ESCP-EAP European School of Management
Encyclopedia
ESCP Europe is an international business school
and one of the foremost Grandes Écoles
in France. It is one of the oldest institution dedicated to business education in Europe, being established in 1819. It has campuses in five major European cities: Paris
, London
, Madrid
, Berlin
, and Turin
.
It is considered one of the best business schools in France and Europe, noted for its European and international activities. In 2010, its core degree, the Master's in Management, was ranked 1st worldwide by the Financial Times. It stands 15th in the world ranking for its Executive MBA, and in the 2009 QS Global 200 Business Schools Report
the school was ranked 15th in Europe.
Its programmes are triple-accredited
by the international AMBA
, EQUIS
, and AACSB
. The school has many notable alumni in business and politics, including many CEOs, the former Prime Minister of France, Jean-Pierre Raffarin
and the former Foreign Secretary Michel Barnier
. After graduation, most former students are offered positions of responsibility or graduate training in major companies in the field of Marketing
, Finance
and Consulting
.
ESCP Europe is the result of a merger in 2000 of two institutions: the École Supérieure de Commerce de Paris and the EAP (Ecole Européenne des Affaires).
The École Supérieure de Commerce de Paris was founded in 1819 by a circle of economists and traders including the famous economist Jean-Baptiste Say
and the banker Vital Roux. As such, it is the oldest establishment dedicated to business
and finance
teaching in the world. It was modeled on the École Polytechnique
founded by Lazare Carnot and Gaspard Monge, but was much more modest in its beginnings, mainly because it had not been supported by the state. It gradually gained in stature and importance during the 19th century and moved to its current location, avenue de la République, in Paris, in 1859. The 20th century gave importance to business studies, and soon enough the École Supérieure de Commerce de Paris saw its importance rise. Its popularity meant it had to develop a rigorous selection process. By the mid-20th century, the school was considered an elite institution and admitted its students after two years of dedicated preparatory classes through a competitive entrance exam.
The EAP (European School of Management) was created in 1973 as a result of a European initiative to create a trans-national elite business school. From its inception, the school had campuses in four major European cities: Paris, Oxford, Düsseldorf, and Madrid. The Düsseldorf campus moved to Berlin in 1984. Students were recruited after two years preparatory classes in France and after a Bachelor's degree in the UK through a competitive entrance exam.
In 2000, the École Supérieure de Commerce de Paris merged with the EAP-Ecole Européenne des Affaires to form the ESCP-EAP European School of Management. This merger was the starting point for the new long-term strategy of the school to train managers able to adapt to any culture and work in any country and to gain international visibility. It adopted the slogan "Learn everywhere, Manage anywhere". In 2004 it added a campus in Turin and in 2005 it moved its Oxford campus to London. The London Campus building was formerly New College - a school of the University of London and a theological college of the United Reformed Church.
In April 2009, the school changed its name from ESCP-EAP to ESCP Europe.
The Master in Management - MIM is a pre-experience program enrolling strictly selected students. In that it exemplifies the two century long standing of this French originated, now European "Grande Ecole". Each year, over 4,500 candidates apply for 475 places in the three-year programme. Over 52% of students are from outside of France, representing 70 nationalities in total. Some 100 additional places are available for direct entry straight into the second year of the program.
Students can have options of studying not only in Paris, but also to study for a year in other cities (London Berlin, Madrid, or Turin). If they study abroad, they may then be eligible to receive the additional degrees:
The ESCP Europe Master's in Management was ranked second best in the world in 2008 http://rankings.ft.com/rankings/masters and has now been ranked number 1 in 2010 by the Financial Times.
The Master in European Business (MEB) is a one-year to 18-month (2-year equivalent) full-time postgraduate programme (90 and 120 ECTS, respectively) in general management with emphasis on a pragmatic approach to management. The programme is designed for graduates who have an undergraduate honours degree in any non-business discipline (i.e. law, engineering, sciences, humanities, medicine). Professional experience is not an admissions requirement but those with up to three years experience are encouraged to apply. All students are selected by means of their academic and professional credentials and the successful completion of an assessment center including various interviews and a verbal-logic test (GMAT or SHL Test). There is a strong international side to the course and in 2008/09, there were 39 different nationalities across the five campuses.
