Dryandra ser. Ilicinae
Encyclopedia
Carl Meissner
Carl Daniel Friedrich Meissner was a Swiss botanist.Born in Bern, Switzerland on 1 November 1800, he was christened Meisner but later changed the spelling of his name to Meissner. For most of his 40 year career he was Professor of Botany at University of Basel...
in 1856, but was discarded by George Bentham
George Bentham
George Bentham CMG FRS was an English botanist, characterized by Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century".- Formative years :...
in 1870. It was reinstated with a new circumscription by Alex George
Alex George
Alexander Segger George is a Western Australian botanist. He is the authority on the plant genera Banksia and Dryandra...
in 1996, but was ultimately discarded again in 2007 when Austin Mast
Austin Mast
Austin R. Mast is a research botanist. Born in 1972, he obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 2000. He is currently an associate professor within the Department of Biological Science at Florida State University , and has been director of FSU's since August 2003.One of his...
and Kevin Thiele
Kevin Thiele
Kevin R. Thiele is curator of the Western Australian Herbarium. His research interests include the systematics of the plant families Proteaceae, Rhamnaceae and Violaceae, and the conservation ecology of grassy woodland ecosystems...
sunk Dryandra into Banksia
Banksia
Banksia is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. These Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones" and heads. When it comes to size, banksias range from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up...
.
According to Meissner
This taxon was first published by Meissner in his 1856 chapter on the ProteaceaeProteaceae
Proteaceae is a family of flowering plants distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The family comprises about 80 genera with about 1600 species. Together with the Platanaceae and Nelumbonaceae they make up the order Proteales. Well known genera include Protea, Banksia, Embothrium, Grevillea,...
in A. P. de Candolle
A. P. de Candolle
Augustin Pyramus de Candolle also spelled Augustin Pyrame de Candolle was a Swiss botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at an herbarium...
's Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, also known by its standard botanical abbreviation Prodr. , is a 17-volume treatise on botany initiated by A. P. de Candolle. De Candolle intended it as a summary of all known seed plants, encompassing taxonomy, ecology, evolution and biogeography....
.. Meissner's arrangement
Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra
Carl Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra, now Banksia ser. Dryandra, was published in 1856 as part of his chapter on the Proteaceae in A. P. de Candolle's Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis...
followed that of Robert Brown
Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra
Robert Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was the first arrangement of what is now Banksia ser. Dryandra. His initial arrangement was published in 1810, and a further arrangement, including an infrageneric classification, followed in 1830...
in segregating a single species into the genus Hemiclidia, and dividing the remaining species into three sections according to what were perceived to be variations in the number of seed separators. Meissner then further divided D. sect. Eudryandra into eight unranked groups signified by the symbol "§". The first of these, Dryandra § Ilicinae, was defined as comprising four species with leaves resembling those of Ilex (Holly). The placement and circumscription of D. § Ilicinae in Meissner's arrangement thus looks like this:
- Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra)
- D. sect. Eudryandra (8 series, 47 species, 7 varieties)
- D. § Ilicinae
- D. praemorsa (now B. undataBanksia undataBanksia undata, commonly known as Urchin Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra praemorsa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
)- D. praemorsa var. elongata (now B. undata var. undataBanksia undata var. undataBanksia undata var. undata is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra praemorsa var. praemorsa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
)
- D. praemorsa var. elongata (now B. undata var. undata
- D. quercifolia (now B. helianthaBanksia helianthaBanksia heliantha, commonly known as Oak-leaved Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra quercifolia until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
) - D. cuneata (now B. obovataBanksia obovataBanksia obovata, commonly known as Wedge-leaved Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra cuneata until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
) - D. floribunda (now B. sessilis var. sessilisBanksia sessilis var. sessilisBanksia sessilis var. sessilis is the most populous and most widespread variety of Banksia sessilis .-Description:The leaves of this variety are larger than those of B. sessilis var. cygnorum but smaller than those of B. sessilis var. cordata. It differs from B. sessilis var...
)- D. floribunda var. cordata (now B. sessilis var. cordataBanksia sessilis var. cordataBanksia sessilis var. cordata is a variety of Banksia sessilis , with unusually large leaves and flower heads. It is a rare variety that is restricted to the extreme south-west corner of Western Australia.-Description:...
