Czech verb
Encyclopedia
Czech conjugation is a term denoting Czech language
verb
conjugation
, or system of grammatically-determined modifications, in verb
s in the Czech language
.
Czech is a null-subject language, i.e. the subject
(including personal pronoun
s) can be omitted if known from context. The person is expressed by the verb:
is formed by the ending -t, formerly also -ti; on some words -ct (-ci):
Somewhat archaically:
s are used for forming the past tense, conditionals and the passive voice in Czech. They are related to the short forms of adjective
s. Therefore unlike other verb forms, they also express gender
which must correspond with the gender of the subject
.
must always be in accordance with the subject
in the sentence – in number
and person
(personal pronoun
s), and with past and passive participle
s also in gender
. This grammatical
principle affects the orthography (see also Czech orthography) – it is especially important for the correct choice and writing of plural endings of participle
s.
Examples:
The example mentioned shows both past (byl, byla ...) and passive (koupen, koupena ...) participles. The accordance in gender takes effect in the past tense
and the passive voice, not in the present and future tenses in active voice.
If the complex subject is a combination of nouns of different genders, masculine animate gender is prior to others and the masculine inanimate and feminine genders are prior to the neuter gender.
Examples:
Priority of genders:
(přechodník) expresses an action which happens coincidently with or foregoing some other action.
The transgressive (přechodník) is an archaic form of the verb in the Czech
and Slovak
languages. Nowadays, it is used only occasionally for art
istic purposes or in unchanging expressions. Transgressives were still used quite widely in Czech literature in the beginning of the 20th century (not in the spoken language). For example, Jaroslav Hašek
's The Good Soldier Švejk
contains a lot of them.
The Czech language recognizes present and past transgressives. The present transgressive can express present or future action according to an aspect
of the verb, which it is derived from. The past transgressive is usually derived from perfective verbs.
Examples:
, they are either perfective
or imperfective
. Perfective verbs indicate the finality of the process. Therefore, they cannot express the present tense.
Perfective verbs are usually formed adding prefixes to imperfective verbs:
Some perfective verbs are not formally related to imperfective ones:
- past, present and future. Relativity can be expressed by the aspect, sentence constructions and participles.
The present tense can be expressed in imperfective verbs only.
Verbs are divided into 5 classes according to the way of forming the present tense. They are described in more detail below.
Dělat - to do
Dělat - to do
Budu, budeš, ... with infinitive has the same meaning as "(I, you, ...) will" in English. If not followed by an infinitive, it means "(I, you, ...) will be" (i.e. I will be = budu, not budu být).
In some verbs of motion, the future tense is formed by adding the prefix po-/pů- to the present form:
In perfective verbs, the present form expresses the future. Compare:
is formed for the 2nd person singular and plural and the 1st person plural.
In the 2nd person singular, it takes either null ending or -i/-ej ending, according to the verb class.
The 2nd person plural takes the ending -te/-ete/-ejte and the 1st person plural takes -me/-eme/-ejme.
Examples:
are formed by the past participle and special forms of the verb být (to be). Following example of the present conditional is for the male gender (animate in plural):
dělal bych - I would do
There is also the past conditional in Czech but it is usually replaced by the present conditional.
byl bych dělal - I would have done
By also becomes a part of conjugations aby (so that) and kdyby (if). Therefore, these conjunctions take the same endings:
in Czech:
1. By the verb být (to be) and the passive participle (as in English):
2. By adding the reflexive pronoun
se:
However, the use of se is not exclusive to the passive voice.
s se and si are components of reflexive verb
s (se/si is not usually translated into English):
is formed by the prefix ne-. In the future tense and the passive voice it is added to the auxiliary verb být (to be).
Unlike English
, more negative words can be in a Czech sentence:
In imperative, 0/-te/-me endings are in most verbs, -i/-ete/-eme or -i/-ěte/-ěme if two consonant
s are at the end of the word-stem.
In imperative, 0/-te/-me endings are in most verbs, -i/-ete/-eme or -i/-ěte/-ěme if two consonant
s are at the end of the word-stem.
