Dean Forest Railway
Encyclopedia
The Dean Forest Railway is a 4.25 miles (6.8 km) long heritage railway
Heritage railway
thumb|right|the Historical [[Khyber train safari|Khyber Railway]] goes through the [[Khyber Pass]], [[Pakistan]]A heritage railway , preserved railway , tourist railway , or tourist railroad is a railway that is run as a tourist attraction, in some cases by volunteers, and...

 that runs between Lydney
Lydney
Lydney is a small town and civil parish in the English county of Gloucestershire. It is located on the west bank of the River Severn, close to the Forest of Dean. The town lies on the A48 road, next to the Lydney Park gardens with its Roman temple in honour of Nodens.-Transport:The Severn Railway...

 and Parkend
Parkend, Gloucestershire
Parkend is a village, located at the foot of the Cannop Valley, in the Royal Forest of Dean, West Gloucestershire, England, and has a history dating back to the early 17th century...

 in the Forest of Dean
Forest of Dean
The Forest of Dean is a geographical, historical and cultural region in the western part of the county of Gloucestershire, England. The forest is a roughly triangular plateau bounded by the River Wye to the west and north, the River Severn to the south, and the City of Gloucester to the east.The...

, Gloucestershire
Gloucestershire
Gloucestershire is a county in South West England. The county comprises part of the Cotswold Hills, part of the flat fertile valley of the River Severn, and the entire Forest of Dean....

. The route was part of the Severn and Wye Railway
Severn and Wye Railway
The Severn and Wye Railway was a small railway network in west Gloucestershire that was constructed to allow exploitation of the mineral resources of the Forest of Dean. The Severn and Wye Railway and Canal Company began construction of the tramway and the Lydney Canal in 1810. In 1868 the tramway...

 which ran from Lydney
Lydney
Lydney is a small town and civil parish in the English county of Gloucestershire. It is located on the west bank of the River Severn, close to the Forest of Dean. The town lies on the A48 road, next to the Lydney Park gardens with its Roman temple in honour of Nodens.-Transport:The Severn Railway...

 to Cinderford
Cinderford
Cinderford is a small town on the eastern fringe of the Forest of Dean in Gloucestershire, England. A population of 8,116 people is recorded in the 2001 census....

. The society that operates the line started steam locomotive
Steam locomotive
A steam locomotive is a railway locomotive that produces its power through a steam engine. These locomotives are fueled by burning some combustible material, usually coal, wood or oil, to produce steam in a boiler, which drives the steam engine...

 operations in 1971, and bought the trackbed and line from British Rail
British Rail
British Railways , which from 1965 traded as British Rail, was the operator of most of the rail transport in Great Britain between 1948 and 1997. It was formed from the nationalisation of the "Big Four" British railway companies and lasted until the gradual privatisation of British Rail, in stages...

 in 1986. Services were extended from Norchard
Norchard railway station
Norchard railway station is a railway station on the Dean Forest Railway, near Lydney in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire.Norchard is the main station of the Dean Forest Railway. Complete with sidings and a shed, it is the engineering base of the railway...

 to Lydney Lakeside
St Mary's Halt railway station
St. Mary's Halt is a small railway station halt on the Dean Forest Railway, which takes its name from St. Mary's Church, located opposite the platform. It serves the local park and lake, both near the station.-History:...

 in 1991, Lydney Junction
Lydney Junction railway station
Lydney Junction railway station is a railway station near Lydney in Gloucestershire. The station is now the southern terminus of the Dean Forest Railway...

 in 1995/96, Tufts Junction in 2001, and to Whitecroft
Whitecroft
Whitecroft is a village in the Forest of Dean in west Gloucestershire, England.It is located in-between Bream and Yorkley.- External links :*...

 in 2003. HM Railway Inspectorate
HM Railway Inspectorate
Established in 1840, HM Railway Inspectorate was the British organisation responsible for overseeing safety on Britain's railways and tramways...

 approval for the section to Parkend was granted in December 2005. Trains are operated by both steam and heritage diesel locomotive
Diesel locomotive
A diesel locomotive is a type of railroad locomotive in which the prime mover is a diesel engine, a reciprocating engine operating on the Diesel cycle as invented by Dr. Rudolf Diesel...

s, and heritage diesel multiple unit
Diesel multiple unit
A diesel multiple unit or DMU is a multiple unit train consisting of multiple carriages powered by one or more on-board diesel engines. They may also be referred to as a railcar or railmotor, depending on country.-Design:...

s.

