Fort St Angelo
Encyclopedia
Fort St Angelo is a large fortification
in Birgu
, Malta
, right at the centre of Grand Harbour.
The date of its original construction is unknown. However, there are claims of prehistoric or classical buildings near the site, due to some large ashlar blocks and an Egyptian pink granite column at the top part of the fort. There is also the mentioning in Roman texts of a temple dedicated to Juno/Astarte, probably in the vicinity of the fort. There is also the popular attribute to its foundation to the Arabs, c. 870 AD, but nothing is concrete although al Himyari mentions that the Arabs dismantled a 'hisn' (fortress), but there is no actual reference if this 'fortress' was in Vittoriosa. Its probable start as a fortification is the high/late medieval period. In fact, in 1220 Hauhenstaufen Emperor Frederick II
started to appoint his own Castellani for Malta who needed a place to live and secure the interests of the crown. The remains of a tower that may date back to the 12th century can be traced a mong the more recent works. The first mention of 'Castrum Maris' (Castle by the sea) is to be found in documents from the 1240s when Paulinus of Malta was the lord of the island and later when Giliberto Abate made a census of the islands. Another reference to the castle is that from the short Angevin rule (1266–83) where documents list it again as Castrum Maris and list a garrison of 150 men together with several weapons. It seems also that by 1274, the castle already had two chapels which are still there today. From the same year exists also a detailed inventory of weapons and supplies in the castle. From 1283 the Maltese Islands were under Aragonese
rule (although the castle withstood for some time in Anjuvine rule while the rest of Malta was already in Aragonese hands) and the fortification was mainly used by Castellani (like de Nava family) who were there to safeguard the interests of the Aragonese Crown. In fact the Castellan did not have any jurisdiction outside the ditch of the fort.
Knights' Period
When the Knights of Malta
arrived in Malta in 1530, they chose to settle in Birgu
, and Fort St Angelo became the seat of the Grand Master
, which included the refurbishing of the Castellan's House and St. Anne's Chapel. The Knights made this their primary fortification and substantially reinforced and remodelled it, including the cutting of the dry ditch to make it a moat and the D'Homedes Bastion built by 1536. By 1547 a large cavalier designed by Ferramolino was built behind the D'Homedes bastion and also the construction of the De Guirial battery right at the tip of the fort by sea level to protect the entrance to Dockyard Creek. These works transformed the fort into a gunpowder fortification. Fort St Angelo withstood the Turks
during the Great Siege of Malta
, during which it succeeded in tearing apart a sea attack by the Turks on Senglea on the 15th of August 1565. In the aftermath of that siege the Knights built the fortified city of Valletta
on Mount Sciberras on the other side of the Grand Harbour, and the administrative centre for the knights moved there. It was not until the 1690s that the fort again underwent major repairs. Today's layout of the fort is attributed to these works which were designed by Carlos de Grunenburgh, who also paid for the construction of four gun batteries on the side of the fort facing the entrance to Grand Harbour. As a result, one can still see his coat of arms above the main gate of the fort. By the arrival of the French in 1798, therefore, the fort became a very powerful fortification including some 80 guns, 48 of which pointed towards the entrance of the port. During the short 2 year period of French occupation, the Fort served as Headquarters of the French Army.
The British Period
With the coming of the British to Malta the fort retained its importance as a military installation, first in use by the Army. In fact, in 1800 2 battalions of the 35th Regiment were resided in the fort. However, in the beginning of the 20th century, the fort was taken over by the Navy and it was listed as a ship, originally in 1912 as HMS Egremont, when it became a base for the Royal Navy in the Mediterranean, but in 1933 renamed as HMS St Angelo. The British did not make many modifications to the fort although they built a casemated battery for 3, 9-inch RML guns in the 19th century and also a cinema and a water distillation plant in the early 20th century. During World War II
, the fort again stood for siege with an armament of 3 Bofors guns (manned by the Royal Marines and later by the Royal Malta Artillery). In total, the fort suffered 69 direct hits between 1940 and 1943. When the Royal Navy
left Malta in 1979 the Fort was handed to the Maltese government and since then parts of the Fort have fallen into a state of disrepair, mostly after a project to transform it into a hotel during the 1980s.
