Efé
Encyclopedia
The Efé are a group of part-time hunter-gatherer
people living in the Ituri Rainforest
of the Democratic Republic of Congo. In the depths of the forest they do not wear much clothing, using only leaf huts
as shelter for their bodies in the intense heat. The Efé are Pygmies, and one of the shortest peoples in the world. The men grow to an average height of 142 cm (4 ft. 8 in.), and women tend to be about 5 cm (2 in.) shorter.
Dr. Jean-Pierre Hallet
was very involved with the Efé, from raising awareness to the plight of the tribe, to the introduction of new foods and methods previously unknown (such as a legume called the "winged bean" of New Guinea
). He also introduced new methods of farming to the Efé, who likely had been a hunter-gatherer society for many thousands of years.
, 90,000 years old, is one of the oldest tools known to mankind and occurs in the natural range of the Efe pygmies. This suggests an initial aquatic civilisation based on fishing. Jean-Pierre Hallet promoted the establishment of a sanctuary for the Efe along the Semliki River
near Virunga National Park
, and also lobbied heavily for the rights of the semi-nomadic pygmies to continue living in the protected Okapi Wildlife Reserve
in the Ituri Forest.
forest of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The other groups are the Sua
, and the Aka
. Of these, the Efe occupy the most land, from the north to the southeast of the forest. One of the main ways in which these groups are distinguished is by the neighboring non-pygmy tribes with whom they cooperate. The Efe, who differ from other pygmy groups in that they hunt with bows and arrows instead of nets, are associated with the Lese people. The Efe language is related to that of the Lese
, and is Central Sudanic
in origin. (The pygmy groups in the region generally speak the language of the tribes with whom they associate.)
h and temperate forest
(as opposed to rainforest
) until somewhere between 2900 and 720 BC.
His analyses suggest that hunter-gathering is not a sufficient source of caloric intake alone, so that some form of agricultural pursuits were likely and that the civilization probably developed at the border of the savannah and the rainforest, rather than in the forest itself. Net hunting by other pygmy tribes, however, seem to provide higher caloric intake than the bow and arrow hunting of the Efe.
Some suggestions as to the evolutionary benefit
of the pygmy short stature
was the ability to navigate the dense jungle, with its low hanging branches, more easily. Small stature also confers a small advantage for body heat dissipation
in equatorial (hot, humid) regions. (While there are pygmy peoples in colder climates as well, this may have occurred by migration.)
Arab slave raids
, especially from the 1850s until the 1890s, served to destabilise the region. Trade routes were opened up, and a common dialect called KiNgwana (a Congo variant of KiSwahili
also known as Copperbelt Swahili) was introduced. New crops, firearms, and hut designs were also introduced during that time. The Efe assumed roles as watchmen for the Lese against the slavers.
Belgian Congo
was established in 1908, and the Belgian colonial government played a role in shaping the lives of the Efe and Lese. Chiefdoms among the Lese were formalised and police forces were created with Lese policemen. These supervised the work projects of the colonial administration: primarily the construction of 3 main roads in the Ituri region. Whole villages of Lese and Efe were relocated alongside these roads in these work projects, and new crops were planted for sale as well as for village use. The structure of these roadside villages and the resultant behavior of the Efe differed significantly from their forest villages.(pp. 86–88)
When Congo became independent from Belgium on June 30, 1960, the Ituri region began to fall into decay. The dictatorship of Mobutu that soon followed independence followed a practice of neglect for the region, allowing the roads to fall into disrepair. "...We have no roads, we have no insurrection" was one of his favorite sayings. In 1997 he died of prostate cancer and the rebel army of Laurent Kabila took control of the country in the First Congo War
. This was soon followed by Rwandan and Ugandan invasions of the Eastern Congo in the Second Congo War
. Congolese militias known as Mai Mai also sprang up and began fighting in this conflict, and the Ituri region was one of the areas most affected by this conflict, the largest in Africa.
