Ethnocomputing is the study of the interactions between computing and culture. It is carried out through theoretical analysis, empirical investigation, and design implementation. It includes research on the impact of computing on society, as well as the reverse: how cultural

Culture

Culture is a term that has many different inter-related meanings. For example, in 1952, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of "culture" in Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions...

, historical

History

History is the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean the period of time after writing was invented. Scholars who write about history are called historians...

, personal, and societal

Society

A society, or a human society, is a group of people related to each other through persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or virtual territory, subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations...

 origins and surroundings cause and affect the innovation

Innovation

Innovation is the creation of better or more effective products, processes, technologies, or ideas that are accepted by markets, governments, and society...

, development, diffusion, maintenance, and appropriation of computational

Computing

Computing is usually defined as the activity of using and improving computer hardware and software. It is the computer-specific part of information technology...

 artifacts or ideas. From the ethnocomputing perspective, no computational technology is culturally "neutral," and no cultural practice is a computational void. Instead of considering culture to be a hindrance for software engineering, culture should be seen as a resource for innovation and design.

Subject matter

Social categories for ethnocomputing include:

• Indigenous computing: In some cases, ethnocomputing "translates" from indigenous culture to high tech frameworks: for example, analyzing the African board game Owari
  Oware
  Oware is an abstract strategy game of Akan origin. Part of the mancala family, it is played throughout West Africa and the Caribbean. Among its many names are Ayò , Awalé , Wari , Ouri, Ouril or Uril , Warri , Adji , and Awélé...
  
   as a one dimensional cellular automaton.
• Social/historical studies of computing: In other cases ethnocomputing seeks to identify the social, cultural, historical, or personal dimensions of high tech computational ideas and artifacts: for example, the relationship between the Turing Test and Alan Turing's closeted gay identity.
• Appropriation in computing: lay persons who did not participate in the original design of a computing system can still affect it by modifying its interpretation, use, or structure. Such "modding" may be as subtle as the key board character "emoticons" created through lay use of email, or as blatant as the stylized customization of computer cases.
• Equity tools: a software "Applications Quest" has been developed for generating a "diversity index" that allows consideration of multiple identity characteristics in college admissions.

Technical categories in ethnocomputing include:

• Organized structures and models used to represent information (· data structures)
• Ways of manipulating the organized information (· algorithms)
• Linguistic realizations of computation (theories of computation)
• Mechanical realizations of computation (computational tools)
• User interfaces
• Internationalization and localization
• Cultural HCI
• Uses of computational tools (uses)
• Ethnotechnology

Origins

Ethnocomputing has its origins in ethnomathematics

Ethnomathematics

In mathematics education, ethnomathematics is the study of the relationship between mathematics and culture . Often associated with "cultures without written expression" , it may also be defined as "'the mathematics which is practised among identifiable cultural groups'" In mathematics education,...

. There are a large number of studies in ethnomathematics that could be considered ethnocomputing as well (e.g., Eglash

Ron Eglash

Ron Eglash is an American cyberneticist, university professor, and author widely known for his work in the field of ethnomathematics, which aims to study the diverse relationships between math and culture...

 (1999) and Ascher & Ascher (1981)). The idea of a separate field was introduced in 1992 by Anthony Petrillo in Responsive Evaluation of Mathematics Education in a Community of Jos, Nigeria, Dissertation (Ph.D.): State University of New York at Buffalo, which Petrillo elaborated a bit more on in March 1994, Ethnocomputers in Nigerian Computer Education, paper presented at the 31st Annual Conference of the Mathematical Association of Nigeria. Just like computer science

Computer science

Computer science or computing science is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems...

 is nowadays considered to be a field of research distinct from mathematics

Mathematics

Mathematics is the study of quantity, space, structure, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proofs, which are arguments sufficient to convince other mathematicians of their validity...

, ethnocomputing is considered to be a research topic distinct from ethnomathematics. Some aspects of ethnocomputing that have their roots in ethnomathematics are listed below:

• Counting and sorting: The use of a systematic way to compare and order discrete objects
• Locating: Exploring one's spatial environment and conceptualizing and symbolizing that environment with models, maps, drawings, and other devices
• Measuring: Quantifying qualities like length and weight for the purposes of, for instance, comparing, classifying, or ordering objects
• Designing: Applying formal or non-formal algorithmic or computational ideas in arts or design
• Playing: Devising and engaging in games and pastimes with more or less formalized rules that all players must abide by
• Explaining: Finding systematic ways to represent phenomena or the relationships between phenomena

Further reading

• Eglash, Ron (1999) African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design. New Brunswick, New Jersey, and London: Rutgers University Press.

• Ascher, Marcia & Ascher, Robert (1981) Mathematics of the Incas: Code of the Quipu.
• Tedre, Matti; Sutinen, Erkki; Kähkönen, Esko; Kommers, Piet (2006) Ethnocomputing: ICT in Social and Cultural Context. Communications of the ACM 49(1):pp.126-130
• Petrillo, Anthony (1994, March). Ethnocomputers in Nigerian Computer Education. Paper presented at the 31st Annual Conference of the Mathematical Association of Nigeria.

External links

• ethnocomputing pages at www.ethnocomputing.org
• Applications Quest Juan Gilbert's tool for diversity in college admissions
• AADMLSS The African-American Distributed Multiple Learning Styles System
• CSDT Culturally Situated Design Tools
• Engineering with Social Metaphors A one day theme of the "Socially Inspired Computing Symposium," University of Hertfordshire, April 2005.