Ethnic violence
Encyclopedia
Ethnic violence refers to violence
expressly motivated by ethnic hatred
. It is commonly related to political violence
, and often the terms are interchangeable, or one is used as a pretext for the other when politically expedient.
"Racist terrorism" is a form of ethnic violence dominated by overt racism
and xenophobic reactionism. This form typically involves attacks on minorities, and is associated with right-wing extremism.
Racial supremacist groups such as Neo-Nazis epitomize ethnic terrorists, though other violent ethnic supremacist groups qualify.
Violent ethnic rivalry is the subject matter of Jewish sociologist Ludwig Gumplowicz
's Der Rassenkampf ("Struggle of the Races", 1909); and more recently of Amy Chua
's notable study, World On Fire
: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability; and Kevin B. MacDonald
's controversial works on the Darwinian-evolutionary politics of Judaism, which have been called anti-Semitic and white-supremacist .
Violence
Violence is the use of physical force to apply a state to others contrary to their wishes. violence, while often a stand-alone issue, is often the culmination of other kinds of conflict, e.g...
expressly motivated by ethnic hatred
Ethnic hatred
Ethnic hatred, inter-ethnic hatred, racial hatred, or ethnic tension refers to feelings and acts of prejudice and hostility towards an ethnic group in various degrees. See list of anti-ethnic and anti-national terms for specific cases....
. It is commonly related to political violence
Political violence
Political violence is a common means used by people and governments around the world to achieve political goals. Many groups and individuals believe that their political systems will never respond to their political demands. As a result they believe that violence is not only justified but also...
, and often the terms are interchangeable, or one is used as a pretext for the other when politically expedient.
"Racist terrorism" is a form of ethnic violence dominated by overt racism
Racism
Racism is the belief that inherent different traits in human racial groups justify discrimination. In the modern English language, the term "racism" is used predominantly as a pejorative epithet. It is applied especially to the practice or advocacy of racial discrimination of a pernicious nature...
and xenophobic reactionism. This form typically involves attacks on minorities, and is associated with right-wing extremism.
Racial supremacist groups such as Neo-Nazis epitomize ethnic terrorists, though other violent ethnic supremacist groups qualify.
Violent ethnic rivalry is the subject matter of Jewish sociologist Ludwig Gumplowicz
Ludwig Gumplowicz
Ludwig Gumplowicz, born March 9, 1838 in Kraków, then a republic, now part of Poland, died August 20, 1909 in Graz, Austria, was one of the founders of European sociology. He was also a jurist and political scientist who taught constitutional and administrative law at the University of...
's Der Rassenkampf ("Struggle of the Races", 1909); and more recently of Amy Chua
Amy Chua
Amy L. Chua is the John M. Duff, Jr. Professor of Law at Yale Law School. She joined the Yale faculty in 2001 after teaching at Duke Law School. Prior to starting her teaching career, she was a corporate law associate at Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton...
's notable study, World On Fire
World on Fire
World On Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability is a 2002 book published by Yale Law School professor Amy Chua...
: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability; and Kevin B. MacDonald
Kevin B. MacDonald
Kevin B. MacDonald is a professor of psychology at California State University, Long Beach, best known for his use of evolutionary psychology to inform his study of Judaism as being a "group evolutionary strategy."...
's controversial works on the Darwinian-evolutionary politics of Judaism, which have been called anti-Semitic and white-supremacist .
Examples
- PKK
- PogromPogromA pogrom is a form of violent riot, a mob attack directed against a minority group, and characterized by killings and destruction of their homes and properties, businesses, and religious centres...
- Combat 18Combat 18Combat 18 is a violent neo-Nazi organisation associated with Blood and Honour. It originated in the United Kingdom, but has since spread to other countries. Members of Combat 18 have been suspected in numerous deaths of immigrants, non-whites, and other C18 members...
, United KingdomUnited KingdomThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages... - The OrderThe Order (group)The Order, also known as the Brüder Schweigen or Silent Brotherhood, was an organization active in the United States between 1983 and 1984...
, United StatesUnited StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district... - Ku Klux KlanKu Klux KlanKu Klux Klan, often abbreviated KKK and informally known as the Klan, is the name of three distinct past and present far-right organizations in the United States, which have advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy, white nationalism, and anti-immigration, historically...
, United StatesUnited StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district... - HammerskinsHammerskinsThe Hammerskins, are a white supremacist group formed in 1988 in Dallas, Texas.The Hammerskins' primary focus is the production and promotion of white power rock music, and many white power bands were affiliated with the group. The Hammerskins were affiliated with the record label 9% Productions...
, International - Serb Paramilitary groups i.e. Arkan's White tigers and many more
- The Croatian Ustaše headed by Ante Pavelić
- APLAAzanian People's Liberation ArmyThe Azanian People's Liberation Army was the military wing of the Pan Africanist Congress in South Africa. It was originally called Poqo.-History:...
, South AfricaSouth AfricaThe Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans... - Death Angels, United StatesUnited StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
- MLNQ
- Don Black (nationalist)Don Black (nationalist)Stephen Donald Black is an American white nationalist. He is the founder, and current webmaster, of the Stormfront internet forum. He was a Grand Wizard in the Ku Klux Klan and a member of the American Nazi Party in the 1970s. He was convicted in 1981 for attempted armed overthrow of the Dominican...
and Operation Red DogOperation Red DogOperation Red Dog was the code name of plan by Canadian and American mercenaries, largely affiliated with white supremacist and Ku Klux Klan groups, to overthrow the government of Dominica, where they planned to restore former Prime Minister Patrick John to power... - Cronulla Race Riots2005 Cronulla riotsThe 2005 Cronulla riots were a series of sectarian clashes and mob violence originating in Cronulla, New South Wales and spreading, over the next few nights, to additional Sydney suburbs....
in SydneySydneySydney is the most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. As of June 2010, the greater metropolitan area had an approximate population of 4.6 million people...
, 2005 - 2006 Moscow market bombing2006 Moscow market bombingThe 2006 Moscow market bombing occurred on August 21, 2006, when a self-made bomb of the power of more than 1 kg of TNT exploded at Moscow's Cherkizovsky Market frequented by foreign merchants. In 2008, eight members of the racialist organization The Saviour were sentenced for their roles in...
, RussiaRussiaRussia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects... - Riots in KondopogaKondopogaKondopoga is a town and the administrative center of Kondopozhsky District of the Republic of Karelia, Russia, situated on the coast of the Kondopozhskaya Gulf of Lake Onega, near the mouth of the Suna River and Kivach Nature Reserve, about from Petrozavodsk...
, KareliaKareliaKarelia , the land of the Karelian peoples, is an area in Northern Europe of historical significance for Finland, Russia, and Sweden...
, RussiaRussiaRussia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
in 2006 - The Hedvig MalinaHedvig MalinaHedvig Malina is an ethnic Hungarian student from Horné Mýto , Slovakia, who was physically assaulted allegedly in a hate crime incident. Her case represents a highly controversial and debated issue of Hungarian-Slovak relations.-Claim of violence:...
-case - The DashnaksArmenian Revolutionary FederationThe Armenian Revolutionary Federation is an Armenian political party founded in Tiflis in 1890 by Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Zorian, and Simon Zavarian...
, EOKAEOKAEOKA was an anticolonial, antiimperialist nationalist organisation with the ultimate goal of "The liberation of Cyprus from the British yoke". Although not stated in its initial declaration of existence which was printed and distributed on the 1st of April 1955, EOKA also had a target of achieving...
and Czarist Russia - Coordinadora Arauco Malleco (CAM), mapuche terrorist group