The Dean Forest railway has recently been given the former GWR
Great Western Railway
The Great Western Railway was a British railway company that linked London with the south-west and west of England and most of Wales. It was founded in 1833, received its enabling Act of Parliament in 1835 and ran its first trains in 1838...

 signal box
Signal box
On a rail transport system, signalling control is the process by which control is exercised over train movements by way of railway signals and block systems to ensure that trains operate safely, over the correct route and to the proper timetable...

 that stood slightly to the east of Codsall
Codsall railway station
Codsall railway station, situated on the Wolverhampton to Shrewsbury Line, serves the village of Codsall in Staffordshire, England. The station has two platforms.-Services:...

 station in Staffordshire
Staffordshire
Staffordshire is a landlocked county in the West Midlands region of England. For Eurostat purposes, the county is a NUTS 3 region and is one of four counties or unitary districts that comprise the "Shropshire and Staffordshire" NUTS 2 region. Part of the National Forest lies within its borders...

. Its removal was completed in July 2007, and will be placed at Whitecroft railway station
Whitecroft railway station
-History:The station was opened on 23 September 1875, and closed on 8 July 1929.It is currently awaiting restoration, and passengers cannot alight there at this time. - References :...

.

There are plans to extend operations a further 2+1/2 mi towards Speech House
Speech House
The Speech House is the administrative building of the Forest of Dean in Gloucestershire, England, lying at the centre of the forest on the road from Coleford to Cinderford....

 (located in the middle of the Royal Forest) via Coleford Junction and Bisclade Wharf once current projects are complete and funding obtained.

Stations and junctions

  • Lydney Junction
    Lydney Junction railway station
    Lydney Junction railway station is a railway station near Lydney in Gloucestershire. The station is now the southern terminus of the Dean Forest Railway...

     (Terminus)
  • St Mary's Halt
    St Mary's Halt railway station
    St. Mary's Halt is a small railway station halt on the Dean Forest Railway, which takes its name from St. Mary's Church, located opposite the platform. It serves the local park and lake, both near the station.-History:...

  • Lydney Town
    Lydney Town railway station
    Lydney Town railway station is a railway station on the Dean Forest Railway in Lydney in Gloucestershire. It is located a few metres from the High Street which a level crossing runs over on the Norchard end.-History:...

  • Middle Forge Junction
    Middle Forge Junction
    Middle Forge Junction is an important junction on the Dean Forest Railway.It is where the Lydney to Parkend and Lydney to Norchard lines meet....

     – Line spilts into High and Low Level. No Station.
    • Norchard Low Level
      Norchard railway station
      Norchard railway station is a railway station on the Dean Forest Railway, near Lydney in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire.Norchard is the main station of the Dean Forest Railway. Complete with sidings and a shed, it is the engineering base of the railway...

       (Terminus)
  • Norchard High Level
    Norchard railway station
    Norchard railway station is a railway station on the Dean Forest Railway, near Lydney in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire.Norchard is the main station of the Dean Forest Railway. Complete with sidings and a shed, it is the engineering base of the railway...

     - includes a railway museum
  • Tufts Junction
    Tufts Junction
    Tufts Junction was a junction on the Severn and Wye Railway between Norchard and Whitecroft and its Whitecroft.The Junction is where the Mineral Loop and branch to Parkhill Colliery branched off from the main Severn and Wye line from Lydney to Lydbrook and Cinderford. All three lines were closed...

     – Historic junction with disused mineral loop and freight branch.
  • Whitecroft
    Whitecroft railway station
    -History:The station was opened on 23 September 1875, and closed on 8 July 1929.It is currently awaiting restoration, and passengers cannot alight there at this time. - References :...

     (Not open – station under construction)
  • Parkend
    Parkend railway station
    Parkend Station, in the village of Parkend, in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, is the northern terminus of the Dean Forest Railway.-History:...