Irregular future tense:
Irregular negation:
Czech language
Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers; it is the majority language in the Czech Republic and spoken by Czechs worldwide. The language was known as Bohemian in English until the late 19th century...
verb
Verb
A verb, from the Latin verbum meaning word, is a word that in syntax conveys an action , or a state of being . In the usual description of English, the basic form, with or without the particle to, is the infinitive...
conjugation
Grammatical conjugation
In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection . Conjugation may be affected by person, number, gender, tense, aspect, mood, voice, or other grammatical categories...
, or system of grammatically-determined modifications, in verb
Verb
A verb, from the Latin verbum meaning word, is a word that in syntax conveys an action , or a state of being . In the usual description of English, the basic form, with or without the particle to, is the infinitive...
s in the Czech language
Czech language
Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers; it is the majority language in the Czech Republic and spoken by Czechs worldwide. The language was known as Bohemian in English until the late 19th century...
.
Czech is a null-subject language, i.e. the subject
Subject (grammar)
The subject is one of the two main constituents of a clause, according to a tradition that can be tracked back to Aristotle and that is associated with phrase structure grammars; the other constituent is the predicate. According to another tradition, i.e...
(including personal pronoun
Pronoun
In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun is a pro-form that substitutes for a noun , such as, in English, the words it and he...
s) can be omitted if known from context. The person is expressed by the verb:
- já dělám = dělám = I do
- on dělal = dělal = he was doing
Infinitive
The infinitiveInfinitive
In grammar, infinitive is the name for certain verb forms that exist in many languages. In the usual description of English, the infinitive of a verb is its basic form with or without the particle to: therefore, do and to do, be and to be, and so on are infinitives...
is formed by the ending -t, formerly also -ti; on some words -ct (-ci):
- být - to be, jít - to go, péct - to bake
Somewhat archaically:
- býti - to be, jíti - to go, péci - to bake
Participles
ParticipleParticiple
In linguistics, a participle is a word that shares some characteristics of both verbs and adjectives. It can be used in compound verb tenses or voices , or as a modifier...
s are used for forming the past tense, conditionals and the passive voice in Czech. They are related to the short forms of adjective
Adjective
In grammar, an adjective is a 'describing' word; the main syntactic role of which is to qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified....
s. Therefore unlike other verb forms, they also express gender
Grammatical gender
Grammatical gender is defined linguistically as a system of classes of nouns which trigger specific types of inflections in associated words, such as adjectives, verbs and others. For a system of noun classes to be a gender system, every noun must belong to one of the classes and there should be...
which must correspond with the gender of the subject
Subject (grammar)
The subject is one of the two main constituents of a clause, according to a tradition that can be tracked back to Aristotle and that is associated with phrase structure grammars; the other constituent is the predicate. According to another tradition, i.e...
.
Past participle
(more precisely "active participle") is also called "l-participle" and is used for forming the past tense and the conditionals.| Singular | Plural | English | ||||
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine animate |
Masculine inanimate & Feminine |
Neuter | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| byl dělal |
byla dělala |
bylo dělalo |
byli dělali |
byly dělaly |
byla dělala |
was/were did |
Passive participle
is also called "n/t-participle" and is used for forming the passive voice. There are two types of endings:| Singular | Plural | English | ||||
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine animate |
Masculine inanimate & Feminine |
Neuter | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bit dělán |
bita dělána |
bito děláno |
biti děláni |
bity dělány |
bita dělána |
beaten, battered done |
Agreement between subject and predicate
The predicatePredicate (grammar)
There are two competing notions of the predicate in theories of grammar. Traditional grammar tends to view a predicate as one of two main parts of a sentence, the other being the subject, which the predicate modifies. The other understanding of predicates is inspired from work in predicate calculus...
must always be in accordance with the subject
Subject (grammar)
The subject is one of the two main constituents of a clause, according to a tradition that can be tracked back to Aristotle and that is associated with phrase structure grammars; the other constituent is the predicate. According to another tradition, i.e...
in the sentence – in number
Grammatical number
In linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions ....
and person
Grammatical person
Grammatical person, in linguistics, is deictic reference to a participant in an event; such as the speaker, the addressee, or others. Grammatical person typically defines a language's set of personal pronouns...