)
- D. floribunda var. cordata (now B. sessilis var. cordata
- D. praemorsa (now B. undata
- D. § Runcinatae (5 species)
- D. § Serratae (11 species, 3 varieties)
- D. § Marginatae (7 species)
- D. § Pectinatae (6 species)
- D. § Decurrentes (11 species)
- D. § Acrodontae (2 species)
- D. § Haplophyllae (1 species)
- D. § Ilicinae
- D. sect. Diplophragma (2 species)
- D. sect. Aphragma (4 species, 4 varieties)
- D. sect. Eudryandra (8 series, 47 species, 7 varieties)
- Hemiclidia (1 species)
According to Bentham
Along with many of Meissner's infrageneric taxa, which were overly reliant on leaf characters, Bentham discarded D. § Ilicinae in his 1870 arrangementBentham's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra
George Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was published in 1870, in Volume 5 of Bentham's Flora Australiensis...
. The species that Meissner placed there were placed together in D. ser. Armatae
Dryandra ser. Armatae
Dryandra ser. Armatae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra . It was first published by George Bentham in 1870, and was given a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk Dryandra into Banksia.-According...
, except for D. floribunda (now Banksia sessilis) which Bentham placed in D. ser. Floribundae
Dryandra ser. Floribundae
Dryandra ser. Floribundae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra . It was first published by George Bentham in 1870, and was given a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk Dryandra into...
.
According to George
When Alex GeorgeAlex George
Alexander Segger George is a Western Australian botanist. He is the authority on the plant genera Banksia and Dryandra...
published his revision
George's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra
Alex George's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was the first modern-day arrangement of that taxon. First published in Nuytsia in 1996, it superseded the arrangement of George Bentham, which had stood for over a hundred years; it would later form the basis for George's 1999 treatment of Dryandra...
of Dryandra in 1996, he recycled number of previously published infrageneral names, including Meissner's Ilicinae. George gave it series rank and placed it within D. subg. Dryandra
Dryandra subg. Dryandra
Dryandra subg. Dryandra is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra . It was first published at sectional rank as Dryandra verae in 1830, before being renamed Eudryandra in 1847, the replaced by the autonym at subgenus rank in 1996...
. It was circumscribed as containing three species: D. praemorsa (now B. undata
Banksia undata
Banksia undata, commonly known as Urchin Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra praemorsa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
), D. quercifolia (now B. heliantha
Banksia heliantha
Banksia heliantha, commonly known as Oak-leaved Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra quercifolia until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
) and D. anatona (now B. anatona
Banksia anatona
Banksia anatona is a shrub endemic to Western Australia....
).
George's placement and circumscription of D. ser. Ilicinae, as amended in 1999 and 2005, may be summarised as follows:
- Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra)
- D. subg. DryandraDryandra subg. DryandraDryandra subg. Dryandra is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra . It was first published at sectional rank as Dryandra verae in 1830, before being renamed Eudryandra in 1847, the replaced by the autonym at subgenus rank in 1996...
- D. ser. FloribundaeDryandra ser. FloribundaeDryandra ser. Floribundae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra . It was first published by George Bentham in 1870, and was given a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk Dryandra into...
(1 species, 4 varieties) - D. ser. ArmataeDryandra ser. ArmataeDryandra ser. Armatae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra . It was first published by George Bentham in 1870, and was given a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk Dryandra into Banksia.-According...
(21 species, 7 subspecies, 4 varieties) - D. ser. Marginatae (1 species)
- D. ser. Folliculosae (1 species, 5 varieties)
- D. ser. Acrodontae (4 species, 2 varieties)
- D. ser. CapitellataeDryandra ser. CapitellataeDryandra ser. Capitellatae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra . It was published by Alex George in 1996, but discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sank Dryandra into Banksia.-Publication:George published the series in his 1996 "New taxa and a new infrageneric...
(2 species, 2 subspecies) - D. ser. Ilicinae
- D. praemorsa (now B. undataBanksia undataBanksia undata, commonly known as Urchin Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra praemorsa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
)- D. praemorsa var. praemorsa (now B. undata var. undataBanksia undata var. undataBanksia undata var. undata is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra praemorsa var. praemorsa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
) - D. praemorsa var. splendens (now B. undata var. splendensBanksia undata var. splendensBanksia undata var. splendens is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was first published by Alex George in 1996, based on a specimen collected by him two years earlier. The name given was Dryandra praemorsa var. splendens, the varietal epithet referring to the "splendid" flower heads...