The MEB is taught over two semesters, with students based in a different country for each semester (chosen from Paris, London, Madrid, Berlin and Turin). There are also international agreements with partner institutions where students can spend a semester and receive a double degree awarded by these institutions:
The MEB has AMBA accreditation in the category of Masters in Business and Management (MBM).
A non-exhaustive list of disciplines covered is:
Students also work on two compulsory consultancy projects, working alongside a company to deal with a real and concrete need.
There are 15 full-time Specialised Masters - MS on offer at the ESCP Europe, accessible to holders of an approved post-graduate degree and subject to a selective competitive entrance exam. Altogether, there are about 500 students studying for these one-year Specialised Master's degrees in Paris.
Currently, MS programs are offered in the following subjects:
The MS label is accredited by the French Conférence des Grandes Ecoles.
EXECUTIVE MBA
European Executive MBA ranks 15th (by October 2010) in the world and 9th in Europe in the current Financial Times ranking http://rankings.ft.com/rankings/emba/rankings.html.
The Financial Times also qualify the Executive MBA with other criteria such as:
The purpose of the ESCP Europe Ph.D. program is to train research-active professors and high-level consultants in the field of Management Science. Based on a "European degree course", jointly organized with several academic partners, the ESCP Europe Ph.D. program enables participants to develop knowledge through research and to take positions in the academic community anywhere. Program participants are potential faculty recruits for graduate schools of management (Grandes Ecoles) in France, universities or international companies. The ESCP Europe Ph.D. program is highly selective and admits only a limited number of participants. Certain degree candidates may obtain the status of Research Assistant and receive financing for the duration of their thesis.
The main disciplines covered are:
"esprit de corps". 9,000 alumni work outside of France.
1200 graduates join the alumni network each year.
Business school
A business school is a university-level institution that confers degrees in Business Administration. It teaches topics such as accounting, administration, economics, entrepreneurship, finance, information systems, marketing, organizational behavior, public relations, strategy, human resource...
and one of the foremost Grandes Écoles
Grandes écoles
The grandes écoles of France are higher education establishments outside the main framework of the French university system. The grandes écoles select students for admission based chiefly on national ranking in competitive written and oral exams...
in France. It is one of the oldest institution dedicated to business education in Europe, being established in 1819. It has campuses in five major European cities: Paris
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
, London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
, Madrid
Madrid
Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan...
, Berlin
Berlin
Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union...
, and Turin
Turin
Turin is a city and major business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River and surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat...
.
It is considered one of the best business schools in France and Europe, noted for its European and international activities. In 2010, its core degree, the Master's in Management, was ranked 1st worldwide by the Financial Times. It stands 15th in the world ranking for its Executive MBA, and in the 2009 QS Global 200 Business Schools Report
QS Global 200 Business Schools Report
The QS Global 200 Business Schools Report identifies the most popular business schools in each region of the world. It aims to serve employers seeking MBAs at a regional level. It originated in the early 1990s under the partnership Quacquarelli Symonds. The TopMBA Career Guide was made in 1990, and...
the school was ranked 15th in Europe.
Its programmes are triple-accredited
Triple accreditation
Triple Accreditation is the accreditation awarded to 55 business schools worldwide by the three largest and most influential business school accreditation associations:...
by the international AMBA
Association of MBAs
The Association of MBAs is a London-based international organization that accredits postgraduate business programs at business schools worldwide. The Association is one of the three main global accreditation bodies in business education and styles itself "the world's impartial authority on...
, EQUIS
European Quality Improvement System
The European Quality Improvement System is a school accreditation system. It specializes in higher education institutions of management and business administration, run by the European Foundation for Management Development...
, and AACSB
Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business
The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business was founded in 1916 to accredit schools of business worldwide. The first accreditations took place in 1919. The stated mission is to advance quality management education worldwide through accreditation and thought leadership. It is regarded...
