Eyalet
Encyclopedia
Eyalets were a former primary administrative division
of the Ottoman Empire
. The term is sometimes translated province or government. Depending on the rank of their commander, they are also sometimes known as pashaliks, beylerbeylik
s, and kapudanlik
s.
From 1453 to the beginning of the nineteenth century the Ottoman local government was loosely structured. The Empire was at first divided into provinces called Eyalets, presided over by a Pasha of three Tails. The Grand Vizier
was responsible for nominating all the high officers of State, both in the capital and the provinces. Between 1861 and 1866, these Eyalets were abolished, and the territory was divided for administrative purposes into Vilayets.
The eyalets were subdivided into districts called liva
s or sanjak
s, each of which was under the charge of a Pasha of one tail, with the title of Mira-lira, or Sanjak-bey
. These provinces were usually called pashalics by Europeans. The pasha was invested with powers of absolute government within his province, being the chief of both the military and financial departments, as well as police and criminal justice.
At official functions, the order of precedence was Egypt
, Baghdad
, Abyssinia, Buda, Anatolia, "Mera'ish", and the Capitan Pasha in Asia and Buda, Egypt, Abyssinia, Baghdad, and Rumelia
in Europe, with the remainder arranged according to the chronological order of their conquest.
) was established.
and Suleyman I in the 16th century required an increase in administrative units. By the end of the latter half of the century there were as many as 42 eyalets, as the beylerbeyliks came to be known. The chart below shows the administrative situation as of 1609.
Sources:
Administrative division
An administrative division, subnational entity, or country subdivision is a portion of a country or other political division, established for the purpose of government. Administrative divisions are each granted a certain degree of autonomy, and are required to manage themselves through their own...
of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
. The term is sometimes translated province or government. Depending on the rank of their commander, they are also sometimes known as pashaliks, beylerbeylik
Beylerbeylik
Beylerbeylik was a type of country subdivision in the Ottoman Empire....
s, and kapudanlik
Kapudanlik
Kapudanlik may refet to:*Kapudan Pasha*Eyalet of the Archipelago *Kapudanlik of Suez *Kapudanlik of Shatt al-Arab...
s.
From 1453 to the beginning of the nineteenth century the Ottoman local government was loosely structured. The Empire was at first divided into provinces called Eyalets, presided over by a Pasha of three Tails. The Grand Vizier
Grand Vizier
Grand Vizier, in Turkish Vezir-i Azam or Sadr-ı Azam , deriving from the Arabic word vizier , was the greatest minister of the Sultan, with absolute power of attorney and, in principle, dismissable only by the Sultan himself...
was responsible for nominating all the high officers of State, both in the capital and the provinces. Between 1861 and 1866, these Eyalets were abolished, and the territory was divided for administrative purposes into Vilayets.
The eyalets were subdivided into districts called liva
Liva
Liva is the first live album released by the Norwegian band Gåte, and was recorded on December 30, 2005 at Rockefeller Music Hall, Oslo, Norway.-Track listing:#"Knut Liten og Sylvelin"#"Kjærleik"#"Følgje"#"Venelite"#"Du som er ung"#"Stengd dør"...
s or sanjak
Sanjak
Sanjaks were administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire. Sanjak, and the variant spellings sandjak, sanjaq, and sinjaq, are English transliterations of the Turkish word sancak, meaning district, banner, or flag...
s, each of which was under the charge of a Pasha of one tail, with the title of Mira-lira, or Sanjak-bey
Sanjak-bey
Sanjak-bey, Sanjaq-bey or -beg was the Turkish title of the Bey in military and administrative command of a sanjak , answerable to a Wāli or other provincial governor. In a few cases the Sanjak-Bey was himself a governor directly answering to Istanbul....
. These provinces were usually called pashalics by Europeans. The pasha was invested with powers of absolute government within his province, being the chief of both the military and financial departments, as well as police and criminal justice.
At official functions, the order of precedence was Egypt
Egypt Eyalet
Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517, following the Ottoman–Mamluk War and the loss of Syria to the Ottomans in 1516. Egypt was administrated as an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire from 1517 until 1867, with an interruption during the French occupation of 1798 to 1801.Egypt was always a...