     (Current Terminus)

Locomotives

Steam
Number & Name Description Current Status Livery
No. 1450 GWR
Great Western Railway
The Great Western Railway was a British railway company that linked London with the south-west and west of England and most of Wales. It was founded in 1833, received its enabling Act of Parliament in 1835 and ran its first trains in 1838...

 0-4-2
0-4-2
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-4-2 represents the wheel arrangement with no leading wheels, four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles, and two trailing wheels on one axle...

T 1400 Class
GWR 1400 Class
The GWR 1400 Class is a class of steam locomotive designed by the Great Western Railway for branch line passenger work. It was originally classified as the 4800 Class when introduced in 1932, and renumbered in 1946....

Operational GWR Green
No. 5538 GWR 2-6-2T 4575 Class
GWR 4575 Class
The Great Western Railway 4575 Class is a class of steam locomotive. They are 2-6-2T Small Prairie type based on the 4500 Class but with larger side tanks...

Undergoing restoration N/A
No. 5541 GWR 2-6-2T 4575 Class
GWR 4575 Class
The Great Western Railway 4575 Class is a class of steam locomotive. They are 2-6-2T Small Prairie type based on the 4500 Class but with larger side tanks...

Undergoing overhaul; due to return in 2012 N/A
No. 9681 BR(W) 0-6-0
0-6-0
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-6-0 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles, and no trailing wheels...

PT 5700 Class
GWR 5700 Class
The Great Western Railway 5700 Class is a class of 0-6-0 pannier tank steam locomotive, built between 1929 and 1950. 863 were built, making them the second most-produced British class of steam locomotive.- Overview :...

Operational BR Black (Early Emblem)
No. 2147 Uskmouth 1 Peckett and Sons
Peckett and Sons
Peckett and Sons was a locomotive manufacturer at the Atlas Works in St. George, Bristol, England.-Fox, Walker and Company:The company began trading in 1864 at the Atlas Engine Works, St. George, Bristol, as Fox, Walker and Company, building four and six-coupled saddle tank engines for industrial use...

 0-4-0
0-4-0
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-4-0 represents one of the simplest possible types, that with two axles and four coupled wheels, all of which are driven...

ST
Static display Light Green
No. 2221 Andrew Barclay 0-4-0ST Stored N/A
No. 3806 "Wilbert" Austerity Saddle Tank Engine
Hunslet Austerity 0-6-0ST
The Hunslet Engine Company Austerity 0-6-0ST is a steam locomotive designed for shunting. The class became the standard British shunting locomotive during the Second World War, and production continued until 1964 at various locomotive manufacturers....

 0-6-0ST
Undergoing overhaul Dark Blue
No. 3823 "Warrior" Austerity Saddle Tank Engine
Hunslet Austerity 0-6-0ST
The Hunslet Engine Company Austerity 0-6-0ST is a steam locomotive designed for shunting. The class became the standard British shunting locomotive during the Second World War, and production continued until 1964 at various locomotive manufacturers....

 0-6-0ST
Undergoing restoration N/A


Bill Parker's GWR 2-6-2T 4575 Class
GWR 4575 Class
The Great Western Railway 4575 Class is a class of steam locomotive. They are 2-6-2T Small Prairie type based on the 4500 Class but with larger side tanks...

 number 5521 is currently on loan to the DFR working service trains.

Diesel and electric
Number & Name Description Current Status Livery
No. 5622 "Don Corbett" Hunslet
Hunslet Engine Company
The Hunslet Engine Company is a British locomotive-building company founded in 1864 at Jack Lane, Hunslet, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England by John Towlerton Leather, a civil engineering contractor, who appointed James Campbell as his Works Manager.In 1871, James Campbell bought the company for...

 0-4-0 Diesel Shunter
Undergoing restoration by the Dean Forest Railway Younger Members, due to return in 2011. Departmental Yellow with Wasp Stripes
No. 6688 "Salty" Hunslet
Hunslet Engine Company
The Hunslet Engine Company is a British locomotive-building company founded in 1864 at Jack Lane, Hunslet, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England by John Towlerton Leather, a civil engineering contractor, who appointed James Campbell as his Works Manager.In 1871, James Campbell bought the company for...