Present & Future
Use of the fort has been granted to the Order of Malta. Given the Order's recognised status as a sovereign entity, those parts of the fort being user by the order effectively form an independent state over which Malta has no jurisdiction (similar to the Vatican City
's position within Italy). Other parts are leased to Cottonera Waterfront Group, a private consortium. Funding is being sought from the EU for a project planned by Heritage Malta to restore the fort and give visitors a unique cultural experience.
Fortification
Fortifications are military constructions and buildings designed for defence in warfare and military bases. Humans have constructed defensive works for many thousands of years, in a variety of increasingly complex designs...
in Birgu
Birgu
Birgu is an ancient city in Malta. It played a vital role in the Siege of Malta in 1565. Its population stood at 2,633 in December 2008.-History:...
, Malta
Malta
Malta , officially known as the Republic of Malta , is a Southern European country consisting of an archipelago situated in the centre of the Mediterranean, south of Sicily, east of Tunisia and north of Libya, with Gibraltar to the west and Alexandria to the east.Malta covers just over in...
, right at the centre of Grand Harbour.
History
Medieval TimesThe date of its original construction is unknown. However, there are claims of prehistoric or classical buildings near the site, due to some large ashlar blocks and an Egyptian pink granite column at the top part of the fort. There is also the mentioning in Roman texts of a temple dedicated to Juno/Astarte, probably in the vicinity of the fort. There is also the popular attribute to its foundation to the Arabs, c. 870 AD, but nothing is concrete although al Himyari mentions that the Arabs dismantled a 'hisn' (fortress), but there is no actual reference if this 'fortress' was in Vittoriosa. Its probable start as a fortification is the high/late medieval period. In fact, in 1220 Hauhenstaufen Emperor Frederick II
Frederick II
Frederick II may refer to:* Frederick II, Duke of Swabia * Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor , king 1211/12–1250, emperor from 1220* Frederick II of Austria , Duke of Austria 1230–1246* Frederick III of Sicily...
started to appoint his own Castellani for Malta who needed a place to live and secure the interests of the crown. The remains of a tower that may date back to the 12th century can be traced a mong the more recent works. The first mention of 'Castrum Maris' (Castle by the sea) is to be found in documents from the 1240s when Paulinus of Malta was the lord of the island and later when Giliberto Abate made a census of the islands. Another reference to the castle is that from the short Angevin rule (1266–83) where documents list it again as Castrum Maris and list a garrison of 150 men together with several weapons. It seems also that by 1274, the castle already had two chapels which are still there today. From the same year exists also a detailed inventory of weapons and supplies in the castle. From 1283 the Maltese Islands were under Aragonese
House of Aragon
The House of Aragon is the name given several royal houses that ruled the County, the Kingdom or the Crown of Aragon.Some historiansGuillermo Fatás y Guillermo Redondo, Alberto Montaner Frutos, Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués...
rule (although the castle withstood for some time in Anjuvine rule while the rest of Malta was already in Aragonese hands) and the fortification was mainly used by Castellani (like de Nava family) who were there to safeguard the interests of the Aragonese Crown. In fact the Castellan did not have any jurisdiction outside the ditch of the fort.
Knights' Period
When the Knights of Malta
Knights Hospitaller
The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta , also known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta , Order of Malta or Knights of Malta, is a Roman Catholic lay religious order, traditionally of military, chivalrous, noble nature. It is the world's...
arrived in Malta in 1530, they chose to settle in Birgu
Birgu
Birgu is an ancient city in Malta. It played a vital role in the Siege of Malta in 1565. Its population stood at 2,633 in December 2008.-History:...