, Baghdad
Baghdad Eyalet
Baghdad Eyalet was an Iraqi eyalet of the Ottoman Empire centered around Baghdad. Its reported area in the 19th century was .-History:Ismail I took the Baghdad region from the Aq Qoyunlu in 1508. After the Safavid takeover, Sunni Muslims, Jews and Christians became targets of persecution, and were...
, Abyssinia, Buda, Anatolia, "Mera'ish", and the Capitan Pasha in Asia and Buda, Egypt, Abyssinia, Baghdad, and Rumelia
Rumelia Eyalet
The eyalet of Rumeli or eyalet of Rumelia , also known as Rumeli Beylerbeyliği was a eyalet of the Ottoman Empire. The capital was in Adrianople , Monastir and Sofia. Its reported area in the 19th century was .It was formed during the reign of Murad I as the first Beylerbeylik of the Ottoman Empire...
in Europe, with the remainder arranged according to the chronological order of their conquest.
Map
List
From the mid-14th century until the late 16th century, only one new beylerbeylik (KaramanKaraman Province, Ottoman Empire
Karaman Eyalet was one of the subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire. Its reported area in the 19th century was .-Government:Organisation of the eyalet in the 17th century, from the accounts of Evliya Çelebi: "This province has a Defterdar of the treasury, and of the feuds, an Emin of the Defter and of...
) was established.
Disappeared before 1609
The eyalets that existed before 1609 but disappeared and eyalets created after 1609.| Province Name | Ottoman Turkish Ottoman Turkish language The Ottoman Turkish language or Ottoman language is the variety of the Turkish language that was used for administrative and literary purposes in the Ottoman Empire. It borrows extensively from Arabic and Persian, and was written in a variant of the Perso-Arabic script... Name and Transliteration (Modern Turkish Turkish language Turkish is a language spoken as a native language by over 83 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Its speakers are located predominantly in Turkey and Northern Cyprus with smaller groups in Iraq, Greece, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo,... ) |
Existed for | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhazia | Abhaz | ? years (1578–?) | also called Sukhum [Sohumkale] or Georgia [Gürcistan] and included Mingrelia and Imeretia as well as modern Abkhazia – nominally annexed but never fully conquered |
| Akhaltsikhe | Ahıska | ? years (1603–?) | either split from or coextensive with Samtskhe |
| Dagestan | Dağıstan | ? years (1578–?) | also called Demirkapı – assigned a serdar Serdar (Ottoman rank) Serdar was a military rank in the Ottoman Empire and Montenegro. It means a head of place/land . Serdars especially served at the borders of Ottoman Empire. They were responsible for security of lands. For example, Yakup Ağa who was the father of Barbaros from Yenice.-Etymology:Serdar is a... [chief] rather than a beylerbeyi |
| Dmanisi | Tumanis | ? years (1584–?) | |
| Ganja | Gence | years (1588–1604) | |
| Gori | Gori | ? years (1588–?) | probably replaced Tiflis after 1586 |
| Győr | Yanık | 0 years (1594–1598) | |
| Kakheti | Kaheti | ? years (1578–?) | Kakhetian king was appointed hereditary bey |
| Lazistan | ? years (1574–?) | ||
| Lorri | Lori | ? years (1584–?) | |
| Moldavia | Boğdan | 01 year (1595 only) | the rest of the time Moldavia was a separate autonomous province |
| Nakhichevan | Nahçivan | 01 year (1603 only) | possibly never separate from Yerevan |
| Poti | Faş | ? years (1579–?) | may have also been another name for Trabzon |
| Sanaa | San'a | 0 years (1567–1569) | temporary division of Yemen |
| Shemakha | Şamahı | 01 year (1583 only) | may have also been another name for Shervan |
| Szigetvár | Sigetvar | 0 years (1596–1600) | later transferred to Kanizsa |
| Shervan | Şirvan | years (1578–1604) | overseen by a serdar [chief] rather than a beylerbeyi |
| Tabriz | Tebriz | years (1585–1603) | |
| Tiflis | Tiflis | 0 years (1578–1586) | probably replaced by Gori after 1586 |
| Wallachia | Eflak | 01 year (1595 only) | the rest of the time Wallachia was a separate autonomous province |
| Yerevan | Erivan | years (1583–1604) | sometimes also included Van |
| Zabid | Zebit | 0 years (1567–1569) | temporary division of Yemen |
Eyalets in 1609
Conquests of Selim ISelim I
Selim I, Yavuz Sultân Selim Khan, Hâdim-ül Haramain-ish Sharifain , nicknamed Yavuz "the Stern" or "the Steadfast", but often rendered in English as "the Grim" , was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to...