 0-4-0 Diesel Shunter
6688 arrived from the Barry Island Railway in January 2009 and operational. Red with Yellow ends and Wasp-Stripes
"Pluto" Hibberd
F. C. Hibberd & Co Ltd
F. C. Hibberd & Co Ltd was a British locomotive-building company founded in 1927 to build industrial petrol and diesel locomotives. In 1932 the company acquired the goodwill of James and Frederick Howard Ltd...

 0-4-0 Diesel Mechanical Shunter
Operational Green
No. 08238 (13308) "Charlie" BR 0-6-0 Class 08
British Rail Class 08
The British Rail Class 08 is a class of diesel-electric shunting locomotive. From 1953 to 1962, 996 locomotives were produced, making it the most numerous of all British locomotive classes....

Back in service after a heavy overhaul - Operational BR Blue with Wasp Stripes
No. 08473 BR 0-6-0 Class 08
British Rail Class 08
The British Rail Class 08 is a class of diesel-electric shunting locomotive. From 1953 to 1962, 996 locomotives were produced, making it the most numerous of all British locomotive classes....

Spare parts donor BR Blue
No. 08734 BR 0-6-0 Class 08
British Rail Class 08
The British Rail Class 08 is a class of diesel-electric shunting locomotive. From 1953 to 1962, 996 locomotives were produced, making it the most numerous of all British locomotive classes....

Undergoing a rebuild with parts from 08473 BR Blue
no. D9521 BR 0-6-0 Class 14
British Rail Class 14
The British Rail Class 14 is a type of small diesel-hydraulic locomotive built in the mid-1960s. Twenty-six of these 0-6-0 locomotives were ordered in January 1963, to be built at British Railways Swindon Works. The anticipated work for this class was yard shunting, trip work and short distance...

Operational BR Green
No. D9555 BR 0-6-0 Class 14
British Rail Class 14
The British Rail Class 14 is a type of small diesel-hydraulic locomotive built in the mid-1960s. Twenty-six of these 0-6-0 locomotives were ordered in January 1963, to be built at British Railways Swindon Works. The anticipated work for this class was yard shunting, trip work and short distance...

Failed - Frost damage; on long-term loan from Rutland Railway Museum
Rutland Railway Museum
Rutland Railway Museum now trading as Rocks by Rail: The Living Ironstone Museum is a heritage railway on part of a former Midland Railway mineral branch line. It is situated NE of Oakham, in Rutland, England.-Overview:...

BR Green
No. D7633 BR Bo-Bo
Bo-Bo
A Bo-Bo or Bo′Bo′ is a locomotive with two independent four-wheeled bogies with all axles powered by individual traction motors...

 Class 25
British Rail Class 25
The British Rail Class 25 diesel locomotives were also known as Sulzer Type 2 and nicknamed Rats, as it was alleged they could be seen everywhere in Britain, and hence were "as common as rats"...

Stored awaiting overhaul; leaking header tank BR Two-Tone Green
No. 27066 BR Bo-Bo Class 27
British Rail Class 27
British Rail's Class 27 comprised 69 diesel locomotives built by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company during 1961 and 1962. They were a development of the earlier Class 26; both were originally classified as the BRCW Type 2.- Usage :...

Operational BR Blue
No. D5634/31210 BR A1A-A1A Class 31
British Rail Class 31
The British Rail Class 31 diesel locomotives, also known as the Brush Type 2 and originally as Class 30, were built by Brush Traction from 1957-62.- Description :...

Undergoing restoration N/A
No. 31466 BR A1A-A1A Class 31
British Rail Class 31
The British Rail Class 31 diesel locomotives, also known as the Brush Type 2 and originally as Class 30, were built by Brush Traction from 1957-62.- Description :...

Operational EWS Maroon/Gold
No. 37263 BR Co-Co Class 37
British Rail Class 37
The British Rail Class 37 is a diesel-electric locomotive. Also known as the English Electric Type 3, the Class was ordered as part of the British Rail modernisation plan....

Undergoing restoration BR Blue
No. E6001 BR Bo-Bo Class 73
British Rail Class 73
The British Rail Class 73 is a United Kingdom model of electro-diesel locomotive. The type is unusual in that it can operate from a 750 V DC third-rail or an on-board diesel engine to allow it to operate on non-electrified routes...