. The school has many notable alumni in business and politics, including many CEOs, the former Prime Minister of France, Jean-Pierre Raffarin
Jean-Pierre Raffarin
Jean-Pierre Raffarin is a French conservative politician and senator for Vienne.Jean-Pierre Raffarin served as the Prime Minister of France from 6 May 2002 to 31 May 2005, resigning after France's rejection of the referendum on the European Union draft constitution. However, after Raffarin...
and the former Foreign Secretary Michel Barnier
Michel Barnier
Michel Barnier is a French politician of the Union for a Popular Movement and Vice President of the European People's Party . He is the current European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services...
. After graduation, most former students are offered positions of responsibility or graduate training in major companies in the field of Marketing
Marketing
Marketing is the process used to determine what products or services may be of interest to customers, and the strategy to use in sales, communications and business development. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments...
, Finance
Finance
"Finance" is often defined simply as the management of money or “funds” management Modern finance, however, is a family of business activity that includes the origination, marketing, and management of cash and money surrogates through a variety of capital accounts, instruments, and markets created...
and Consulting
Consultant
A consultant is a professional who provides professional or expert advice in a particular area such as management, accountancy, the environment, entertainment, technology, law , human resources, marketing, emergency management, food production, medicine, finance, life management, economics, public...
.
History
The École Supérieure de Commerce de Paris was founded in 1819 by a circle of economists and traders including the famous economist Jean-Baptiste Say
Jean-Baptiste Say
Jean-Baptiste Say was a French economist and businessman. He had classically liberal views and argued in favor of competition, free trade, and lifting restraints on business...
and the banker Vital Roux. As such, it is the oldest establishment dedicated to business
Business
A business is an organization engaged in the trade of goods, services, or both to consumers. Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies, where most of them are privately owned and administered to earn profit to increase the wealth of their owners. Businesses may also be not-for-profit...
and finance
Finance
"Finance" is often defined simply as the management of money or “funds” management Modern finance, however, is a family of business activity that includes the origination, marketing, and management of cash and money surrogates through a variety of capital accounts, instruments, and markets created...
teaching in the world. It was modeled on the École Polytechnique
École Polytechnique
The École Polytechnique is a state-run institution of higher education and research in Palaiseau, Essonne, France, near Paris. Polytechnique is renowned for its four year undergraduate/graduate Master's program...
founded by Lazare Carnot and Gaspard Monge, but was much more modest in its beginnings, mainly because it had not been supported by the state. It gradually gained in stature and importance during the 19th century and moved to its current location, avenue de la République, in Paris, in 1859. The 20th century gave importance to business studies, and soon enough the École Supérieure de Commerce de Paris saw its importance rise. Its popularity meant it had to develop a rigorous selection process. By the mid-20th century, the school was considered an elite institution and admitted its students after two years of dedicated preparatory classes through a competitive entrance exam.
The EAP (European School of Management) was created in 1973 as a result of a European initiative to create a trans-national elite business school. From its inception, the school had campuses in four major European cities: Paris, Oxford, Düsseldorf, and Madrid. The Düsseldorf campus moved to Berlin in 1984. Students were recruited after two years preparatory classes in France and after a Bachelor's degree in the UK through a competitive entrance exam.
In 2000, the École Supérieure de Commerce de Paris merged with the EAP-Ecole Européenne des Affaires to form the ESCP-EAP European School of Management. This merger was the starting point for the new long-term strategy of the school to train managers able to adapt to any culture and work in any country and to gain international visibility. It adopted the slogan "Learn everywhere, Manage anywhere". In 2004 it added a campus in Turin and in 2005 it moved its Oxford campus to London. The London Campus building was formerly New College - a school of the University of London and a theological college of the United Reformed Church.
In April 2009, the school changed its name from ESCP-EAP to ESCP Europe.
The Master in Management
Students can have options of studying not only in Paris, but also to study for a year in other cities (London Berlin, Madrid, or Turin). If they study abroad, they may then be eligible to receive the additional degrees:
Diplôme Grande EcoleGrandes écolesThe grandes écoles of France are higher education establishments outside the main framework of the French university system. The grandes écoles select students for admission based chiefly on national ranking in competitive written and oral exams...