It was during this period that Jean-Pierre Hallet and others made heroic efforts to relocate the pygmies out of harm's way from conflicting militias and waves of refugees, becoming himself captured by rebels in the First Congo War.
society, but they do sometimes perform wage labor for the Lese villagers. Efe men hunt and gather honey while the women gather food and also fish.(p. 20)
Recently, the Ituri forest is being logged at a tremendous rate, and Efe have been hired to assist with the logging.
s (a type of antelope) are hunted either in groups or ambushed alone from trees with iron-tipped arrows. The ambush hunts are called ebaka, and they are performed by building perches in fruit trees from which the duikers eat dropped fruits and waiting there during feeding hours, which are early morning and late afternoon. If the hunter hits a duiker, he will jump out of the 2.5- to-3- meter perch and chase it, and call the dogs to join him. Sometimes, though, the animal gets away, since they can run the distance of several football fields away in the dense forest, even wounded. Group hunts, which are called mota, take place with between 4 and 30 men who use either spears for large animals (like forest buffalo and elephant) or iron-tipped arrows for duikers, other species of antelope, and water chevrotain
. They also use their dogs to drive game out of their hiding and/or sleeping places and to chase down wounded animals.(pp. 79–82)
Another exclusively male task is to gather honey, which takes place from June through September. Honey season, however, can last until November if it is a particularly plentiful season. Women perform most tasks unrelated to hunting and honey-gathering. These include gathering firewood and water, which women do about 5 percent of the time. Generally they do this with at least one other person, very occasionally a man. Gathering forest foods, namely fruits, nuts, tubers, mushrooms, caterpillars, and termites takes up a lot of their time, as does laboring in the villages. Women also spend 17% of their time preparing food, and are almost solely responsible for maintaining the camp.(pp. 44–48)
The Efe ideal is to marry by sister exchange, but this happens for only forty percent of men. There is no bridewealth
and very little bride service
. The Efe are not allowed to marry anyone related to either their father’s father or their mother’s father, and they trace their heritage patrilineally
. Generally residence is patrilocal
and the composition of camps roughly follows that of a patriclan.(p. 19)
provided by the Efe accounts for over half of the meat eaten by the Lese.(p. 19) Important goods that the Lese villagers provide for the Efe are tobacco and marijuana, which about half of men and a third of women smoke.(pp. 56–57) In addition to trading meat and honey with the villagers, Efe men and women also provide their labor in exchange for foods, tobacco, marijuana, iron, cloth or other material goods.(p. 20) Women do this about 9.6% of their time, usually helping to plant, harvest, and prepare the food from Lese gardens in return for food from the garden.(p. 50) Efe men, on the other hand, mostly perform work related to clearing fields in December, and spend about 3.5% of their time doing it.(p. 50) They are usually paid with cooked food, some of which they eat right away and some of which they bring back to camp with them; but they are also occasionally paid with marijuana or tobacco.(p. 51) Men spend more time in the villages doing things other than working, like drinking palm wine
with the villagers and generally socializing.(p. 51) Lese and Efe men even establish partnerships, which can be inherited and constitute a special bond between a Lese and an Efe man.(p. 96) However, these partnerships can be dissolved when an Efe man returns borrowed items to his Lese partner.(p. 96)
One aspect of the Lese-Efe relationship that is less than cooperative is the way in which they view each other. Efe often steal from Lese gardens, particularly around April and May when there is little food and the Lese are ungenerous about payment for Efe labor.(p. 22)
The Lese, on the other hand, view the Efe with something of a condescending attitude and see themselves as entirely separate entities.(p. 112) Efe are viewed by Lese men and women alike as being female.(p. 74) The Lese also see strict dichotomies between themselves and the Efe- they characterize the Efe as uneducated savages and see themselves as more civilized since they go to school and live in villages.(pp. 73–74) Another interesting image they create is that of red versus white—the Efe and the meat and honey they provide are described as red, and the goods the Lese provide (dried corn, cassava, etc.) are closer to white in color.(p. 102) However, Lese men describe Efe men as “devoted friends and protectors” and also find Efe women “stronger, more sexually attractive, and more fertile than Lese women” (p. 113). Also, the Lese believe that the Efe can hunt witches and protect the village from them.(p. 189) In general, the views that the Lese and Efe have towards each other are very contradictory given their supportive roles.