and Suleyman I in the 16th century required an increase in administrative units. By the end of the latter half of the century there were as many as 42 eyalets, as the beylerbeyliks came to be known. The chart below shows the administrative situation as of 1609.
| Province Name | Ottoman Turkish Ottoman Turkish language The Ottoman Turkish language or Ottoman language is the variety of the Turkish language that was used for administrative and literary purposes in the Ottoman Empire. It borrows extensively from Arabic and Persian, and was written in a variant of the Perso-Arabic script... Name and Transliteration (Modern Turkish Turkish language Turkish is a language spoken as a native language by over 83 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Its speakers are located predominantly in Turkey and Northern Cyprus with smaller groups in Iraq, Greece, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo,... ) |
Existed for | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abyssinia | Habeş | years (1554–1867) | Included areas on both sides of the Red Sea Red Sea The Red Sea is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. In the north, there is the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez... . Also called "Mecca and Medina" |
| Adana Eyalet Adana Eyalet The Eyalet of Adana was an eyalets of the Ottoman Empire, established in 1608, when it was separated from the Eyalet of Aleppo. Its reported area in the 19th century was .-History:... |
آضنه Ażana (Adana) | years (1608–1865) | |
| Archipelago | Cezayir-i Bahr-i Sefid | years (1535–1864) | Domain of the Kapudan Pasha (Lord Admiral); Also called Denizi or Denizli, later Vilayet of the Archipelago |
| Aleppo Eyalet Aleppo Eyalet Aleppo Eyalet was a eyalet of the Ottoman Empire. After the Ottoman conquest it was governed from Damascus, but by 1534 Aleppo was made the capital of a new eyalet. Its reported area in the 19th century was... |
حلب Ḥaleb (Halep) | years (1534–1864) | |
| Algiers Eyalet | جزاير غرب Cezâyîr-i Ġarb (Cezayir Garp) | years (1517–1830) | |
| Anatolia Eyalet | Anadolu | years (1393–1827) | |
| Baghdad Eyalet Baghdad Eyalet Baghdad Eyalet was an Iraqi eyalet of the Ottoman Empire centered around Baghdad. Its reported area in the 19th century was .-History:Ismail I took the Baghdad region from the Aq Qoyunlu in 1508. After the Safavid takeover, Sunni Muslims, Jews and Christians became targets of persecution, and were... |
بغداد Baġdâd (Bağdat) | years (1535–1861) | |
| Basra Eyalet Basra Eyalet Basra Eyalet was a eyalet of the Ottoman Empire. Its reported area in the 19th century was . It had a Defterdar and Kehiya of the Chavushes but neither Alai-beg nor Cheribashi because there were no ziamets or Timars, the lands being all rented by the governor.... |
بصره Baṣra (Basra) | years (1538-1864) | |
| Bosnia Eyalet Bosnia Eyalet The Eyalet of Bosnia or Bosnia Beylerbeylik was a eyalet and beylerbeylik of the Ottoman Empire, mostly based on the territory of the present-day state of Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as most of Slavonia, Lika, and Dalmatia in present-day Croatia... |
Bosna | years (1520–1864) | |
| Buda | Budin | years (1541–1686) | |
| Cyprus | قبرص Ḳıbrıṣ (Kıbrıs) | 0 years (1571-1660; 1745-1748) | |
| Diyâr-ı Bekr Eyalet Diyâr-ı Bekr Eyalet The Eyalet of Diyarbekir was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire. Its reported area in the 19th century was .-Government:Organisation of the eyalet in the 17th century, from the accounts of Evliya Çelebi: "In this province there are nineteen sanjaks and five hakumets [...] eight [sanjaks] were at the... |
