Villa delle Pentetorri, a port on an enlarged Naviglio channel and the restoration of the Cittadella.
is kept, but it is united with a heroic pomp and grandiose movement that portray the ideals of the Baroque age as much as the man. This style of sculpting would later also be seen in the bust of Louis XIV. According to Howard Hibbard, Bernini's portrait bust of Francesco I and the Louis XIV bust bust "set the standard for monarchical portraiture up to the time of the French Revolution" (126-8).
Alfonso III d'Este
Alfonso III d'Este was Duke of Modena and Reggio from 1628 to 1629. He was the husband of Princess Isabella of Savoy, daughter of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy and his wife Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain.- Biography :...
, he became reign
Reign
A reign is the term used to describe the period of a person's or dynasty's occupation of the office of monarch of a nation or of a people . In most hereditary monarchies and some elective monarchies A reign is the term used to describe the period of a person's or dynasty's occupation of the office...
ing duke after his father's abdication.
Biography
The pestilencePestilence
Pestilence may refer to:*Pestilence, one of the four Horsemen of the Apocalypse symbolizing plague in some interpretations of the book of Revelation*Pestilence , a Dutch death metal group...
of 1630–1631 killed 70% of Modena
Modena
Modena is a city and comune on the south side of the Po Valley, in the Province of Modena in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy....
's inhabitants. In 1631 he wed Maria Caterina Farnese
Maria Caterina Farnese
Maria Caterina Farnese was a member of the Ducal House of Farnese. She was the Duchess of Modena as the first wife of Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena...
(1615–1646), daughter of Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma
Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma
Ranuccio I Farnese reigned as Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Castro from 1592. A firm believer in absolute monarchy, Ranuccio, in 1594, centralised the administration of Parma and Piacenza, thus rescinding the nobles' hitherto vast prerogative...
. By this marriage, he had a daughter, Isabella d'Este.
After the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War
Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War was fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most countries in Europe. It was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history....
he sided with Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
and invaded the duchy of Parma
Duchy of Parma
The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul III's illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, centered on the city of Parma....
, but upon visiting to Spain to claim his reward, he could only acquire Correggio
Correggio, Italy
Correggio is a small town and comune in the Province of Reggio Emilia, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy, in the Po valley. As of 2007 Correggio had an estimated population of 23,108....
by a payment of 230,000 florins.
Later followed the First War of Castro
Wars of Castro
The Wars of Castro is a term referring to a series of events in the mid-17th century revolving around the ancient city of Castro , which eventually resulted in the city's destruction on 2 September 1649...
, in which Francesco's Modena joined Venice and Florence and sided with the Dukes of Parma
Duchy of Parma
The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul III's illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, centered on the city of Parma....
against Barberini
Barberini
The Barberini are a family of the Italian nobility that rose to prominence in 17th century Rome. Their influence peaked with the election of Cardinal Maffeo Barberini to the papal throne in 1623, as Pope Urban VIII...
Pope Urban VIII
Pope Urban VIII
Pope Urban VIII , born Maffeo Barberini, was pope from 1623 to 1644. He was the last pope to expand the papal territory by force of arms, and was a prominent patron of the arts and reformer of Church missions...
, aiming to reconquer Ferrara
Ferrara
Ferrara is a city and comune in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, capital city of the Province of Ferrara. It is situated 50 km north-northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream of the Po River, located 5 km north...
. The war ended without any particular gain for the Modenese. As again no help had come from Spain, Francesco allied with France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
through the intercession of Cardinal Mazarin. When he however failed to conquer Cremona
Cremona
Cremona is a city and comune in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left bank of the Po River in the middle of the Pianura Padana . It is the capital of the province of Cremona and the seat of the local City and Province governments...
, and as the situation of the Thirty Years' War seemed to be favourable for Spain, the Duke sought for an agreement with the latter. He returned to the service of France by marrying his son and heir Alfonso
Alfonso IV d'Este
Alfonso IV d'Este was Duke of Modena and Reggio from 1658 until his death. He was the father of Mary of Modena, consort of James II of England.-Biography:...
to Laura Martinozzi
Laura Martinozzi
Laura Martinozzi was a Duchess consort of Modena. On the death of her husband, she became the regent of the Duchy in the name of her son, Francesco.-Biography:...
, Mazarin's niece.
