Exemption from military service in Israel
Encyclopedia
Conscription
to the Israeli Defense Forces is done in Israeli in accordance with the Israeli Security Service Law (חוק שירות ביטחון). This law also consists of a set of rules that define in which cases a person would be exempted from security service. In addition, through the recent decades there is a growing phenomenon among large parts of the Israeli public in which individuals attempt to get an exemption from the mandatory military conscription through illegal means of deception
.
In accordance with section 5 of the Security Service Law, a medical board is authorized to determine if a candidate is unfit to for a national security service.
In most cases, when the characteristics that allow avoiding the draft exist, an individual would not always choose to exploit these "loop holes", and in many cases, if the person desires to, they might choose to enlist to the military regardless.
In 2005 32.1% of the Jewish females did not enlist to the military on religious grounds, and the overall rate of non-enlist Jewish girls has risen to 42.3%. These high rates indicate that refraining from the draft is relatively common, at least among Israeli women. In 2008, the proportion of females who did not enlist rose to 44%, from which 34.6% did not enlist on religious grounds. As a result, the Israeli military exacerbated the way it handles cases in which Jewish women request an exemption on religious grounds, through investigating the truthfulness of their claims, in order to expose young women who lied about being religious.
Marrying with the sole purpose of receiving the exemption granted to all married women, without any intention of the actual realization of the marriage (usually the female would seek to divorce after being granted the desired exemption).
Displaying false medical certificates or pretending to be ill, in order to obtain an exemption based on health reasons.
A woman would ask to be exempted for religious reasons, while in real life she is not religious.
Leaving Israel before a person gets to the age of recruitment, and not returning to the country despite the attempts of the recruiting office to contact the individual. A common method which the state uses to fight this trend is to avoid extending the validity of a person's passport when it expires.
Section 94 of the Security Service Law describes another method of draft evasion - defecting from the military on the day of recruitment, ie a situation in which an individual was recruited but failed to show up for the recruitment. When a soldier fails to show up to be recruited he is defined by the military as a draft evader. After being defined as a draft evader, an arrest warrant is issued against him and thereafter the military police is responsible to locate and capture him. After being caught by the military police, it would be decided on whether the draft evaders would go through disciplinary proceedings (which means that they would get a limited punishment and would not get a criminal record), or whether they would face a military court where the punishment is not limited and the criminal conviction is registered.
In Israel, which is largely considered to be under an ongoing state of war, draft evasion has always been perceived as a negative thing by the majority of the public, although since the 1990s and thereafter the disapproval of draft evasion amongst the Israeli public has gradually diminished. After the 2006 Lebanon War the IDF began carrying out media campaigns against draft evasion as well as media campaigns aimed at encouraging enlistment to the IDF, and to the combat units in particular. Amongst the most notable people in the Israeli public who expressed their disapprove of draft evasion were the Head of Human Resources Elazar Stern
and the Defense Minister Ehud Barak
, who stated:
The public criticism of draft evasion, especially when it is done defiantly, has become very noticeable in the context of the Israeli celebrities and public figures who evaded the draft in their youth (mostly before they became famous). Some of the most notable examples in which Israeli celebrities have been heavily criticized in the Israeli media in this regard include:
In the years, since the Equal Opportunities Act was revised, and despite the changes in the Israeli public regarding military service, there is still largely a negative attitude toward those who have not served in the IDF. As an example, A substantial amount of the employment ads in the newspapers, explicitly state that a only people who have carried out a "full military service" would be considered for that position.
Conscription
Conscription is the compulsory enlistment of people in some sort of national service, most often military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in some countries to the present day under various names...
to the Israeli Defense Forces is done in Israeli in accordance with the Israeli Security Service Law (חוק שירות ביטחון). This law also consists of a set of rules that define in which cases a person would be exempted from security service. In addition, through the recent decades there is a growing phenomenon among large parts of the Israeli public in which individuals attempt to get an exemption from the mandatory military conscription through illegal means of deception
Deception
Deception, beguilement, deceit, bluff, mystification, bad faith, and subterfuge are acts to propagate beliefs that are not true, or not the whole truth . Deception can involve dissimulation, propaganda, and sleight of hand. It can employ distraction, camouflage or concealment...