Another interesting aspect of Efe religion is that it is also shared with the Lese. Many of pygmy legends deal with their larger partners, and the associated tribes have myths dealing with the pygmies. Even some religious ceremonies are held in common, such as the ima celebration in which girls who have reached menarche and been secluded in a hut together are carried back out into the village.(p. 152) Bailey describes the period of seclusion as being three months, but Grinker states that it is more like six months to a year and that the girls’ feet are not allowed to touch the ground without being wrapped in palm leaves and that whenever they have to use the bathroom, they must be carried to an outhouse wrapped in palm leaves so that the sun does not touch them.(pp. 102–103) This period is also supposed to make the girls fat, and they are supposed to consume a lot of palm oil and meat while they are being sequestered.(pp. 102–103)
without any dialectical distinction from the Lese themselves. They also have a relationship with other farming peoples in the region: the Mamvu
and Mvuba
(close relatives of Lese) and the Bantu Bira
, Nyali
, and Nande
.
Hunter-gatherer
A hunter-gatherer or forage society is one in which most or all food is obtained from wild plants and animals, in contrast to agricultural societies which rely mainly on domesticated species. Hunting and gathering was the ancestral subsistence mode of Homo, and all modern humans were...
people living in the Ituri Rainforest
Ituri Rainforest
The Ituri Rainforest is a rainforest located in the Ituri region of eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo formerly called Zaire. The forest's name derives from the nearby Ituri River which flows through the rainforest, connecting firstly to the Aruwimi River and finally into the Congo.-...
of the Democratic Republic of Congo. In the depths of the forest they do not wear much clothing, using only leaf huts
Hut
Hut may refer to:*Hut , a small and crude shelter*Hans Hut , Anabaptist leader*Hut Records, an English audio records company*Sunglass Hut International, largest American retailer of sunglasses...
as shelter for their bodies in the intense heat. The Efé are Pygmies, and one of the shortest peoples in the world. The men grow to an average height of 142 cm (4 ft. 8 in.), and women tend to be about 5 cm (2 in.) shorter.
Dr. Jean-Pierre Hallet
Jean-Pierre Hallet
Jean-Pierre Hallet was a Belgian ethnologist, naturalist, and humanitarian best known for his extensive work with the Efé pygmies of the Ituri Rainforest...
was very involved with the Efé, from raising awareness to the plight of the tribe, to the introduction of new foods and methods previously unknown (such as a legume called the "winged bean" of New Guinea
New Guinea
New Guinea is the world's second largest island, after Greenland, covering a land area of 786,000 km2. Located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, it lies geographically to the east of the Malay Archipelago, with which it is sometimes included as part of a greater Indo-Australian Archipelago...
). He also introduced new methods of farming to the Efé, who likely had been a hunter-gatherer society for many thousands of years.
Origins
The Efe pygmies are considered by mitochondrial DNA haplotype analysis to be one of the oldest races on earth. The Semliki harpoonSemliki harpoon
The Semliki harpoon, also known as the Katanda harpoon, refers to complex harpoon heads carved from bone. It is from an archaeologic site on the Semliki River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo which dates back 90,000 years...
, 90,000 years old, is one of the oldest tools known to mankind and occurs in the natural range of the Efe pygmies. This suggests an initial aquatic civilisation based on fishing. Jean-Pierre Hallet promoted the establishment of a sanctuary for the Efe along the Semliki River
Semliki River
Semliki River is a major river in Central Africa. It flows northwards from Lake Edward in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, across the Uganda border, through western Uganda in Bundibugyo District, near the Semuliki National Park. It empties into Lake Albert at...
near Virunga National Park
Virunga National Park
The Virunga National Park , formerly named Albert National Park, is a 7800 square km National Park that stretches from the Virunga Mountains in the South, to the Rwenzori Mountains in the North, in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, bordering Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda and Rwenzori...
, and also lobbied heavily for the rights of the semi-nomadic pygmies to continue living in the protected Okapi Wildlife Reserve
Okapi Wildlife Reserve
The Okapi Wildlife Reserve is a World Heritage Site in the Ituri Forest in the north-east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, near the borders with Sudan and Uganda...
in the Ituri Forest.