Operational BR Green
No. 73002 BR Bo-Bo Class 73
British Rail Class 73
The British Rail Class 73 is a United Kingdom model of electro-diesel locomotive. The type is unusual in that it can operate from a 750 V DC third-rail or an on-board diesel engine to allow it to operate on non-electrified routes...

Static display/Spare parts donor for E6001 BR Large Logo Blue
No. E50619 BR Class 108
British Rail Class 108
The British Rail Class 108 diesel multiple units were built by BR Derby from 1958 to 1961, with a final production quantity of 333 vehicles....

 DMBS
Operational BR Green
No. M51566 BR Class 108
British Rail Class 108
The British Rail Class 108 diesel multiple units were built by BR Derby from 1958 to 1961, with a final production quantity of 333 vehicles....

 DMCL
Undergoing restoration BR Blue/Grey
No. M51914 BR Class 108
British Rail Class 108
The British Rail Class 108 diesel multiple units were built by BR Derby from 1958 to 1961, with a final production quantity of 333 vehicles....

 DMBS
Operational BR Green
No. M50933/M53933 BR Class 108
British Rail Class 108
The British Rail Class 108 diesel multiple units were built by BR Derby from 1958 to 1961, with a final production quantity of 333 vehicles....

 DMBS
Sold to Severn Valley Railway
Severn Valley Railway
The Severn Valley Railway is a heritage railway in Shropshire and Worcestershire, England. The line runs along the Severn Valley from Bridgnorth to Kidderminster, following the course of the River Severn for much of its route...

BR Green
No. M56492 BR Class 108
British Rail Class 108
The British Rail Class 108 diesel multiple units were built by BR Derby from 1958 to 1961, with a final production quantity of 333 vehicles....

 DTCL
Operational BR Green
No. M59387 BR Class 108
British Rail Class 108
The British Rail Class 108 diesel multiple units were built by BR Derby from 1958 to 1961, with a final production quantity of 333 vehicles....

 TSL
Undergoing restoration BR Green
Unit No. 1392 BR Class 421
British Rail Class 421
The British Rail Class 421 electrical multiple units were built at BR York Works between 1964 and 1972. Units were built in two batches, and were initially introduced on services on the Brighton Main Line. Later units were introduced on services to Portsmouth. These units replaced older Southern...

(4-CIG)
Stored - Heavily vandalised - Spare parts donor South West Trains
Unit No.1499 BR Class 421
British Rail Class 421
The British Rail Class 421 electrical multiple units were built at BR York Works between 1964 and 1972. Units were built in two batches, and were initially introduced on services on the Brighton Main Line. Later units were introduced on services to Portsmouth. These units replaced older Southern...

(4-CIG)
Undergoing restoration South West Trains/Southern Region Malachite Green

Great Western Railway Coaching Stock

Design Type Number Status Livery Notes
Collett
Charles Collett
Charles Benjamin Collett was chief mechanical engineer of the Great Western Railway from 1922 to 1941. He designed the GWR's 4-6-0 Castle and King Class express passenger locomotives.-Career:...

 
Autocoach
GWR Autocoach
The GWR Autocoach is a type of coach that was used by the Great Western Railway for push-pull trains powered by a steam locomotive. The distinguishing design feature of an autocoach is the driving cab at one end, allowing the driver to control the train without needing to be located in the cab of...

 
178 Operational Chocolate and Cream Often paired with 0-4-2T No. 1450 and spends time away at gala events
Hawksworth
Frederick Hawksworth
Frederick W. Hawksworth , was Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Great Western Railway ....

 
Autocoach
GWR Autocoach
The GWR Autocoach is a type of coach that was used by the Great Western Railway for push-pull trains powered by a steam locomotive. The distinguishing design feature of an autocoach is the driving cab at one end, allowing the driver to control the train without needing to be located in the cab of...

 
W238 Operational Maroon Formerly at the Paignton and Dartmouth Steam Railway
Dart Valley Railway
The Dart Valley Railway could refer to one of two heritage railways in Devon:* The South Devon Railway , which was reopened by Dart Valley Light Railway plc in 1969, and taken over by South Devon Railway Trust in 1992....

 where it carried the name "Charlotte", now carries "Chaffinch"
Collett
Charles Collett
Charles Benjamin Collett was chief mechanical engineer of the Great Western Railway from 1922 to 1941. He designed the GWR's 4-6-0 Castle and King Class express passenger locomotives.-Career:...