.
Exemption from military service
There are several characteristics which each would grant an individual an exemption from military service in Israel: Among these features only men have held, others exist only in women, and those that take place both sexes, such as:- If a person is permanently living abroadExpatriateAn expatriate is a person temporarily or permanently residing in a country and culture other than that of the person's upbringing...
, after migrating abroad. - MarriageMarriageMarriage is a social union or legal contract between people that creates kinship. It is an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually intimate and sexual, are acknowledged in a variety of ways, depending on the culture or subculture in which it is found...
, pregnancyPregnancyPregnancy refers to the fertilization and development of one or more offspring, known as a fetus or embryo, in a woman's uterus. In a pregnancy, there can be multiple gestations, as in the case of twins or triplets...
or parenthoodParentingParenting is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood...
(for women only), in accordance with section 39 of the Security Service Law. - Exemption for religiousReligionReligion is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values. Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to...
reasons (for women only), in accordance with sections 39 and 40 of the Security Service Law. - Exemption on grounds of consciencePacifismPacifism is the opposition to war and violence. The term "pacifism" was coined by the French peace campaignerÉmile Arnaud and adopted by other peace activists at the tenth Universal Peace Congress inGlasgow in 1901.- Definition :...
. It is a relatively rare exemption, which is granted to both women and men who are usually ordered to spend a sentence in the military jail before being granted this exemption. - Studying in a YeshivaYeshivaYeshiva is a Jewish educational institution that focuses on the study of traditional religious texts, primarily the Talmud and Torah study. Study is usually done through daily shiurim and in study pairs called chavrutas...
might allow the postponement of the recruitment in six months, and after that one might more easily be granted a postponement for an additional six months and so on, without any limitations, as long as the student continues his studies in the Yeshiva (for men only). - Religious Israeli DruzeIsraeli DruzeAccording to the 2008 National Resilience Survey, conducted by Dr. Yussuf Hassan of the Tel Aviv University, more than 94% of Druze youngsters classified themselves as "Druze-Israelis" in the religious and national context....
citizens are exempt from conscription.
Non-recruitment
Accordance with section 36 of the Security Service Law, the security minister may exempt certain people from an army service in the IDF, for reasons related to the volume of the military forces or reserve forces, or for reasons related to educational needs, settlement needs, security needs, economy needs, family needs and various other reasons.In accordance with section 5 of the Security Service Law, a medical board is authorized to determine if a candidate is unfit to for a national security service.
Avoidance from the draft
Avoidance from the draft means exploiting the legal ways in which an individual can avoid serving in the military, and implementing them in order to be granted a full exemption from military service in the IDF. For example:- A 17-year-old girl is considering getting married, and a significant factor in her considerations is the knowledge that as a married person she would be exempt from conscription.
- A 17-year-old boy who can not decide whether to join the IDF or study in a YeshivaYeshivaYeshiva is a Jewish educational institution that focuses on the study of traditional religious texts, primarily the Talmud and Torah study. Study is usually done through daily shiurim and in study pairs called chavrutas...
, and eventually decides to study in a Yeshiva in order to enjoy the exemption he would be given from the IDF which yeshiva students are granted. - Requesting an exemption for conscience reasons. Unlike requests for an exemption to married women and male Yeshiva students, which might not be solely based on the individual's preference not to serve in the military, requesting an exemption for conscience reasons is made solely with the aim of not serving in the military.
In most cases, when the characteristics that allow avoiding the draft exist, an individual would not always choose to exploit these "loop holes", and in many cases, if the person desires to, they might choose to enlist to the military regardless.