)
- D. praemorsa var. praemorsa (now B. undata var. undata
- D. quercifolia (now B. helianthaBanksia helianthaBanksia heliantha, commonly known as Oak-leaved Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra quercifolia until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
) - D. anatona (now B. anatonaBanksia anatonaBanksia anatona is a shrub endemic to Western Australia....
)
- D. praemorsa (now B. undata
- D. ser. Dryandra (3 species, 2 subspecies)
- D. ser. Foliosae (3 species, 2 subspecies)
- D. ser. Decurrentes (1 species)
- D. ser. Tenuifoliae (2 species, 2 varieties)
- D. ser. Runcinatae (4 species, 7 subspecies)
- D. ser. Triangulares (3 species, 3 subspecies)
- D. ser. AphragmaDryandra ser. AphragmaDryandra ser. Aphragma is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra . It was first published at sectional rank by Robert Brown in 1830, and was retained at that rank until 1999, when Alex George demoted it to a series...
(9 species, 3 subspecies) - D. ser. Ionthocarpae (1 species, 2 subspecies)
- D. ser. Inusitatae (1 species)
- D. ser. Subulatae (1 species)
- D. ser. Gymnocephalae (11 species, 4 subspecies, 2 varieties)
- D. ser. Concinnae (3 species)
- D. ser. Obvallatae (7 species, 2 varieties)
- D. ser. Pectinatae (1 species)
- D. ser. Acuminatae (1 species)
- D. ser. NiveaeDryandra ser. NiveaeDryandra ser. Niveae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra . It was first published by George Bentham in 1870, and was given a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk Dryandra into Banksia.-According to...
(7 species, 7 subspecies)
- D. ser. Floribundae
- D. subg. HemiclidiaDryandra subg. HemiclidiaDryandra subg. Hemiclidia is an obsolete plant taxon that encompassed material that is now included in Banksia. Published at genus rank as Hemiclidia by Robert Brown in 1830, it was set aside by George Bentham in 1870, but reinstated at subgenus rank by Alex George in 1996...
(2 species) - D. subg. DiplophragmaDryandra subg. DiplophragmaDryandra subg. Diplophragma is an obsolete subgenus within the former genus Dryandra . It was first published by Robert Brown in 1830, but was discarded by George Bentham in 1870...
(1 species)
- D. subg. Dryandra
Recent developments
Since 1998, Austin MastAustin Mast
Austin R. Mast is a research botanist. Born in 1972, he obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 2000. He is currently an associate professor within the Department of Biological Science at Florida State University , and has been director of FSU's since August 2003.One of his...
has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence
DNA sequence
The sequence or primary structure of a nucleic acid is the composition of atoms that make up the nucleic acid and the chemical bonds that bond those atoms. Because nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are unbranched polymers, this specification is equivalent to specifying the sequence of...
data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses have provided compelling evidence of the paraphyly
Paraphyly
A group of taxa is said to be paraphyletic if the group consists of all the descendants of a hypothetical closest common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups of descendants...
of Banksia
Banksia
Banksia is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. These Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones" and heads. When it comes to size, banksias range from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up...
with respect to Dryandra
Dryandra
Banksia ser. Dryandra is a series of 94 species of shrub to small tree in the plant genus Banksia. It was considered a separate genus named Dryandra until early 2007, when it was merged into Banksia on the basis of extensive molecular and morphological evidence that Banksia was paraphyletic with...
; that is, it seems that Dryandra arose from within the ranks of Banksia. Early in 2007, Mast and Kevin Thiele
Kevin Thiele
Kevin R. Thiele is curator of the Western Australian Herbarium. His research interests include the systematics of the plant families Proteaceae, Rhamnaceae and Violaceae, and the conservation ecology of grassy woodland ecosystems...
initiated a rearrangement of Banksia by sinking Dryandra into it as B. ser. Dryandra. This transfer necessitated the setting aside of George's infrageneric arrangement of Dryandra; thus D. ser. Armatae is no longer current. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra is complete.