(personal pronoun
Pronoun
In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun is a pro-form that substitutes for a noun , such as, in English, the words it and he...
s), and with past and passive participle
Participle
In linguistics, a participle is a word that shares some characteristics of both verbs and adjectives. It can be used in compound verb tenses or voices , or as a modifier...
s also in gender
Grammatical gender
Grammatical gender is defined linguistically as a system of classes of nouns which trigger specific types of inflections in associated words, such as adjectives, verbs and others. For a system of noun classes to be a gender system, every noun must belong to one of the classes and there should be...
. This grammatical
Grammar
In linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules that govern the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes morphology, syntax, and phonology, often complemented by phonetics, semantics,...
principle affects the orthography (see also Czech orthography) – it is especially important for the correct choice and writing of plural endings of participle
Participle
In linguistics, a participle is a word that shares some characteristics of both verbs and adjectives. It can be used in compound verb tenses or voices , or as a modifier...
s.
Examples:
| Gender | Sg. | Pl. | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine animate | pes byl koupen | psi byli koupeni | a dog was bought/dogs were bought |
| masculine inanimate | hrad byl koupen | hrady byly koupeny | a castle was bought/castles were bought |
| feminine | kočka byla koupena | kočky byly koupeny | a cat was bought/cats were bought |
| neuter | město bylo koupeno | města byla koupena | a town was bought/towns were bought |
The example mentioned shows both past (byl, byla ...) and passive (koupen, koupena ...) participles. The accordance in gender takes effect in the past tense
Grammatical tense
A tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation in time, to indicate when the situation takes place.Bernard Comrie, Aspect, 1976:6:...
and the passive voice, not in the present and future tenses in active voice.
If the complex subject is a combination of nouns of different genders, masculine animate gender is prior to others and the masculine inanimate and feminine genders are prior to the neuter gender.
Examples:
- muži a ženy byli - men and women were
- kočky a koťata byly - cats and kittens were
- my jsme byli (my = we all/men) vs. my jsme byly (my = we women) - we were
Priority of genders:
- masculine animate > masculine inanimate & feminine > neuter
Transgressives
The transgressiveTransgressive (linguistics)
Transgressive is a term of linguistic morphology denoting a special form of verb. It expresses a coincidentally proceeding or following action. It is considered to be a kind of infinitive, or participle.-Czech language:...
(přechodník) expresses an action which happens coincidently with or foregoing some other action.
The transgressive (přechodník) is an archaic form of the verb in the Czech
Czech language
Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers; it is the majority language in the Czech Republic and spoken by Czechs worldwide. The language was known as Bohemian in English until the late 19th century...
and Slovak
Slovak language
Slovak , is an Indo-European language that belongs to the West Slavic languages .Slovak is the official language of Slovakia, where it is spoken by 5 million people...
languages. Nowadays, it is used only occasionally for art
Art
Art is the product or process of deliberately arranging items in a way that influences and affects one or more of the senses, emotions, and intellect....
istic purposes or in unchanging expressions. Transgressives were still used quite widely in Czech literature in the beginning of the 20th century (not in the spoken language). For example, Jaroslav Hašek
Jaroslav Hašek
Jaroslav Hašek was a Czech humorist, satirist, writer and socialist anarchist best known for his novel The Good Soldier Švejk, an unfinished collection of farcical incidents about a soldier in World War I and a satire on the ineptitude of authority figures, which has been translated into sixty...
's The Good Soldier Švejk
The Good Soldier Švejk
The Good Soldier Švejk , also spelled Schweik or Schwejk, is the abbreviated title of a unfinished satirical/dark comedy novel by Jaroslav Hašek. It was illustrated by Josef Lada and George Grosz after Hašek's death...
contains a lot of them.