In 2005 32.1% of the Jewish females did not enlist to the military on religious grounds, and the overall rate of non-enlist Jewish girls has risen to 42.3%. These high rates indicate that refraining from the draft is relatively common, at least among Israeli women. In 2008, the proportion of females who did not enlist rose to 44%, from which 34.6% did not enlist on religious grounds. As a result, the Israeli military exacerbated the way it handles cases in which Jewish women request an exemption on religious grounds, through investigating the truthfulness of their claims, in order to expose young women who lied about being religious.
Draft evasion
Draft evasion means acting in illegal ways in order for an individual not to serve in the military. The main way for doing so, is creating of a pretense which would grant an individual an exemption from the draft. Examples:Marrying with the sole purpose of receiving the exemption granted to all married women, without any intention of the actual realization of the marriage (usually the female would seek to divorce after being granted the desired exemption).
Displaying false medical certificates or pretending to be ill, in order to obtain an exemption based on health reasons.
A woman would ask to be exempted for religious reasons, while in real life she is not religious.
Leaving Israel before a person gets to the age of recruitment, and not returning to the country despite the attempts of the recruiting office to contact the individual. A common method which the state uses to fight this trend is to avoid extending the validity of a person's passport when it expires.
Section 94 of the Security Service Law describes another method of draft evasion - defecting from the military on the day of recruitment, ie a situation in which an individual was recruited but failed to show up for the recruitment. When a soldier fails to show up to be recruited he is defined by the military as a draft evader. After being defined as a draft evader, an arrest warrant is issued against him and thereafter the military police is responsible to locate and capture him. After being caught by the military police, it would be decided on whether the draft evaders would go through disciplinary proceedings (which means that they would get a limited punishment and would not get a criminal record), or whether they would face a military court where the punishment is not limited and the criminal conviction is registered.
Public criticism
Draft evasion, as a criminal act, is generally considered negative amongst the majority of the Israeli public. Amongst the strongest opponents to the Israeli government policy there are a few people who support draft evasion, but they are a minority in the Israeli public.In Israel, which is largely considered to be under an ongoing state of war, draft evasion has always been perceived as a negative thing by the majority of the public, although since the 1990s and thereafter the disapproval of draft evasion amongst the Israeli public has gradually diminished. After the 2006 Lebanon War the IDF began carrying out media campaigns against draft evasion as well as media campaigns aimed at encouraging enlistment to the IDF, and to the combat units in particular. Amongst the most notable people in the Israeli public who expressed their disapprove of draft evasion were the Head of Human Resources Elazar Stern
Elazar Stern
Elazar Stern is a former general in the Israel Defense Forces and former head of the Israeli Human Resources Directorate. Born in Tel Aviv, Stern attended Bar Ilan University, where he received a B.A. in Economics and Land of Israel Studies. He also received a Master's degree in Business...
and the Defense Minister Ehud Barak
Ehud Barak
Ehud Barak is an Israeli politician who served as Prime Minister from 1999 until 2001. He was leader of the Labor Party until January 2011 and holds the posts of Minister of Defense and Deputy Prime Minister in Binyamin Netanyahu's government....
, who stated:
The public criticism of draft evasion, especially when it is done defiantly, has become very noticeable in the context of the Israeli celebrities and public figures who evaded the draft in their youth (mostly before they became famous). Some of the most notable examples in which Israeli celebrities have been heavily criticized in the Israeli media in this regard include:
- Knesset Speaker Dalia ItzikDalia ItzikDalia Itzik , born 20 October 1952, is an Israeli politician who currently serves as a member of the Knesset for Kadima. She has previously served in several ministerial positions, and on 4 May 2006 became the first female speaker of the Knesset, and has since served as President of Israel in an...
, who after graduating from the religious high school "Evelina de Rothschild" declared that she is religious and as a result was granted an exemption from military service. - In 1992 the popular Israeli rock singer Aviv GeffenAviv GeffenAviv Geffen is an Israeli rock musician, singer, songwriter, producer, keyboardist and guitarist. He is the son of writer and poet Yehonatan Geffen and Nurit Makover, brother of actress Shira Geffen, and an alumnus of Rimon School of Jazz and Contemporary Music.Geffen was and is extremely popular...
caused a public outrage after he stated that he did not serve in the IDF, and encouraged people not to enlist. Later on Geffen changed his statement and claimed that the army dismissed him from service for medical reasons. - The popular Israeli model Bar RefaeliBar RefaeliBar Refaeli is an Israeli model and occasional actress, most known for her modeling work and for her relationship with American actor Leonardo DiCaprio. She was the cover model of the 2009 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue.-Early life:...