دياربكر Diyârbekir (Diyarbakır) | years (1541–1686) | |
| Eger Eyalet | اكر Egir (Eğri) | 0 years (1596–1661) | |
| Egypt Eyalet Egypt Eyalet Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517, following the Ottoman–Mamluk War and the loss of Syria to the Ottomans in 1516. Egypt was administrated as an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire from 1517 until 1867, with an interruption during the French occupation of 1798 to 1801.Egypt was always a... |
مصر Mıṣır (Mısır) | years (1517–1867) | |
| Erzurum Eyalet Erzurum Eyalet The Erzurum Eyalet was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire. It was established in the 16th century, after the conquest of Western Armenia by the Ottoman Empire. Its reported area in the 19th century was .-History:... |
Erzurum | years (1514–1864) | |
| Al-Hasa Eyalet | Lahsa | years (1551–1663) | Seldom directly ruled |
| Kefe (Theodosia) | Kefe | years (1568–1774) | |
| Kanizsa Eyalet | Kanije | 0 years (1600–1686) | |
| Karaman Eyalet | Karaman | years (1483–1864) | |
| Kars Eyalet | Kars | 0 years (1580–1604) | Merged with Samtskhe Samtskhe Province, Ottoman Empire The Eyalet of Childir was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire in the Southwestern Caucasus. The area of the former Çıldır Eyalet is now divided between Samtskhe-Javakheti and the Autonomous Republic of Adjara in Georgia and provinces of Artvin, Ardahan and Erzurum in Turkey... in 1604. Finally bounded to *Erzurum Eyalet Erzurum Eyalet The Erzurum Eyalet was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire. It was established in the 16th century, after the conquest of Western Armenia by the Ottoman Empire. Its reported area in the 19th century was .-History:... in 1845. |
| Maraş | Maraş, Dulkadır | years (1521–1864) | |
| Mosul Eyalet Mosul Eyalet Mosul Eyalet was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire. Its reported area in the 19th century was . The eyalet was largely inhabited by Kurds.-History:... |
Musul | years (1517–1864) | |
| Ar-Raqqah | Rakka | years (1594–1864) | |
| Rumelia | Rumeli | years (1362–1826) | With Anatolia, one of the original two eyalets |
| Samtskhe Samtskhe Province, Ottoman Empire The Eyalet of Childir was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire in the Southwestern Caucasus. The area of the former Çıldır Eyalet is now divided between Samtskhe-Javakheti and the Autonomous Republic of Adjara in Georgia and provinces of Artvin, Ardahan and Erzurum in Turkey... |
Çıldır | years (1578–1845) | Also called Meskheti Meskheti Meskheti is in a mountainous area of Moschia and is a former province in southwestern Georgia. The ancient Georgian tribes of Meskhi and Mosiniks were the indigenous population of this region. A majority of the modern Georgian population of Meskheti are descendants of these ancient tribes... , later possibly coextensive with Akhaltsikhe (Ahıska) Province. Most of eyalet passed to Russia in 1829. Remained parts of eyalet bounded to Erzurum in 1845. |