- Master in Management,
European Master of Science in ManagementMaster of Science in ManagementMaster of Science in Management, abbreviated MSc or MSM, is a Master of Science academic degree that is common throughout the United States and Europe. It is similar to the MBA degree, and often requires a dissertation before a graduate is admitted to it. The MSc is a research-oriented program...
from City UniversityCity University, LondonCity University London , is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom. It was founded in 1894 as the Northampton Institute and became a university in 1966, when it adopted its present name....
(London),
Diplom-Kaufmann/frau and Master of Science (M.Sc.),
Laurea Magistrale in Economia,
Diplomado de Universidad Carlos III.
The ESCP Europe Master's in Management was ranked second best in the world in 2008 http://rankings.ft.com/rankings/masters and has now been ranked number 1 in 2010 by the Financial Times.
The Master in European Business
The MEB is taught over two semesters, with students based in a different country for each semester (chosen from Paris, London, Madrid, Berlin and Turin). There are also international agreements with partner institutions where students can spend a semester and receive a double degree awarded by these institutions:
The TEC de MonterreyMonterrey Institute of Technology and Higher EducationThe Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education commonly shortened as Monterrey Institute of Technology or Monterrey Tech is one of the largest private, nonsectarian and coeducational multi-campus universities in...
in Mexico,
The Asian Institute of TechnologyAsian Institute of TechnologyThe Asian Institute of Technology is an international institution for higher education in engineering, advanced technologies, and management and planning...
in Thailand,
The IIM LucknowIndian Institute of Management LucknowThe Indian Institute of Management Lucknow is a business school located in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was established in 1984 by the Government of India, and is the fourth Indian Institute of Management to be established.-History:...
in India,- The MDI GurgaonManagement Development InstituteManagement Development Institute is a prestigious business school in India. It was established in 1973 and is located in Gurgaon, a commercial hub near the Indian capital of New Delhi. The institute is internationally known and is consistently ranked in the top 10 b-schools in India, often in the...
in India.
The MEB has AMBA accreditation in the category of Masters in Business and Management (MBM).
A non-exhaustive list of disciplines covered is:
- Marketing Management
- Operations Management
- Financial Strategy
- Business Strategy
- International Management
- Economics
- Quantitative Methods
Students also work on two compulsory consultancy projects, working alongside a company to deal with a real and concrete need.
The Specialised Masters
Currently, MS programs are offered in the following subjects:
- Management of cultural and artistic activities, in partnership with the University of Ca' FoscariUniversity of VeniceCa' Foscari University is a university in Venice, northern Italy. It was founded in 1868 as the first Italian business college. The main building of the University, Ca’ Foscari Palace, is placed in a strategic position on the bend of the Grand Canal, in the heart of the city...
, Venezia, - International Business Law and Management, in partnership with HEC
- Auditing and Consulting
- Finance
- Private Banking and Financial Planning
- Innovation and Entrepreneurship
- Management for the Publishing Industry
- Management Control and Business Performance
- Management of People and Organisations
- International Project Management
- Marketing Management for the Pharmaceutical Industry
- Marketing & Communication
- Media
- Strategy and Operations Management
- Strategy and Information System Management : E-Business, Consulting, Organisation.
The MS label is accredited by the French Conférence des Grandes Ecoles.
The MBA
The MBA is not a French tradition, and has long been considered a lesser degree than pre-experience Master's degrees. This is changing rapidly however, with the internationalisation of study programs and competition among the world's best business schools.EXECUTIVE MBA
European Executive MBA ranks 15th (by October 2010) in the world and 9th in Europe in the current Financial Times ranking http://rankings.ft.com/rankings/emba/rankings.html.
The Financial Times also qualify the Executive MBA with other criteria such as:
- 1st worldwide for career progression;
- 3rd worldwide for international course content;
- 5th worldwide for international student body;
The Ph.D. program
The main disciplines covered are:
- Accounting
- Finance
- Human Resources Management
- International Business
- Information and Decision Systems
- Management Control
- Marketing
- Organization
- Strategy and Management
Campus
While the management of the school is unique, ESCP Europe has several campuses. Students have the opportunity to study in different campuses located in France (Paris), in the UK (London), Spain (Madrid), Germany (Berlin), Italy (Turin)Alumni
ESCP-Europe's 30,000 alumni form a strong network, following the long-lasting tradition of the Grandes ÉcolesGrandes écoles
The grandes écoles of France are higher education establishments outside the main framework of the French university system. The grandes écoles select students for admission based chiefly on national ranking in competitive written and oral exams...