 Standard
TK
Standard Corridor
The Standard Corridor type of railway carriage was one of the standard mid-20th century designs, and was coded SK by the LNER and BR, and CF by the LMS...

 
5813 Static Chocolate and Cream Used as sales coach to raise funds for 0-6-0PT No. 9681
Collett
Charles Collett
Charles Benjamin Collett was chief mechanical engineer of the Great Western Railway from 1922 to 1941. He designed the GWR's 4-6-0 Castle and King Class express passenger locomotives.-Career:...

 Standard
TK
Standard Corridor
The Standard Corridor type of railway carriage was one of the standard mid-20th century designs, and was coded SK by the LNER and BR, and CF by the LMS...

 
5863 Static Chocolate and Cream Used as volunteer accommodation coach
Collett
Charles Collett
Charles Benjamin Collett was chief mechanical engineer of the Great Western Railway from 1922 to 1941. He designed the GWR's 4-6-0 Castle and King Class express passenger locomotives.-Career:...

 Standard
TK
Standard Corridor
The Standard Corridor type of railway carriage was one of the standard mid-20th century designs, and was coded SK by the LNER and BR, and CF by the LMS...

 
5848 Stored Unpainted Stored at Lydney Jcn
Hawksworth
Frederick Hawksworth
Frederick W. Hawksworth , was Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Great Western Railway ....

 (but to Collet Standard outline)
Inspection Saloon W80943 Out of Traffic Chocolate and Cream Axle box issues

British Railways Coaching Stock

  • Special Coaches

  • BR Mk1
    British Railways Mark 1
    British Railways Mark 1 was the family designation for the first standardised designs of railway carriages built by British Railways. Following nationalisation in 1948, BR had continued to build carriages to the designs of the "Big Four" companies , and the Mark 1 was intended to be the...

     RBR M1665 'Rosie' – Part of Dining Set (In Service)
  • BR Mk1 RMB 1829 – part of Dining Set (In Service)
  • XP64 Coach TSO 4729 (Sheeted over)
  • XP64 Coach FK 13407 (Sheeted over)

  • Normal Passenger BR Mk1 Coaches

  • BR Mk1 RMB W1803
  • BR Mk1 TSO W4862, W4890, W4891, W4923
  • BR Mk1 BSOT W9003
  • BR Mk1 FK 13317
  • BR Mk1 BCK W21129 and 21247
  • BR Mk1 BSK 34742
  • BR Mk1 BG 92387


Plus a number of other coaches including a few at Lydney Jcn, in the DFDA siding; Norchard – Plate-layers Buffet, in the yard (including GWR Coaches, stored) and the 9681 shop.

Coach type codes
  • BCK – Brake Composite Corridor
  • BSK – Brake Standard Corridor
    Standard Corridor
    The Standard Corridor type of railway carriage was one of the standard mid-20th century designs, and was coded SK by the LNER and BR, and CF by the LMS...

  • BSOT – Brake Standard Open (Micro-Buffet)
    Brake Standard Open (Micro-Buffet)
    A Brake Standard Open , often abbreviated to BSOT or BSO, is a type of railway carriage used by British Rail.These coaches were converted from a Brake Standard Open , by replacing one passenger seating bay with a counter for serving food, and space for a trolley for light refreshments...

  • RMB – Restaurant Miniature Buffet
    Restaurant Miniature Buffet
    The Restaurant Miniature Buffet is a British Railways Mark 1 railway coach. It is a Tourist Standard Open coach with two full seating bays next to the centre transverse vestibule removed and replaced with a buffet counter and customers standing space, and one bay on one side removed and replaced...

  • RBR – Restaurant Buffet Refurbished
  • TSO – Tourist Standard Open
    Tourist Standard Open
    Tourist Second Open or Tourist Standard Open, abbreviated to TSO, is a type of British Railways coach. The designation "Tourist" was originally as opposed to a normal SO coach...

  • BG – Full brake gangway

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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