The Czech language recognizes present and past transgressives. The present transgressive can express present or future action according to an aspect
Aspect
Aspect may be:*Aspect , a feature that is linked to many parts of a program, but which is not necessarily the primary function of the program...
of the verb, which it is derived from. The past transgressive is usually derived from perfective verbs.
| masculine | feminine + neuter |
plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| present transgressive |
–e –a |
–íc –ouc |
–íce –ouce |
| past transgressive |
–v –Ø |
–vši –ši |
–vše –še |
Examples:
- Usednuvši u okna, začala plakat. (Having sat down at a window, she began to cry.) – past transgressive (foregoing action)
- Děti, vidouce babičku, vyběhly ven. (The children, seeing grandma, ran out.) – present transgressive (coincident action/process)
Aspect
Czech verbs are distinguished by aspectGrammatical aspect
In linguistics, the grammatical aspect of a verb is a grammatical category that defines the temporal flow in a given action, event, or state, from the point of view of the speaker...
, they are either perfective
Perfective aspect
The perfective aspect , sometimes called the aoristic aspect, is a grammatical aspect used to describe a situation viewed as a simple whole, whether that situation occurs in the past, present, or future. The perfective aspect is equivalent to the aspectual component of past perfective forms...
or imperfective
Imperfective aspect
The imperfective is a grammatical aspect used to describe a situation viewed with internal structure, such as ongoing, habitual, repeated, and similar semantic roles, whether that situation occurs in the past, present, or future...
. Perfective verbs indicate the finality of the process. Therefore, they cannot express the present tense.
Perfective verbs are usually formed adding prefixes to imperfective verbs:
- psát (imperf.) - to write, to be writing -> napsat (perf.) - to write down
Some perfective verbs are not formally related to imperfective ones:
- brát (imperf.) - to take, to be taking -> vzít (perf.) - to take
Tenses
Czech verbs express three absolute tensesGrammatical tense
A tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation in time, to indicate when the situation takes place.Bernard Comrie, Aspect, 1976:6:...
- past, present and future. Relativity can be expressed by the aspect, sentence constructions and participles.
The present tense can be expressed in imperfective verbs only.
Present tense
The present tense is formed by special endings:| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | -m/-i/-u | -eme/-íme/-áme |
| 2. | -eš/-íš/-áš | -ete/-íte/-áte |
| 3. | -á/-í/-e | -ají/-ejí/-ějí/-í/-ou/ |
Verbs are divided into 5 classes according to the way of forming the present tense. They are described in more detail below.
Past tense
The past tense is formed by the past participle (in a proper gender form) and present forms of the verb být (to be) which are omitted in the 3rd person. The following example is for the male gender (animate in plural):| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | dělal jsem | dělali jsme |
| 2. | dělal jsi | dělali jste |
| 3. | dělal | dělali |
Dělat - to do
Future tense
In imperfective verbs, it is formed by the future forms of the verb být (to be) and the infinitive:| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | budu dělat | budeme dělat |
| 2. | budeš dělat | budete dělat |
| 3. | bude dělat | budou dělat |
Dělat - to do
Budu, budeš, ... with infinitive has the same meaning as "(I, you, ...) will" in English. If not followed by an infinitive, it means "(I, you, ...) will be" (i.e. I will be = budu, not budu být).
In some verbs of motion, the future tense is formed by adding the prefix po-/pů- to the present form:
- pů
In perfective verbs, the present form expresses the future. Compare:
- budu dělat - I will be doing
- udělám - I will do, I will have done
Imperative
The imperative moodImperative mood
The imperative mood expresses commands or requests as a grammatical mood. These commands or requests urge the audience to act a certain way. It also may signal a prohibition, permission, or any other kind of exhortation.- Morphology :...
is formed for the 2nd person singular and plural and the 1st person plural.
In the 2nd person singular, it takes either null ending or -i/-ej ending, according to the verb class.
The 2nd person plural takes the ending -te/-ete/-ejte and the 1st person plural takes -me/-eme/-ejme.
Examples:
- buď! buďte! (be!) buďme! (let's be!)
- spi! spěte! (sleep!) spěme! (let's sleep!)
- dělej! dělejte! (do!) dělejme! (let's do!)
Conditionals
The conditionalsConditional mood
In linguistics, the conditional mood is the inflectional form of the verb used in the independent clause of a conditional sentence to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs, or an uncertain event, that is contingent on another set of circumstances...
are formed by the past participle and special forms of the verb být (to be). Following example of the present conditional is for the male gender (animate in plural):
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | dělal bych | dělali bychom |
| 2. | dělal bys | dělali byste |
| 3. | dělal by | dělali by |
dělal bych - I would do
There is also the past conditional in Czech but it is usually replaced by the present conditional.