"esprit de corps". 9,000 alumni work outside of France.
1200 graduates join the alumni network each year.
Business
- Christophe de Margerie, CEO of TOTALTotal-Mathematics:*Total, the summation of a set of numbers* Total function, a type of partial function in mathematics* Total order, a common total relation in mathematics* Total relation, a type of binary relation in mathematics-Business and enterprise:...
- Patrick Thomas, CEO of HermèsHermèsHermès International S.A., or simply Hermès is a French high fashion house established in 1837, today specializing in leather, lifestyle accessories, perfumery, luxury goods, and ready-to-wear...
International - Ignacio Garcia Alves, President of Arthur D. LittleArthur D. LittleArthur D. Little is an international management consulting firm originally headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, and formally incorporated by that name in 1909 by Arthur Dehon Little, an MIT chemist who had discovered acetate. Arthur D. Little pioneered the concept of contracted...
France - Patricia Barbizet, Chairwoman of Artemis (PPR Holding)
- Thierry Billot, Chairman and CEO of Pernod RicardPernod RicardPernod Ricard is a French company that produces distilled beverages. The company's eponymous products, Pernod Anise and Ricard Pastis, are both anise-flavoured liqueurs and are often referred to simply as Pernod or Ricard...
Europe - Stéphan Bole, Chairman and CEO of NintendoNintendois a multinational corporation located in Kyoto, Japan. Founded on September 23, 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi, it produced handmade hanafuda cards. By 1963, the company had tried several small niche businesses, such as a cab company and a love hotel....
France - Michael Boukobza, CEO of Free (Iliad)
- Grégory Boutté, Chairman of eBayEBayeBay Inc. is an American internet consumer-to-consumer corporation that manages eBay.com, an online auction and shopping website in which people and businesses buy and sell a broad variety of goods and services worldwide...
France - Corinne Delaporte, Founder, chairman and CEO of Benchmark Group
- Philippe Demonchy, Founder and chairman of Selectour
- Gregory Dray, Vice President Marketing of Dailymotion
- Serge Foucher, Vice-President of SonySony, commonly referred to as Sony, is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan and the world's fifth largest media conglomerate measured by revenues....
Europe - Hervé Garrault, Founder and CEO of the Garrault & Robine consulting firm
- Philippe Gloaguen, Founder, Chairman and CEO of Guide du routard travel guides
- Patrick Gounelle, Chairman and CEO of Ernst & YoungErnst & YoungErnst & Young is one of the largest professional services networks in the world and one of the "Big Four" accountancy firms, along with Deloitte, KPMG and PricewaterhouseCoopers ....
France and Western Europe - Gunnar Graef, President and CEO of Deutsche PostDeutsche PostDeutsche Post AG, operating under the trade name Deutsche Post DHL, is the world's largest logistics group. With its headquarters in Bonn, the corporation has 467,088 employees in more than 220 countries and territories worldwide and generated revenue of € 51.48 billion in 2010...
DHL Asia and Emerging Markets - Laurent-Eric le Lay, Chairman of EurosportEurosportEurosport is a pan-European television sport network operated by French broadcaster TF1 Group. The network of channels are available in 59 countries, in 20 different languages providing viewers with European and international sporting events...
International - Arnaud Nourry, Chairman of Hachette Livres
- Pierre Martinet, Managing Director of Sequana Capital
- Christian Porta, Chairman and CEO of Chivas Brothers
- Bernard Poussot, Vice-Chairman of Wyeth Pharmaceuticals
- Antoine Riboud (1918–2002), Founder of Danone
- Marc Ruff, Chairman and CEO of Expedia
- Alban Sauvanet, founder of Zurban, Synopsis et Ushuaïa magazine
- Thierry de la Tour d'Artaise, Chairman and CEO of Groupe SEBGroupe SEBGroupe SEB is a large French consortium that produces small appliances. Notable brand names associated with Groupe SEB include Krups, Moulinex, Rowenta, and Tefal. According to the Groupe SEB website, they have faced considerable competition from low-price Chinese competitors, but have managed to...
