Desiderative
Encyclopedia
In linguistics
, a desiderative (abbreviated or ) form is one that has the meaning of "wanting to X". Desiderative forms are often verbs, derived from a more basic verb through a process of morphological derivation
.
, the desiderative is formed through the suffixing of /sa/ and the prefixing of a reduplicative syllable, consisting of the first consonant of the root (sometimes modified) and a vowel, usually /i/ but /u/ if the root has an /u/ in it. Changes to the root vowel sometimes happen, as well.
For example:
, the desiderative mood is marked by the bound morpheme
-не- -ne-.
, the desiderative takes two main forms: -tai (-たい) and -tagaru (-たがる). Both forms conjugate for tense and positivity, but in different ways: with the -tai ending, the verb becomes an -i adjective, or a conjugable adjective, while the ending -tagaru creates a godan/yodan verb. Though there are other, compound forms to demonstrate wanting, these two alone are demonstrated because they are inflections of the main verb. These two forms are plain/informal in nature, and can be elevated to the normal-polite and other levels through normal methods.
-tai is an absolute statement of desire, whereas -tagaru indicates the appearance of desire. Generally, one does not say things such as 太郎さんが食べたい Tarō wants to eat because one cannot read Tarō's thoughts; instead, one says 太郎さんが食べたがる it appears that Tarō wants to eat.
likely had a desiderative. In some daughter language
s like Indo-Iranian
, Balto-Slavic
and possibly Celtic
, it acquired the meaning of a future tense
.
Linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study: language form, language meaning, and language in context....
, a desiderative (abbreviated or ) form is one that has the meaning of "wanting to X". Desiderative forms are often verbs, derived from a more basic verb through a process of morphological derivation
Derivation (linguistics)
In linguistics, derivation is the process of forming a new word on the basis of an existing word, e.g. happi-ness and un-happy from happy, or determination from determine...
.
Sanskrit
In SanskritSanskrit
Sanskrit , is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.Buddhism: besides Pali, see Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Today, it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand...
, the desiderative is formed through the suffixing of /sa/ and the prefixing of a reduplicative syllable, consisting of the first consonant of the root (sometimes modified) and a vowel, usually /i/ but /u/ if the root has an /u/ in it. Changes to the root vowel sometimes happen, as well.
For example:
| Base Form | Meaning | Desiderative | Meaning |
| nayati | "he leads" | "he wants to lead" | |
| pibāti | "he drinks" | "he wants to drink" | |
| jīvati | "he lives" | "he wants to live" |
Meadow Mari
In Meadow MariMari language
The Mari language , spoken by more than 600,000 people, belongs to the Uralic language family. It is spoken primarily in the Mari Republic of the Russian Federation as well as in the area along the Vyatka river basin and eastwards to the Urals...
, the desiderative mood is marked by the bound morpheme
Bound morpheme
In morphology, a bound morpheme is a morpheme that only appears as part of a larger word; a free morpheme is one that can stand alone.Affixes are always bound. English language affixes are either prefixes or suffixes. E.g., -ment in "shipment" and pre- in "prefix"...
-не- -ne-.
Positive present
| Person | 1st Dec. pos. | 2nd Dec. pos. |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular | лекнем2 (I want to go) | мондынем (I want to forget) |
| 2nd Singular | лекнет2 (You want to go) | мондынет (You want to forget) |
| 3rd Singular | лекнеже2 (He/she/it wants to go) | мондынеже (He/she/it wants to forget) |
| 1st Plural | лекнена2 (We want to go) | мондынена (We want to forget) |
| 2nd Plural | лекнеда2 (You want to go) | мондынеда (You want to forget) |
| 3rd Plural | лекнешт2 (They want to go) | мондынешт (They want to forget) |
Negative present
| Person | 1st Dec. neg. | 2nd Dec. neg. |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular | ынем лек2 (I don't want to go) | ынем мондо1 (I don't want to forget) |
| 2nd Singular | ынет лек2 (You don't want to go) | ынет мондо1 (You don't want to forget) |
| 3rd Singular | ынеже лек2 (He/she/it doesn't want to go) | ынеже мондо1 (He/she/it doesn't want to forget) |
| 1st Plural | ынена лек2 (We don't want to go) | ынена мондо1 (We don't want to forget) |
| 2nd Plural | ынеда лек2 (You don't want to go) | ынеда мондо1 (You don't want to forget) |
| 3rd Plural | ынешт лек2 (They don't want to go) | ынешт мондо1 (They don't want to forget) |
Japanese
In JapaneseJapanese language
is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities. It is a member of the Japonic language family, which has a number of proposed relationships with other languages, none of which has gained wide acceptance among historical linguists .Japanese is an...
, the desiderative takes two main forms: -tai (-たい) and -tagaru (-たがる). Both forms conjugate for tense and positivity, but in different ways: with the -tai ending, the verb becomes an -i adjective, or a conjugable adjective, while the ending -tagaru creates a godan/yodan verb. Though there are other, compound forms to demonstrate wanting, these two alone are demonstrated because they are inflections of the main verb. These two forms are plain/informal in nature, and can be elevated to the normal-polite and other levels through normal methods.
-tai is an absolute statement of desire, whereas -tagaru indicates the appearance of desire. Generally, one does not say things such as 太郎さんが食べたい Tarō wants to eat because one cannot read Tarō's thoughts; instead, one says 太郎さんが食べたがる it appears that Tarō wants to eat.
Godan Verbs
| Tense/Aspect | -たい -tai |
-たがる -tagaru |
Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Non-past Positive | 書きたい kakitai |
書きたがる kakitagaru |
want(s) to write |
| Non-past Negative | 書きたくない kakitakunai |
書きたがらない kakitagaranai |
don't/doesn't want to write |
| Past Positive | 書きたかった kakitakatta |
書きたがった kakitagatta |
wanted to write |
| Past Negative | 書きたくなかった kakitakunakatta |
書きたがらなかった kakitagaranakatta |
didn't want to write |
Ichidan Verbs
| Tense/Aspect | - -tai |
- -tagaru |
Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Non-past Positive | 食べたい tabetai |
食べたがる tabetagaru |
wants to eat |
| Non-past Negative | 食べたくない tabetakunai |
食べたがらない tabetagaranai |
don't/doesn't want to eat |
| Past Positive | 食べたかった tabetakatta |
食べたがった tabetagatta |
wanted to eat |
| Past Negative | 食べたくなかった tabetakunakatta |
食べたがらなかった tabetagaranakatta |
didn't want to eat |
Proto-Indo-European
Proto-Indo-EuropeanProto-Indo-European language
The Proto-Indo-European language is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans...
likely had a desiderative. In some daughter language
Daughter language
In historical linguistics, a daughter language is a language descended from another language through a process of genetic descent.-Examples:*English is a daughter language of Proto-Germanic, which is a daughter language of Proto-Indo-European....
s like Indo-Iranian
Indo-Iranian languages
The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages. It consists of three language groups: the Indo-Aryan, Iranian and Nuristani...
, Balto-Slavic
Balto-Slavic languages
The Balto-Slavic language group traditionally comprises Baltic and Slavic languages, belonging to the Indo-European family of languages. Baltic and Slavic languages share several linguistic traits not found in any other Indo-European branch, which points to the period of common development...
and possibly Celtic
Celtic languages
The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic"; a branch of the greater Indo-European language family...
, it acquired the meaning of a future tense
Future tense
In grammar, a future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future , or to happen subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future .-Expressions of future tense:The concept of the future,...
.