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | byl bych dělal | byli bychom dělali |
| 2. | byl bys dělal | byli byste dělali |
| 3. | byl by dělal | byli by dělali |
byl bych dělal - I would have done
By also becomes a part of conjugations aby (so that) and kdyby (if). Therefore, these conjunctions take the same endings:
- Kdybych nepracoval, nedostal bych výplatu. If I didn't work, I would get no wages.
Passive voice
There are two ways to form the passive voicePassive voice
Passive voice is a grammatical voice common in many of the world's languages. Passive is used in a clause whose subject expresses the theme or patient of the main verb. That is, the subject undergoes an action or has its state changed. A sentence whose theme is marked as grammatical subject is...
in Czech:
1. By the verb být (to be) and the passive participle (as in English):
- Město bylo založeno ve 14. století. The town was founded in the 14th century.
2. By adding the reflexive pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that is preceded by the noun, adjective, adverb or pronoun to which it refers within the same clause. In generative grammar, a reflexive pronoun is an anaphor that must be bound by its antecedent...
se:
- Ono se neudělalo. It has not been done.
- To se vyrábí v Číně. It is produced in China.
However, the use of se is not exclusive to the passive voice.
Reflexive verbs
Reflexive pronounReflexive pronoun
A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that is preceded by the noun, adjective, adverb or pronoun to which it refers within the same clause. In generative grammar, a reflexive pronoun is an anaphor that must be bound by its antecedent...
s se and si are components of reflexive verb
Reflexive verb
In grammar, a reflexive verb is a verb whose semantic agent and patient are the same. For example, the English verb to perjure is reflexive, since one can only perjure oneself...
s (se/si is not usually translated into English):
- posadit se - to sit down
- myslet si - to think, to suppose
Negation
NegationNegation
In logic and mathematics, negation, also called logical complement, is an operation on propositions, truth values, or semantic values more generally. Intuitively, the negation of a proposition is true when that proposition is false, and vice versa. In classical logic negation is normally identified...
is formed by the prefix ne-. In the future tense and the passive voice it is added to the auxiliary verb být (to be).
- nedělat - not to do
- nedělám - I do not do
- nedělej! do not do!
- nedělal jsem - I did not do
- nebudu dělat - I will not do
- nedělal bych - I would not do
- byl bych neudělal or nebyl bych udělal - I would not have done
- není děláno - it is not done
Unlike English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
, more negative words can be in a Czech sentence:
- Nic nemám. - I have nothing. (literally I do not have nothing.)
- Nikdy to nikomu neříkej. - Never say it to anybody. (literally Do not never say it to nobody.)
Class I
| Infinitive | nést | číst | péct | třít | brát | mazat |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | carry | read | bake | rub | take | lubricate |
| Present tense |
nesu neseš nese neseme nesete nesou |
čtu čteš čte čteme čtete čtou |
peču pečeš peče pečeme pečete pečou |
třu třeš tře třeme třete třou |
beru bereš bere bereme berete berou |
mažu mažeš maže mažeme mažete mažou |
| Past participle |
nesl | četl | pekl | třel | bral | mazal |
| Passive participle |
nesen | čten | pečen | třen | brán | mazán |
| Imperative | nes! neste! nesme! |
čti! čtěte! čtěme! |
peč! pečte! pečme! |
tři! třete! třeme! |
ber! berte! berme! |
maž! mažte! mažme! |
| Present transgressive |
nesa nesouc nesouce |
čta čtouc čtouce |
peka/peče pekouc/pečíc pekouce/pečíce |
tra trouc trouce |
bera berouc berouce |
maže mažíc mažíce |
| Past transgressive |
(do)nes (do)nesši (do)nesše |
(pře)čet (pře)četši (pře)četše |
(u)pek (u)pekši (u)pekše |
(u)třev (u)třevši (u)třevše |
(se)brav (se)bravši (se)bravše |
(na)mazav (na)mazavši (na)mazavše |
In imperative, 0/-te/-me endings are in most verbs, -i/-ete/-eme or -i/-ěte/-ěme if two consonant
Consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are , pronounced with the lips; , pronounced with the front of the tongue; , pronounced with the back of the tongue; , pronounced in the throat; and ,...
s are at the end of the word-stem.