, who married a friend of her parents a number of days before her recruitment day, received an exemption from the military, and divorced soon thereafter. In an interview with Yedioth AhronothYedioth AhronothYedioth Ahronoth is a daily newspaper published in Tel Aviv, Israel. Since the 1970s, it has been the most widely circulated paper in Israel. In a TGI survey comparing the last half of 2009 with the same period in 2008, Yedioth Ahronoth retained the title of most widely read newspaper in Israel...
, which was published in early October 2007, Refaeli referred to this matter stating that: "I'm not against the army and I really wanted to serve, but I do not regret that I did not enlist, because this decision has paid off big time" and added, "What does it matter, UgandaUgandaUganda , officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. Uganda is also known as the "Pearl of Africa". It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by South Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by...
or Israel? For me it does not matter. Why is it good to die for our country? Isn't it better to live in New York? For what reason do children aged 18 need to sacrifice their lives? It makes no sense that people should die so that I can live in Israel.". - During the 2000s, The Israeli Singer Jacko EisenbergJacko EisenbergJacko Eisenberg is an Israeli singer who won the fourth season of Kochav Nolad, the Israeli version of Pop Idol.-Biography:Eisenberg was born and raised in Netanya, Israel, to Miriam and Robert Eisenberg. When he was 10 years old, his father died of a heart attack. At the age of 13, he started...
stated in an interview in "Yediot Aharonot" that the IDF dismissed him from service, and noted that he did not regret it. - The popular Israeli singer Maya Buskila was exempted from a military service in her youth on grounds of her being religious. This fact retrospectively stirred a public outrage after Buskila participated in a swimwear campaign in which she was photographed in a very revealing swimwear. Later on, Buskila expressed her regret for not having enlisted to the military, stating that she did not know she would end up gaining fame and becoming a role model for many young Israeli girls. Eventually Buskila decided to enlist to the military, and on April 13, 2008, at the age of 30, she was drafted for a relative short compulsory service in the IDF.
The impact of draft evasion in Israeli civilian life
An individual's military service is usually a subject being talked about in many job interviews in Israel, and is information job seekers usually would add to their resume. Nevertheless, in 2003 the Regional Court in Tel Aviv declared that the requirement for a military service as a precondition to be hired for a certain position, when this condition is not relevant to that position, constitutes as forbidden discrimination. The Israeli Equal Opportunities Act (חוק שוויון ההזדמנויות בעבודה) was revised in the mid 1990s to prohibit employers of asking candidates about their military profile in the IDF. Nevertheless, legally there is yet no prohibition of bring up questions regarding an individual's military service or the fact that he did not enlist to the military - information which might be used later on as part of the many considerations which would attribute to an interviewer decision not to hire the individual.In the years, since the Equal Opportunities Act was revised, and despite the changes in the Israeli public regarding military service, there is still largely a negative attitude toward those who have not served in the IDF. As an example, A substantial amount of the employment ads in the newspapers, explicitly state that a only people who have carried out a "full military service" would be considered for that position.
External Links
- The Israeli Security Service Law (Consolidated Version) - published on the Israeli National Insurance Institute site (Hebrew)
- Drafting evading in Israel - published in Ynetnews (Hebrew)
- The draft evaders are fighting back - published in HaaretzHaaretzHaaretz is Israel's oldest daily newspaper. It was founded in 1918 and is now published in both Hebrew and English in Berliner format. The English edition is published and sold together with the International Herald Tribune. Both Hebrew and English editions can be read on the Internet...
on 07/02/2008 (Hebrew)