Politics
- Jean-Pierre RaffarinJean-Pierre RaffarinJean-Pierre Raffarin is a French conservative politician and senator for Vienne.Jean-Pierre Raffarin served as the Prime Minister of France from 6 May 2002 to 31 May 2005, resigning after France's rejection of the referendum on the European Union draft constitution. However, after Raffarin...
, Senator, former French Prime Minister - Michel BarnierMichel BarnierMichel Barnier is a French politician of the Union for a Popular Movement and Vice President of the European People's Party . He is the current European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services...
, former French Foreign Affairs Minister, current EU Commissioner for the Internal Market - Fady Yarak, General Director of the Ministry of Education, Lebanon
- Stéphane ValeriStéphane ValeriStéphane Valeri is a Monegasque politician and businessman, who is currently the Government Minister for Social Affairs and Health in Monaco. He served two terms as a National Councillor and as President of the National Council, but resigned half the way through the second term so that he could...
, is a MonegasqueMonégasqueMonégasque may refer to:* Monégasque dialect, the local Ligurian dialect of Monaco* Something of, from, or related to Monaco, a small sovereign city-state located in southwestern Europe...
politician and businessman
Sports
- Vincent Anstett, French fencer, world champion in 2006
- Stéphane DiaganaStéphane DiaganaStéphane Diagana is a former French athlete who won the gold medal at the 1997 World Championships in Athletics in Athens over 400 metres hurdles. In 2002 he won the gold medal at the European Championships in Athletics in Munich in the same event. Diagana also set the European record of 47.37...
, former French athleteAthletics (track and field)Athletics is an exclusive collection of sporting events that involve competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking. The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field, road running, cross country running, and race walking...
, winner of the 1997 World Championships in Athletics1997 World Championships in AthleticsThe 6th World Championships in Athletics, under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations, were held at the Olympic Stadium, Athens, Greece between August 1 and August 10, 1997. In this event participated 1882 athletes from 198 participant nations...
over 400m hurdles - Roxana MaracineanuRoxana MaracineanuRoxana Maracineanu or Mărăcineanu is a Romanian-born French former backstroke swimmer. She won the silver medal in the 200 m backstroke at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia....
, French swimmer, Gold medal 1998 World Championship, Silver medal at the 2000 Olympic games - Florent Reyre, European champion of waterskiing
- Anne-Lise Touya, French fencerFencingFencing, which is also known as modern fencing to distinguish it from historical fencing, is a family of combat sports using bladed weapons.Fencing is one of four sports which have been featured at every one of the modern Olympic Games...
, winner of several World Championships in fencing - https://intranet.escpeurope.eu/~as/h_niveau.html#historique Complete list of professional athletes educated at ESCP-EAP
TEDxESCP
ESCP Europe is the first business school in France to organize a TEDx event. TEDxESCP is a student association that has been set up in the spirit of TED with the mission of “Ideas worth spreading”. The program is designed to give communities, organizations and individuals the opportunity to stimulate dialogue through TED-like experiences at the local level. The events are going to be held both in English and French and the first of them is taking place on the 25th of February, 2012.See also
- Chamber of Commerce and Industry of ParisParis Chamber of CommerceThe Paris Chamber of Commerce is a Chamber of Commerce of the Paris region. It defends the interests of 310,000 corporations of the Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis, and Val-de-Marne départements that create 20% of France's GDP.The CCIP was created on February 25, 1803 by Napoléon...
- Grandes ÉcolesGrandes écolesThe grandes écoles of France are higher education establishments outside the main framework of the French university system. The grandes écoles select students for admission based chiefly on national ranking in competitive written and oral exams...
- Les Epices de la République: Itinéraire d'une Grande Ecole. Servan-Schreiber, CPL, 1994.