Class II
| Infinitive | tisknout | minout | začít | hnout |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | print, press | miss | begin | move |
| Present tense |
tisknu tiskneš tiskne tiskneme tisknete tisknou |
minu mineš mine mineme minete minou |
začnu začneš začne začneme začnete začnou |
hnu hneš hne hneme hnete hnou |
| Past participle |
tiskl | minul | začal | hnul |
| Passive participle |
tisknut/tištěn | minut | začnut | hnut |
| Imperative | tiskni! tiskněte! tiskněme! |
miň! miňte! miňme! |
začni! začněte! začněme! |
hni! hněte! hněme! |
| Present transgressive |
tiskna tisknouc tisknouce |
mina minouc minouce |
||
| Past transgressive |
(při)tisknuv (při)tisknuvši (při)tisknuvše |
minuv minuvši minuvše |
začav začavši začavše |
hnuv hnuvši hnuvše |
Class III
| Infinitive | krýt | kupovat |
|---|---|---|
| English | cover | buy |
| Present tense |
kryji, kryju kryješ kryje kryjeme kryjete kryjí, kryjou |
kupuji, kupuju kupuješ kupuje kupujeme kupujete kupují, kupujou |
| Past participle |
kryl | kupoval |
| Passive participle |
kryt | kupován |
| Imperative | kryj! kryjte! kryjme! |
kupuj! kupujte! kupujme! |
| Present transgressive |
kryje kryjíc kryjíce |
kupujíce kupujíc kupujíce |
| Past transgressive |
(za)kryv (za)kryvši (za)kryvše |
kupovav kupovavši kupovavše |
Class IV
| Infinitive | prosit | čistit | trpět | sázet | bdít |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | beg | clean | suffer | plant in | wake |
| Present tense |
prosím prosíš prosí prosíme prosíte prosí |
čistím čistíš čistí čistíme čistíte čistí |
trpím trpíš trpí trpíme trpíte trpí |
sázím sázíš sází sázíme sázíte sázejí, sází |
bdím bdíš bdí bdíme bdíte bdí |
| Past participle |
prosil | čistil | trpěl | sázel | bděl |
| Passive participle |
prošen | čištěn | trpěn | sázen | bděn |
| Imperative | pros! proste! prosme! |
čisti! čistěte! čistěme! |
trp! trpte! trpme! |
sázej! sázejte! sázejme! |
bdi! bděte! bděme! |
| Present transgressive |
prose prosíc prosíce |
čistě čistíc čistíce |
trpě trpíc trpíce |
sázeje sázejíc sázejíce |
bdě bdíc bdíce |
| Past transgressive |
prosiv prosivši prosivše |
(vy)čistiv (vy)čistivši (vy)čistivše |
(s)trpěv (s)trpěvši (s)trpěvše |
(vy)sázev (vy)sázevši (vy)sázevše |
In imperative, 0/-te/-me endings are in most verbs, -i/-ete/-eme or -i/-ěte/-ěme if two consonant
Consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are , pronounced with the lips; , pronounced with the front of the tongue; , pronounced with the back of the tongue; , pronounced in the throat; and ,...
s are at the end of the word-stem.