After successful resistance to a Spanish invasion from their territories in Milan
Milan
Milan is the second-largest city in Italy and the capital city of the region of Lombardy and of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1.3 million, while its urban area, roughly coinciding with its administrative province and the bordering Province of Monza and Brianza ,...
, he fought alongside France and Savoy
House of Savoy
The House of Savoy was formed in the early 11th century in the historical Savoy region. Through gradual expansion, it grew from ruling a small county in that region to eventually rule the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 until the end of World War II, king of Croatia and King of Armenia...
, conquering Alessandria
Alessandria
-Monuments:* The Citadel * The church of Santa Maria di Castello * The church of Santa Maria del Carmine * Palazzo Ghilini * Università del Piemonte Orientale-Museums:* The Marengo Battle Museum...
and Valenza
Valenza
Valenza is a comune in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 80 km east of Turin and about 11 km north of Alessandria.-History:...
in 1656–1657 with the help of his son. In 1658 he conquered Mortara
Mortara
Mortara refers to:* Mortara, Lombardy, a town in Lombardy Mortara is the surname of:* Edgardo Mortara, a victim in a famous and Antisemitic controversial kidnapping* Edoardo Mortara , a professional Italian racecar driver...
but, struck by malaria
Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by eukaryotic protists of the genus Plasmodium. The disease results from the multiplication of Plasmodium parasites within red blood cells, causing symptoms that typically include fever and headache, in severe cases...
, died in Santhià
Santhià
Santhià is a comune in the province of Vercelli in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 50 km northeast of Turin and about 20 km northwest of Vercelli....
soon later. After Maria's death in 1646, he married her sister Vittoria Farnese who died 1649.
His last marriage was to Lucrezia Barberini
Lucrezia Barberini
Lucrezia Barberini was an Italian noblewoman and, by marriage, Duchess of Modena. Born into the Barberini family, she was the last wife of Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena.-Biography:...
(1628–1699), daughter of Taddeo Barberini
Taddeo Barberini
Taddeo Barberini was an Italian nobleman of the House of Barberini who became Prince of Palestrina and Gonfalonier of the Church; commander of the Papal Army. He was a nephew of Pope Urban VIII and brother of Cardinals Francesco Barberini and Antonio Barberini...
with whom his troops had fought during the First War of Castro. He had a total of eleven children, two of them, Alfonso and Rinaldo, were later Dukes of Modena.
Although a skillful military commander, Francesco was renowned for his upright character and religious ideals. He enriched Modena with the construction of the Ducal Palace of Modena
Ducal Palace of Modena
The Ducal Palace of Modena is a Baroque palace in Modena, Italy. It was the residence of the Este Dukes of Modena between 1452 and 1859. It currently houses a portion of the Italian Military Academy.-History:...
, the large Teatro della Spelta, the Villa delle Pentetorri, a port on an enlarged Naviglio channel and the restoration of the Cittadella.
Francesco in Art
Francesco was immortalized by Bernini in a sculpture made around 1650-1651 (Este Gallery and Museum, Modena). It culminates the master sculptor's revolution in portraiture. Much of the freedom and spontaneity of the bust of Cardinal Scipione BorgheseScipione Borghese
Scipione Borghese was an Italian Cardinal, art collector and patron of the arts. A member of the Borghese family, he was the patron of the painter Caravaggio and the artist Bernini...
is kept, but it is united with a heroic pomp and grandiose movement that portray the ideals of the Baroque age as much as the man. This style of sculpting would later also be seen in the bust of Louis XIV. According to Howard Hibbard, Bernini's portrait bust of Francesco I and the Louis XIV bust bust "set the standard for monarchical portraiture up to the time of the French Revolution" (126-8).
Issue
- Issue with Maria Caterina FarneseMaria Caterina FarneseMaria Caterina Farnese was a member of the Ducal House of Farnese. She was the Duchess of Modena as the first wife of Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena...
:
- Alfonso d'Este, Hereditary Prince of Modena (1632) died in infancy;
- Alfonso IV d'Este, Duke of Modena (2 February 1634 - 16 July 1662) married Laura MartinozziLaura MartinozziLaura Martinozzi was a Duchess consort of Modena. On the death of her husband, she became the regent of the Duchy in the name of her son, Francesco.-Biography:...
, parents of Mary of ModenaMary of ModenaMary of Modena was Queen consort of England, Scotland and Ireland as the second wife of King James II and VII. A devout Catholic, Mary became, in 1673, the second wife of James, Duke of York, who later succeeded his older brother Charles II as King James II...