| Shehrizor | Şehrizor | years (1541–1686) | Also Shahrizor, Sheherizul, or Kirkuk Kirkuk Kirkuk is a city in Iraq and the capital of Kirkuk Governorate.It is located in the Iraqi governorate of Kirkuk, north of the capital, Baghdad... . In 1830, this eyalet bounded to Mosul Mosul Mosul , is a city in northern Iraq and the capital of the Ninawa Governorate, some northwest of Baghdad. The original city stands on the west bank of the Tigris River, opposite the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh on the east bank, but the metropolitan area has now grown to encompass substantial... province as Kirkuk Kirkuk Kirkuk is a city in Iraq and the capital of Kirkuk Governorate.It is located in the Iraqi governorate of Kirkuk, north of the capital, Baghdad... sanjak. |
| Silistria Eyalet | Silistre | years (1541–1686) | Later sometimes called Ochakiv Ochakiv Ochakiv is a city in the Mykolaiv Oblast of southern Ukraine. Serving as the administrative center of the Ochakivsky Raion , the city itself is also designated as a separate raion within the oblast, and is located on a peninsula in the Black Sea, at the entrance to the Dnieper Rivers's estuary,... (Özi); First beylerbeyi was the Crimean khan Khan (title) Khan is an originally Altaic and subsequently Central Asian title for a sovereign or military ruler, widely used by medieval nomadic Turko-Mongol tribes living to the north of China. 'Khan' is also seen as a title in the Xianbei confederation for their chief between 283 and 289... |
| Eyalet of Sivas | Sivas | years (1398–1864) | |
| Syria Damascus Eyalet Damascus Eyalet was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire. Its reported area in the 19th century was . It became an eyalet after the Ottomans conquered it from the Mamluks in 1516.-Governors:* Janbirdi al-Ghazali * Ahmad ibn Ridwan... |
Şam | years (1516–1864) | |
| Temeşvar Eyalet | Tımışvar (Temeşvar) | years (1552–1716) | |
| Trebizond Eyalet Trebizond Eyalet Trebizond Eyalet was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire.Established in 1461, it remained a primarily Christian region into the 17th century, well after the rest of Anatolia had been converted to Islam. Its reported area in the 19th century was .... , Lazistan Lazistan Lazistan was the Ottoman administrative name for the sanjak comprising the Laz or Lazuri-speaking population on the southeastern shore of the Black Sea. However, its boundaries did not coincide with the Laz-speaking area... |
Trabzon | years (1461–1864) | |
| Tripoli Eyalet Tripoli Eyalet Tripoli Eyalet was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire. The capital was in Tripoli. Its reported area in the 19th century was . Ottoman rule in the region began in 1516, but the eyalet wasn't established until 1579, when it was created from the north-western districts of the eyalets of Damascus and... (Tripoli-in-the-East) |
Trablus-ı Şam (Trablusşam) | years (1570–1864) | |
| Tripolitania Eyalet (Tripoli-in-the-West) | Trablus-ı Garb (Trablusgarp) | years (1551-1864) | |
| Tunis Eyalet | Tunus | years (1524–1864) | |
| Van Eyalet | Van | years (1548–1864) | |
| Yemen Eyalet Yemen Eyalet -History:In 1516, the Mamluks of Egypt annexed Yemen; but in the following year, the Mamluk governor surrendered to the Ottomans, and Turkish armies subsequently overran the country... |
Yemen | years (1517–1635; 1830–1864) |
Sources:
- Colin Imber. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The structure of Power. (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.)
- Halil Inalcik. The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600. Trans. Norman Itzkowitz and Colin Imber. (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973.)
- Donald Edgar Pitcher. An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire (Leiden, Netherlands: E.J.Brill,1972.)