Class V
| Infinitive | dělat |
|---|---|
| English | do |
| Present tense |
dělám děláš dělá děláme děláte dělají |
| Past participle |
dělal |
| Passive participle |
dělán |
| Imperative | dělej! dělejte! dělejme! |
| Present transgressive |
dělaje dělajíc dělajíce |
| Past transgressive |
dělav dělavši dělavše |
Irregular verbs
| Infinitive | být | mít | jít | jíst sníst |
vidět | vědět | chtít | moct | hnát | zábst | bát se |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | be | have | go, walk | eat eat up |
see | know | want | can | worry sheep | freeze | be afraid |
| Present tense |
jsem jsi je/jest jsme jste jsou |
mám máš má máme máte mají |
jdu jdeš jde jdeme jdete jdou |
jím/sním jíš/sníš jí/sní jíme/sníme jíte/sníte jedí/snedí |
vidím vidíš vidí vidíme vidíte vidí |
vím víš ví víme víte vedí |
chci chceš chce chceme chcete chtějí |
mohu/můžu můžeš může můžeme můžete mohou/můžou |
ženu ženeš žene ženeme ženete ženou |
zebu zebeš zebe zebeme zebete zebou |
bojím se bojíš se bojí se bojíme se bojíte se bojí se |
| Past participle |
byl | mel | šel, šla, šlo šli, šly, šla |
jedl, snedl | viděl | věděl | chtěl | mohl | hnal | zábl | bál se |
| Passive participle |
(-byt) | (-jit) | jeden/sneden | viděn | věděn | chtěn | hnán | ||||
| Imperative | bud! budte! budme! |
mej! mejte! mejme! |
jdi/pojd! jdete/pojdte! jdeme/pojdte! |
jez/snez! jezte/snezte! jezme/snezme! |
viz! vizte! vizme! |
věz! vězte! vězme! |
chtej! chtejte! chtejme! |
žeň! žeňte! žeňme! |
zeb! zebte! zebme! |
boj se! bojte se! bojme se! |
|
| Present transgressive |
jsa jsouc jsouce |
maje majíc majíce |
jda jdouc jdouce |
jeda jedouc jedouce |
vida vidouc vidouce |
věda vědouc vědouce |
chtě/chtěje chtíc/chtějíc chtíce/chtějíce |
moha mohouc mohouce |
žena ženouc ženouce |
zeba zebouc zebouce |
boje bojíc bojíce |
| Past transgressive |
byv byvši byvše |
(pri)šed (pri)šedši (pri)šedše |
(vy)jed, sned (vy)jedši, snedši (vy)jedše, snedše |
(u)viděv (u)viděvši (u)viděvše |
(z)věděv (z)věděvši (z)věděvše |
chtěv chtěvši chtěvše |
vyhnav vyhnavši vyhnavše |
||||
| Infinitive | vát | spát | stát | mlít | trást | říct | dozvedet | pomoct | lhát | vést | plést |
| English | blow | sleep | stand | grind | shake | say | learn | help | lie | accompany | twist |
| Present tense |
věji/věju věješ věje vějeme vějete vějí/vějou |
spím spíš spí spíme spíte spí |
stojím stojíš stojí stojíme stojíte stojí |
melu meleš mele meleme melete melou |
třesu třeseš třese třeseme třesete třesou |
řeknu řekneš řekne řekneme řeknete řeknou |
dozvím se dozvíš se dozví se dozvíme se dozvíte se dozvědí se |
pomohu/pomůžu pomůžeš pomůže pomůžeme pomůžete pomohou/pomůžou |
lžu lžeš lže lžeme lžete lžou |
vedu vedeš vede vedeme vedete vedou |
pletu pleteš plete pleteme pletete pletou |
| Past participle |
vál | spal | stál | mlel | trásl | řekl | dozvedel se | pomohl | lhal | vedl | pletl |
| Passive participle |
mlet | tresen | řecen | pomožen | veden | pleten | |||||
| Imperative | vej! vejte! vejme! |
spi! spěte! spěme! |
stůj! stůjte! stůjme! |
mel! melte! melme! |
třes! třeste! třesme! |
řekni! řeknete! řekneme! |
dozved se! dozvedte se! dozvedme se! |
pomoz! pomozte! pomozme! |
lži! lžete! lžeme! |
ved! vedte! vedme! |
plet! plette! pletme! |
| Present transgressive |
veje vejíc vejíce |
spa spíc spíce |
stoje stojíc stojíce |
mela melouc melouce |
tresa tresouc tresouce |
řka řkouc řkouce |
lha lhouc lhouce |
veda vedouc vedouce |