, and Fort St Angelo became the seat of the Grand Master
Grand Master (order)
Grand Master is the typical title of the supreme head of various orders of knighthood, including various military orders, religious orders and civil orders such as the Ancient Order of Hibernians and the Orange Order...
, which included the refurbishing of the Castellan's House and St. Anne's Chapel. The Knights made this their primary fortification and substantially reinforced and remodelled it, including the cutting of the dry ditch to make it a moat and the D'Homedes Bastion built by 1536. By 1547 a large cavalier designed by Ferramolino was built behind the D'Homedes bastion and also the construction of the De Guirial battery right at the tip of the fort by sea level to protect the entrance to Dockyard Creek. These works transformed the fort into a gunpowder fortification. Fort St Angelo withstood the Turks
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
during the Great Siege of Malta
Siege of Malta (1565)
The Siege of Malta took place in 1565 when the Ottoman Empire invaded the island, then held by the Knights Hospitaller .The Knights, together with between 4-5,000 Maltese men,...
, during which it succeeded in tearing apart a sea attack by the Turks on Senglea on the 15th of August 1565. In the aftermath of that siege the Knights built the fortified city of Valletta
Valletta
Valletta is the capital of Malta, colloquially known as Il-Belt in Maltese. It is located in the central-eastern portion of the island of Malta, and the historical city has a population of 6,098. The name "Valletta" is traditionally reserved for the historic walled citadel that serves as Malta's...
on Mount Sciberras on the other side of the Grand Harbour, and the administrative centre for the knights moved there. It was not until the 1690s that the fort again underwent major repairs. Today's layout of the fort is attributed to these works which were designed by Carlos de Grunenburgh, who also paid for the construction of four gun batteries on the side of the fort facing the entrance to Grand Harbour. As a result, one can still see his coat of arms above the main gate of the fort. By the arrival of the French in 1798, therefore, the fort became a very powerful fortification including some 80 guns, 48 of which pointed towards the entrance of the port. During the short 2 year period of French occupation, the Fort served as Headquarters of the French Army.
The British Period
With the coming of the British to Malta the fort retained its importance as a military installation, first in use by the Army. In fact, in 1800 2 battalions of the 35th Regiment were resided in the fort. However, in the beginning of the 20th century, the fort was taken over by the Navy and it was listed as a ship, originally in 1912 as HMS Egremont, when it became a base for the Royal Navy in the Mediterranean, but in 1933 renamed as HMS St Angelo. The British did not make many modifications to the fort although they built a casemated battery for 3, 9-inch RML guns in the 19th century and also a cinema and a water distillation plant in the early 20th century. During World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, the fort again stood for siege with an armament of 3 Bofors guns (manned by the Royal Marines and later by the Royal Malta Artillery). In total, the fort suffered 69 direct hits between 1940 and 1943. When the Royal Navy
Royal Navy
The Royal Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the British Armed Forces. Founded in the 16th century, it is the oldest service branch and is known as the Senior Service...
left Malta in 1979 the Fort was handed to the Maltese government and since then parts of the Fort have fallen into a state of disrepair, mostly after a project to transform it into a hotel during the 1980s.
Present & Future
Use of the fort has been granted to the Order of Malta. Given the Order's recognised status as a sovereign entity, those parts of the fort being user by the order effectively form an independent state over which Malta has no jurisdiction (similar to the Vatican City
Vatican City
Vatican City , or Vatican City State, in Italian officially Stato della Città del Vaticano , which translates literally as State of the City of the Vatican, is a landlocked sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome, Italy. It has an area of...
's position within Italy). Other parts are leased to Cottonera Waterfront Group, a private consortium. Funding is being sought from the EU for a project planned by Heritage Malta to restore the fort and give visitors a unique cultural experience.
External links
- Photosynth of Fort St. Angelo A photosynth of Fort St. Angelo
- Fort St. Angelo during the Great Siege Fort St. Angelo during the Great Siege by Dr. Stephen C Spiteri Ph.D