Established 1609–1683
| Province Name | Ottoman Turkish Ottoman Turkish language The Ottoman Turkish language or Ottoman language is the variety of the Turkish language that was used for administrative and literary purposes in the Ottoman Empire. It borrows extensively from Arabic and Persian, and was written in a variant of the Perso-Arabic script... Name and Transliteration (Modern Turkish Turkish language Turkish is a language spoken as a native language by over 83 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Its speakers are located predominantly in Turkey and Northern Cyprus with smaller groups in Iraq, Greece, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo,... ) |
Existed for | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Crete Eyalet | Girid | years (1669–1867) | |
| Morea | Mora | years (1620–1687) and (1715–1829) | originally part of Aegean Archipelago Province |
| Podolia | Podolya | 0 years (1672–1699) | overseen be several serdar Serdar Serdar is the Turkic spelling of the Persian name Sardar which means Field Marshal.-Given name:* Serdar Avcı, Turkish boxer* Serdar Aziz, Turkish footballer* Serdar Bayrak, Turkish footballer* Serdar Güneş, Turkish footballer... s [chiefs] rather than a beylerbeyi |
| Sidon Sidon Province, Ottoman Empire The Eyalet of Sidon was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire. In the 19th century, the eyalet extended from the border with Egypt to the Bay of Kesrouan, including the Plain of Falastin , the Jezreel Valley, and the hilly region of Galilee.Depending on the location of its capital, it was also known as... |
Sayda | years (1660–1841) | |
| Uyvar Eyalet Uyvar Eyalet Uyvar Eyalet was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire.It was established during the reign of Mehmed IV. In 1663 the Ottoman expeditionary force led by Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed defeated the Austrian garrison of the city of Uyvar and conquered the region. The Peace of Vasvár recognised Ottoman control over... |
Uyvar | 0 years (1663–1685) | |
| Varad Eyalet | Varad | 0 years (1661–1692) |
Established 1683–1864
| Province Name | Ottoman Turkish Ottoman Turkish language The Ottoman Turkish language or Ottoman language is the variety of the Turkish language that was used for administrative and literary purposes in the Ottoman Empire. It borrows extensively from Arabic and Persian, and was written in a variant of the Perso-Arabic script... Name and Transliteration (Modern Turkish Turkish language Turkish is a language spoken as a native language by over 83 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Its speakers are located predominantly in Turkey and Northern Cyprus with smaller groups in Iraq, Greece, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo,... ) |
Existed for | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eyalet of Adrianople | Edirne | years (1826–1864) | |
| Monastir Eyalet Monastir Eyalet Monastir Eyalet was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire. Confusingly, it was also sometimes referred to as "Rumelia Eyalet", which was also the name of a previously existing and much larger eyalet.-Administrative divisions:... |
Monastir | years (1826-1864) | |
| Salonica Eyalet Salonica Eyalet -Administrative divisions:Sanjaks of the Eyalet in the mid-19th century:# Sanjak of Tirhala # Sanjak of Selanik # Sanjak of Siros # Sanjak of Drama... |
Selanik | years (1826-1864) | |
| Eyalet of Aidin | Aydın | years (1826-1864) | |
| Ankara Eyalet Ankara Eyalet The Eyalet of Ankara or Angora, also known as the Eyalet of Bosok or Bozok was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire.-Administrative divisions:Sanjaks of the Eyalet in the mid-19th century:# Sanjak of Kaisarieh... |
Ankara | years (1827-1864) | |
| Kastamonu Eyalet Kastamonu Eyalet -Administrative divisions:Sanjaks of the Eyalet in the mid-19th century:# Sanjak of Khodjaili # Sanjak of Bolu # Sanjak of Virantsheir # Sanjak of Sinope... |
Kastamonu | years (1827-1864) | |
| Herzegovina Eyalet | Hersek | years (1833–1851) | |
| Hüdavendigâr Eyalet Hüdavendigâr Eyalet -Administrative divisions:The eyalet was subdivided into 8 sanjaks:# Sanjak of Hüdavendigâr # Sanjak of Karahisar-i Sahip# Sanjak of Kütahya# Sanjak of Bilecik# Sanjak of Biga# Sanjak of Karesi# Sanjak of Erdek# Sanjak of Ayvalık... |
Hüdavendigâr | years (1841-1867) | |
| Karasi Eyalet Karasi Eyalet Eyalet of Saruhan was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire.... |
Karesi | 0 years (1845-1847) | |
| Niš Eyalet | Niş | years (1846–1864) | |
| Vidin Eyalet | Vidin | years (1846–1864) |
Further reading
- Colin Imber. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.)
- Halil Inalcik. The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300-1600. Trans. Norman Itzkowitz and Colin Imber. (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973.)
- Paul Robert Magocsi. Historical Atlas of Central Europe. (2nd ed.) Seattle, WA, USA: Univ. of Washington Press, 2002)
- Nouveau Larousse illustré, undated (early 20th century), passim (in French)
- Donald Edgar Pitcher. An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire. (Leiden, Netherlands: E.J.Brill,1972.) (Includes 36 color maps)
- Westermann, Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte (in German) (includes maps)