Location and overview
The Efe are one of three groups of pygmies, collectively named BaMbuti, of the IturiIturi
Ituri may refer to:* Ituri Interim Administration, an interim administration in the northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo* Ituri Province, a proposed province in the northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo* Ituri Rainforest* Ituri River...
forest of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The other groups are the Sua
Sua
This article is about a topic in Central American religion; for other uses of Sua, see Sua .Sua was a hero-god of the Muyscas of Central America, also called Bachica or Nemquetaha. The name signifies "day" or "east." He taught them the arts of life, and, like Quetzalcoatl, disappeared. Like the...
, and the Aka
Aka (Pygmy tribe)
The Aka or Bayaka are a nomadic Mbenga pygmy people who live by hunting. Although the Aka people call themselves BiAka, they are also known as Babenzele in Western Central African Republic and Northwest Congo ....
. Of these, the Efe occupy the most land, from the north to the southeast of the forest. One of the main ways in which these groups are distinguished is by the neighboring non-pygmy tribes with whom they cooperate. The Efe, who differ from other pygmy groups in that they hunt with bows and arrows instead of nets, are associated with the Lese people. The Efe language is related to that of the Lese
Lese language
Lese, or occasionally Lissi, also known as Efe, is a Central Sudanic language of northeastern Congo. The Lese people live in association with the Efé Pygmies, and share one language....
, and is Central Sudanic
Central Sudanic languages
Starostin notes that the poorly attested language Mimi of Decorse is suggestive of Central Sudanic, though he provisionally treats it as an isolate.-References:...
in origin. (The pygmy groups in the region generally speak the language of the tribes with whom they associate.)
History and external influences
There is some debate over how long the Efe have lived in their present state, with accounts of their having been in the Ituri forest for 20,000 years. Bailey states that the Ituri area has been inhabited since 40,700 BC, but that the region was most likely savannaSavanna
A savanna, or savannah, is a grassland ecosystem characterized by the trees being sufficiently small or widely spaced so that the canopy does not close. The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground to support an unbroken herbaceous layer consisting primarily of C4 grasses.Some...
h and temperate forest
Temperate forest
Temperate forests correspond to forest concentrations formed in the northern hemisphere. Main characteristics include: wide leaves, big and tall trees and non seasonal vegetation...
(as opposed to rainforest
Rainforest
Rainforests are forests characterized by high rainfall, with definitions based on a minimum normal annual rainfall of 1750-2000 mm...
) until somewhere between 2900 and 720 BC.
His analyses suggest that hunter-gathering is not a sufficient source of caloric intake alone, so that some form of agricultural pursuits were likely and that the civilization probably developed at the border of the savannah and the rainforest, rather than in the forest itself. Net hunting by other pygmy tribes, however, seem to provide higher caloric intake than the bow and arrow hunting of the Efe.
Some suggestions as to the evolutionary benefit
Adaptation
An adaptation in biology is a trait with a current functional role in the life history of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection. An adaptation refers to both the current state of being adapted and to the dynamic evolutionary process that leads to the adaptation....
of the pygmy short stature
Human height
Human height is the distance from the bottom of the feet to the top of the head in a human body standing erect.When populations share genetic background and environmental factors, average height is frequently characteristic within the group...
was the ability to navigate the dense jungle, with its low hanging branches, more easily. Small stature also confers a small advantage for body heat dissipation
Thermoregulation
Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different...
in equatorial (hot, humid) regions. (While there are pygmy peoples in colder climates as well, this may have occurred by migration.)
Arab slave raids
Arab slave trade
The Arab slave trade was the practice of slavery in the Arab World, mainly Western Asia, North Africa, East Africa and certain parts of Europe during their period of domination by Arab leaders. The trade was focused on the slave markets of the Middle East and North Africa...
, especially from the 1850s until the 1890s, served to destabilise the region. Trade routes were opened up, and a common dialect called KiNgwana (a Congo variant of KiSwahili
Swahili language
Swahili or Kiswahili is a Bantu language spoken by various ethnic groups that inhabit several large stretches of the Mozambique Channel coastline from northern Kenya to northern Mozambique, including the Comoro Islands. It is also spoken by ethnic minority groups in Somalia...
also known as Copperbelt Swahili) was introduced. New crops, firearms, and hut designs were also introduced during that time. The Efe assumed roles as watchmen for the Lese against the slavers.