; - Isabella d'Este (3 October 1635 - 21 August 1666) married Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of ParmaRanuccio II Farnese, Duke of ParmaRanuccio II Farnese was the sixth Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1646 until his death nearly 50 years later.-Birth and Succession:...
and had issue; - Leonore d'Este (1639–1640);
- Tedald d'Este' (1640–1643);
- Almerigo d'Este (8 May 1641 - 14 November 1660) died unmarried;
- Eleonore d'Este (1643 - 24 February 1722) died unmarried;
- Maria d'Este (8 December 1644 - 20 August 1684) married Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of ParmaRanuccio II Farnese, Duke of ParmaRanuccio II Farnese was the sixth Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1646 until his death nearly 50 years later.-Birth and Succession:...
and had issue; - Tedald d'Este (1646) died in infancy.
- Issue with Vittoria FarneseVittoria Farnese d'EsteVittoria Farnese was an Italian noblewoman. She was the daughter of Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma and Margherita Aldobrandini, niece of pope Clement VIII. On 12 February 1648 she married Francesco I d'Este, widower of her sister Maria Farnese...
:- Vittoria d'Este (24 August 1649 - 1656).
- Issue with Lucrezia BarberiniLucrezia BarberiniLucrezia Barberini was an Italian noblewoman and, by marriage, Duchess of Modena. Born into the Barberini family, she was the last wife of Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena.-Biography:...
:- Rinaldo d'Este, Duke of Modena (26 April 1655 – 26 October 1737) married Duchess Charlotte Felicitas of Brunswick-LüneburgDuchess Charlotte Felicitas of Brunswick-LüneburgCharlotte of Brunswick-Lüneburg was a German noblewoman. She was born into the House of Hanover and later married into the House of Este,. She was thus the Duchess of Modena by marriage. She died in childbirth...
and had issue.
- Rinaldo d'Este, Duke of Modena (26 April 1655 – 26 October 1737) married Duchess Charlotte Felicitas of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Ancestors
| Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena | Father: Alfonso III d'Este, Duke of Modena |
Paternal Grandfather: Cesare d'Este, Duke of Modena |
Paternal Great-grandfather: Alfonso d'Este |
| Paternal Great-grandmother: Giulia della Rovere |
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| Paternal Grandmother: Virginia de' Medici Virginia de' Medici Virginia de' Medici was an illegitimate daughter of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Camilla Martelli. She was the Duchess of Modena and Reggio by marriage to Cesare d'Este, Duke of Modena.-Biography:... |
Paternal Great-grandfather: Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany Cosimo I de' Medici was Duke of Florence from 1537 to 1574, reigning as the first Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1569.-Biography:... |
||
| Paternal Great-grandmother: Camilla Martelli Camilla Martelli Camilla Martelli was the first lover and then second wife of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo I de' Medici. She was the mother of Virginia de' Medici, future Duchess of Modena.- Biography :... |
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| Mother: Princess Isabella of Savoy |
Maternal Grandfather: Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy Charles Emmanuel I , known as the Great, was the Duke of Savoy from 1580 to 1630... |
Maternal Great-grandfather: Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy Emmanuel Philibert was Duke of Savoy from 1553 to 1580.... |
|
| Maternal Great-grandmother: Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry Margaret of Valois, Duchess of Berry was the daughter of King Francis I of France and Claude, Duchess of Brittany.-Early life:Margaret was born at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye... |
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| Maternal Grandmother: Catherine Michelle of Spain |
Maternal Great-grandfather: Philip II of Spain Philip II of Spain Philip II was King of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, and, while married to Mary I, King of England and Ireland. He was lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories such as duke or count.... |
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| Maternal Great-grandmother: Elisabeth of Valois Elisabeth of Valois Elisabeth of Valois was the eldest daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici.-Early life:She was born in the Château de Fontainebleau... |
External links
- http://worldroots.com/foundation/families/taddeobarberinidesc.htm
- http://genealogy.euweb.cz/italy/farnese2.html
- http://www.all-art.org/history252-7.html
- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/62547/Gian-Lorenzo-Bernini
- http://special-1.bl.uk/treasures/festivalbooks/BookDetails.aspx?strFest=0183 (the record of the festival celebrating Francesco's marriage to Lucrezia Barberini)