pleta pletouc pletouce |
||
| Past transgressive |
dozvedev se dozvedevši dozvedevše |
pomoh pomohši pomohše |
|||||||||
| Infinitive | ukrást | rust | stát se | prát | hrát | vyjmout | zajmout | jet | príst | lít | psát |
| English | steal | grow | happen | wish | play | except | capture | ride | pur | spill | write |
| Present tense |
ukradnu ukradneš ukradne ukradneme ukradnete ukradnou |
rostu rosteš roste rosteme rostete rostou |
stanu se staneš se stane se staneme se stanete se stanou se |
přeji/přeju přeješ přeje přejeme přejete přejí/přejou |
hraji/hraju hraješ hraje hrajeme hrajete hrají/hrajou |
vyjmu vyjmeš vyjme vyjmeme vyjmete vyjmou |
zajmu zajmeš zajme zajmeme zajmete zajmou |
jedu jedeš jede jedeme jedete jedou |
predu predeš prede predeme predete predou |
liji/liju/leju/leji leješ/liješ leje/lije lejeme/lijeme lejete/lijete lejí/lejou/lijí/lijou |
píši/píšu píšeš píše píšeme píšete píšou/píší |
| Past participle |
ukradl | rostl | stal se | prál | hrál | vyjmul/vynal | zajmul/zajal | jel | predl | lil | psal |
| Passive participle |
ukraden | hrán | vyjmut/vynat | zajmut/zajat | jet | preden | lit | psán | |||
| Imperative | ukradni! ukradte! ukradme! |
rost! rostte! rostme! |
stan se! stante se! stanme se! |
prej! prejte! prejme! |
hraj/hrej! hrajte/hrejte! hrajme/hrejme! |
vyjmi! vyjmete! vyjmeme! |
zajmi! zajmete! zajmeme! |
jed! jedte! jedme! |
pred! predte! predme! |
lij/lej! lijte/lejte! lijme/lijte! |
piš! pište! pišme! |
| Present transgressive |
rosta! rostouc! rostouce |
preje prejíc prejíce |
hraje hrajíc hrajíce |
jeda jedouc jedouce |
preda predouc predouce |
leje/lije lejíc/lijíc lejíce/lijíce |
píše píšíc píšíce |
||||
| Past transgressive |
ukrad ukradši ukradše |
stav stavši stavše |
vyjmuv/vynav vyjmuvši/vynavši vyjmuvše/vynavše |
zajmuv/zajav zajmuvši/zajavši zajmuvše/zajavše |
|||||||
| Infinitive | vzít | zapomenout | stonat | plakat | stlát | vypnout | sít | plout | |||
| English | take | forget | be ill of | cry | strew | switch off | sow | swim | |||
| Present tense |
vezmu vezmeš vezme vezmeme vezmete vezmou |
zapomenu zapomeneš zapomene zapomeneme zapomenete zapomenou |
stunu stuneš stune stuneme stunete stunou |
plácu pláceš pláce pláceme plácete plácou |
stelu steleš stele steleme stelete stelou |
vypnu vypneš vypne vypneme vypnete vypnou |
seju/seji seješ seje sejeme sejete sejou/sejí |
pluji/pluju pluješ pluje plujeme plujete plujou/plují |
|||
| Past participle |
vzal | zapomenul/zapomnel | stonal | plakal | stlal | vypnul/vypjal | sel/sil | plul | |||
| Passive participle |
vzat | zapomenut/zapomnen | stlán | vypnut/vypjat | set | ||||||
| Imperative | vezmi! vezmete! vezmeme! |
zapomen! zapomente! zapomenme! |
stonej! stonejte! stonejme! |
plac/plakej! placte/plakejte! placme/plakejme! |
stel! stelte! stelme! |
vypni! vypnete! vypneme! |
sej! sejte! sejme! |
pluj! plujte! plujme! |
|||
| Present transgressive |
stonaje stonajíc stonajíce |
pláce/plakaje plácíc/plakajíc plácíce/plakajíce |
stela stelouc stelouce |
seje sejíc sejíce |
pluje plujíc plujíce |
||||||
| Past transgressive |
vzav vzavši vzavše |
zapomenuv/zapomnev zapomenuvši/zapomnevši zapomenuvše/zapomnevše |
vypjav/vypnuv vypjavši/vypnuvši vypjavše/vypnuvše |
||||||||
Irregular future tense:
- jít - půjdu, půjdeš, půjde; půjdeme, půjdete, půjdou
- být - budu, budeš, bude; budeme, budete, budou
Irregular negation:
- být - 3rd person sg: není (not neje)