Belgian Congo
Belgian Congo
The Belgian Congo was the formal title of present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo between King Leopold II's formal relinquishment of his personal control over the state to Belgium on 15 November 1908, and Congolese independence on 30 June 1960.-Congo Free State, 1884–1908:Until the latter...
was established in 1908, and the Belgian colonial government played a role in shaping the lives of the Efe and Lese. Chiefdoms among the Lese were formalised and police forces were created with Lese policemen. These supervised the work projects of the colonial administration: primarily the construction of 3 main roads in the Ituri region. Whole villages of Lese and Efe were relocated alongside these roads in these work projects, and new crops were planted for sale as well as for village use. The structure of these roadside villages and the resultant behavior of the Efe differed significantly from their forest villages.(pp. 86–88)
When Congo became independent from Belgium on June 30, 1960, the Ituri region began to fall into decay. The dictatorship of Mobutu that soon followed independence followed a practice of neglect for the region, allowing the roads to fall into disrepair. "...We have no roads, we have no insurrection" was one of his favorite sayings. In 1997 he died of prostate cancer and the rebel army of Laurent Kabila took control of the country in the First Congo War
First Congo War
The First Congo War was a revolution in Zaire that replaced President Mobutu Sésé Seko, a decades-long dictator, with rebel leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila. Destabilization in eastern Zaire that resulted from the Rwandan genocide was the final factor that caused numerous internal and external actors...
. This was soon followed by Rwandan and Ugandan invasions of the Eastern Congo in the Second Congo War
Second Congo War
The Second Congo War, also known as Coltan War and the Great War of Africa, began in August 1998 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and officially ended in July 2003 when the Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo took power; however, hostilities continue to this...
. Congolese militias known as Mai Mai also sprang up and began fighting in this conflict, and the Ituri region was one of the areas most affected by this conflict, the largest in Africa.
It was during this period that Jean-Pierre Hallet and others made heroic efforts to relocate the pygmies out of harm's way from conflicting militias and waves of refugees, becoming himself captured by rebels in the First Congo War.
Economic and cultural features
The Efe are primarily a foragingForaging
- Definitions and significance of foraging behavior :Foraging is the act of searching for and exploiting food resources. It affects an animal's fitness because it plays an important role in an animal's ability to survive and reproduce...
society, but they do sometimes perform wage labor for the Lese villagers. Efe men hunt and gather honey while the women gather food and also fish.(p. 20)
Recently, the Ituri forest is being logged at a tremendous rate, and Efe have been hired to assist with the logging.
Attaining necessities
Hunting is a primary way in which Efe men contribute to the food supply of the tribe, which they were observed doing 21.1% of the time during 12-hour observation days.(p. 42) They hunt either alone or in groups, using either spears or bows and arrows (the arrows may be iron-tipped or poison-tipped, depending on the type of prey). Monkeys are hunted alone using poison-tipped arrows, which is done by solitary hunters who locate groups of monkeys feeding in trees and stand where they think the monkeys will move. Once they are within 70 feet, an Efe archer fires several arrows and, if he hits one of the monkeys, he will either try to follow it up to 100 metres through the forest (waiting for the poison to set in), or he will return later (the same day or the next morning) in order to bring it back to camp. Poison-tipped arrows are labor-intensive to make (the poisonous roots and vines have to be gathered and then crushed up to turn them into a juice that can be used to coat the arrow tip), and are made in batches of about 75, with about 5.9 minutes spent on each arrow. DuikerDuiker
A duiker is any of about 21 small to medium-sized antelope species from the subfamily Cephalophinae native to Sub-Saharan Africa.Duikers are shy and elusive creatures with a fondness for dense cover; most are forest dwellers and even the species living in more open areas are quick to disappear...
s (a type of antelope) are hunted either in groups or ambushed alone from trees with iron-tipped arrows. The ambush hunts are called ebaka, and they are performed by building perches in fruit trees from which the duikers eat dropped fruits and waiting there during feeding hours, which are early morning and late afternoon. If the hunter hits a duiker, he will jump out of the 2.5- to-3- meter perch and chase it, and call the dogs to join him. Sometimes, though, the animal gets away, since they can run the distance of several football fields away in the dense forest, even wounded. Group hunts, which are called mota, take place with between 4 and 30 men who use either spears for large animals (like forest buffalo and elephant) or iron-tipped arrows for duikers, other species of antelope, and water chevrotain
Chevrotain
Chevrotains, also known as mouse deer, are small ungulates that make up the family Tragulidae, the only members of the infraorder Tragulina. There are 10 living species in three genera, but there are also several species only known from fossils...
. They also use their dogs to drive game out of their hiding and/or sleeping places and to chase down wounded animals.(pp. 79–82)
Another exclusively male task is to gather honey, which takes place from June through September. Honey season, however, can last until November if it is a particularly plentiful season. Women perform most tasks unrelated to hunting and honey-gathering. These include gathering firewood and water, which women do about 5 percent of the time. Generally they do this with at least one other person, very occasionally a man. Gathering forest foods, namely fruits, nuts, tubers, mushrooms, caterpillars, and termites takes up a lot of their time, as does laboring in the villages. Women also spend 17% of their time preparing food, and are almost solely responsible for maintaining the camp.(pp. 44–48)
Family life
One interesting feature of the family life of the Efe is the degree of cooperation involved in caring for children, particularly babies. Sometimes Efe infants will even be nursed by a woman other than the mother if the mother’s milk has not come in yet. Other women help more in caretaking than the baby’s father, and studies indicate that Efe babies spend just 40% of their time with their mothers and are switched around between caretakers 8.3 times per hour, with about 14 people looking after the infant on average in 8 hours of observation. Also notable is the fact that children constitute only a quarter to a third of the population, and nearly half of women have either no or one child during their lifetime.The Efe ideal is to marry by sister exchange, but this happens for only forty percent of men. There is no bridewealth
Bride price
Bride price, also known as bride wealth, is an amount of money or property or wealth paid by the groom or his family to the parents of a woman upon the marriage of their daughter to the groom...
and very little bride service
Brideservice
Bride service has traditionally been portrayed in the anthropological literature as the service rendered by the bridegroom to a bride's family as a bride price or part of one ....
. The Efe are not allowed to marry anyone related to either their father’s father or their mother’s father, and they trace their heritage patrilineally
Patrilineality
Patrilineality is a system in which one belongs to one's father's lineage. It generally involves the inheritance of property, names or titles through the male line as well....
. Generally residence is patrilocal
Patrilocal residence
In social anthropology, patrilocal residence or patrilocality is a term referring to the social system in which a married couple resides with or near the husband's parents. The concept of location may extend to a larger area such as a village, town, or clan area...
and the composition of camps roughly follows that of a patriclan.(p. 19)
Relationship to the Lese
The Efe can be said to live in cooperation with the Lese, who live in villages of between fifteen and a hundred people and grow their food.(p. 18) The Efe make their camps on the outskirts of the forest near a Lese village for about seven months of the year (save for the best hunting season, January through March, and honey season), and are never more than eight hours away on foot from a village.(p. 19) The Efe generally trade the meat and honey they acquire in the forest for material goods or the cassava, bananas, peanuts, and rice grown by the Lese, and the meatBushmeat
Bushmeat initially referred to the hunting of wild animals in West and Central Africa and is a calque from the French viande de brousse. Today the term is commonly used for meat of terrestrial wild animals, killed for subsistence or commercial purposes throughout the humid tropics of the Americas,...
provided by the Efe accounts for over half of the meat eaten by the Lese.(p. 19) Important goods that the Lese villagers provide for the Efe are tobacco and marijuana, which about half of men and a third of women smoke.(pp. 56–57) In addition to trading meat and honey with the villagers, Efe men and women also provide their labor in exchange for foods, tobacco, marijuana, iron, cloth or other material goods.(p. 20) Women do this about 9.6% of their time, usually helping to plant, harvest, and prepare the food from Lese gardens in return for food from the garden.(p. 50) Efe men, on the other hand, mostly perform work related to clearing fields in December, and spend about 3.5% of their time doing it.(p. 50) They are usually paid with cooked food, some of which they eat right away and some of which they bring back to camp with them; but they are also occasionally paid with marijuana or tobacco.(p. 51) Men spend more time in the villages doing things other than working, like drinking palm wine
Palm wine
Palm wine also called Palm Toddy also called "Kallu" written in Malayalam and கள்ளு in Tamil or simply Toddy is an alcoholic beverage created from the sap of various species of palm tree such as the palmyra, and coconut palms...
with the villagers and generally socializing.(p. 51) Lese and Efe men even establish partnerships, which can be inherited and constitute a special bond between a Lese and an Efe man.(p. 96) However, these partnerships can be dissolved when an Efe man returns borrowed items to his Lese partner.(p. 96)
One aspect of the Lese-Efe relationship that is less than cooperative is the way in which they view each other. Efe often steal from Lese gardens, particularly around April and May when there is little food and the Lese are ungenerous about payment for Efe labor.(p. 22)
The Lese, on the other hand, view the Efe with something of a condescending attitude and see themselves as entirely separate entities.(p. 112) Efe are viewed by Lese men and women alike as being female.(p. 74) The Lese also see strict dichotomies between themselves and the Efe- they characterize the Efe as uneducated savages and see themselves as more civilized since they go to school and live in villages.(pp. 73–74) Another interesting image they create is that of red versus white—the Efe and the meat and honey they provide are described as red, and the goods the Lese provide (dried corn, cassava, etc.) are closer to white in color.(p. 102) However, Lese men describe Efe men as “devoted friends and protectors” and also find Efe women “stronger, more sexually attractive, and more fertile than Lese women” (p. 113). Also, the Lese believe that the Efe can hunt witches and protect the village from them.(p. 189) In general, the views that the Lese and Efe have towards each other are very contradictory given their supportive roles.
Religion
It is rather difficult to accurately describe the Efe religion, as there is not a great deal of information that deals specifically with the Efe. The main source used was a collection of BaMbuti legends, i.e. legends that the author felt belonged to some extent to all of the pygmy groups of the Ituri forest, but the tribe from whom the legends were gathered were one of the net-hunting groups, not the Efe. Because of the lack of information, it seems imprudent to relay any of the specific legends. The legends, though, tend to fall into three categories- “creation myths; legends of origin and tradition, legends dealing with social relations, and legends dealing with relations with the supernatural.” (p. 47)Another interesting aspect of Efe religion is that it is also shared with the Lese. Many of pygmy legends deal with their larger partners, and the associated tribes have myths dealing with the pygmies. Even some religious ceremonies are held in common, such as the ima celebration in which girls who have reached menarche and been secluded in a hut together are carried back out into the village.(p. 152) Bailey describes the period of seclusion as being three months, but Grinker states that it is more like six months to a year and that the girls’ feet are not allowed to touch the ground without being wrapped in palm leaves and that whenever they have to use the bathroom, they must be carried to an outhouse wrapped in palm leaves so that the sun does not touch them.(pp. 102–103) This period is also supposed to make the girls fat, and they are supposed to consume a lot of palm oil and meat while they are being sequestered.(pp. 102–103)
Language
The Efe speak LeseLese language
Lese, or occasionally Lissi, also known as Efe, is a Central Sudanic language of northeastern Congo. The Lese people live in association with the Efé Pygmies, and share one language....
without any dialectical distinction from the Lese themselves. They also have a relationship with other farming peoples in the region: the Mamvu
Mamvu language
Mamvu is a Central Sudanic language of northeastern Congo. It is quite similar to Lese....
and Mvuba
Mvuba language
Mvuba is a Central Sudanic language of northeastern Congo, with a thousand speakers in Uganda. It is similar to Lese....
(close relatives of Lese) and the Bantu Bira
Bira language
Bera is a Bantu language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It's close to Amba....
, Nyali
Nyali language
Nyali, or North Nyali, is a minor Bantu language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is lexically similar to Ndaka and Budu, Mbo, and Vanuma ....
, and Nande
Nande language
Nande, also known as Ndandi and Yira, is a Bantu language spoken in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.The Nande of Congo and the Konjo people of Uganda are a single ethnic group, which they call Yira . They trace their origins to the Ruwenzori Mountains between the two countries. The languages...
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