Transgressive is a term of linguistic morphology

Morphology (linguistics)

In linguistics, morphology is the identification, analysis and description, in a language, of the structure of morphemes and other linguistic units, such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context...

 denoting a special form of verb

Verb

A verb, from the Latin verbum meaning word, is a word that in syntax conveys an action , or a state of being . In the usual description of English, the basic form, with or without the particle to, is the infinitive...

. It expresses a coincidentally proceeding or following action. It is considered to be a kind of infinitive

Infinitive

In grammar, infinitive is the name for certain verb forms that exist in many languages. In the usual description of English, the infinitive of a verb is its basic form with or without the particle to: therefore, do and to do, be and to be, and so on are infinitives...

, or participle

Participle

In linguistics, a participle is a word that shares some characteristics of both verbs and adjectives. It can be used in compound verb tenses or voices , or as a modifier...

.

Czech language

The transgressive (přechodník) is an archaic form of the verb in the Czech

Czech language

Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers; it is the majority language in the Czech Republic and spoken by Czechs worldwide. The language was known as Bohemian in English until the late 19th century...

 and Slovak language

Slovak language

Slovak , is an Indo-European language that belongs to the West Slavic languages .Slovak is the official language of Slovakia, where it is spoken by 5 million people...

. Nowadays it is used only occasionally for art

Art

Art is the product or process of deliberately arranging items in a way that influences and affects one or more of the senses, emotions, and intellect....

istic purposes and in set phrases and idioms. Transgressives were still used quite widely in the literary language at the beginning of 20th century. For example, Jaroslav Hašek

Jaroslav Hašek

Jaroslav Hašek was a Czech humorist, satirist, writer and socialist anarchist best known for his novel The Good Soldier Švejk, an unfinished collection of farcical incidents about a soldier in World War I and a satire on the ineptitude of authority figures, which has been translated into sixty...

's The Good Soldier Švejk

The Good Soldier Švejk

The Good Soldier Švejk , also spelled Schweik or Schwejk, is the abbreviated title of a unfinished satirical/dark comedy novel by Jaroslav Hašek. It was illustrated by Josef Lada and George Grosz after Hašek's death...

contains many of them.

The Czech language recognizes present and past transgressives. Present transgressive can express present or future action depending on the aspect

Aspect

Aspect may be:*Aspect , a feature that is linked to many parts of a program, but which is not necessarily the primary function of the program...

 of the verb from which it is derived.

Examples:

• Usednuvši u okna, začala plakat. (Having sat down at a window, she began to cry.) — past transgressive
• Usiadłszy przy oknie, zaczęła płakać. - Polish equivalent
• Děti, vidouce babičku, vyběhly ven. (The children, seeing grandma, ran out.) — present transgressive
• Dzieci, widząc babcię, wybiegły na zewnątrz (old Polish: wen). - Polish equivalent

Polish language

In Polish transgressives are usually called "adverbial participles" (imiesłowy przysłówkowe) and inflect neither for gender nor for number. There are two kinds of such participles: anterior (only from perfective verbs) and contemporary (only from imperfective verbs). The anterior participle (related to the Czech past transgressive) expresses an event earlier than the event described by the main clause, while the contemporary adverbial participle expresses an event simultaneous with the event described by the main clause. Nowadays, especially the anterior participle is unused in the spoken language and rare in the written language.

The contemporary adverbial participle can be derived by adding the ending -c to the 3rd person plural present form of an imperfective verb (or by adding the ending -ąc to the present stem of an imperfective verb):

jeść "to eat (imperf.)" > 3pl jedzą "[they] are eating" > jedząc "(while) eating"

nieść "to carry (imperf.)" > 3pl niosą "[they] are carrying" > niosąc "(while) carrying"

czytać "to read (imperf.)" > 3pl czytają "[they] are reading" > czytając "(while) reading"

kupować "to buy (imperf.)" > 3pl kupują "[they] are buying" > kupując "(while) buying"

The verb być "to be" is the only exception - its contemporary adverbial participle is będąc and corresponds to its future form będą "[they] will be" rather than to its present form są "[they] are".

The anterior adverbial participle can be derived by replacing of the ending -ł in the 3rd person singular masculine past form of a perfective verb with the suffix -wszy (after a vowel) or -łszy (after a consonant):

zjeść "to eat (perf.)" > zjadł "[he] ate" > zjadłszy "having eaten"

przynieść "to bring (perf.)" > przyniósł "[he] brought" > przyniósłszy "having carried"

przeczytać "to read (perf.)" > przeczytał "[he] read" > przeczytawszy "having read"

kupić "to buy (perf.)" > kupił "[he] bought" > kupiwszy "having bought"

pchnąć "to push (perf.)" > pchnął "[he] pushed" > pchnąwszy "having pushed"

Lithuanian language

In Lithuanian

Lithuanian language

Lithuanian is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognized as one of the official languages of the European Union. There are about 2.96 million native Lithuanian speakers in Lithuania and about 170,000 abroad. Lithuanian is a Baltic language, closely related to Latvian, although they...

, there's a transgressive form called "the adverbial participle", or "the half participle" (Lith. "pusdalyvis"). It's used with verbs in all tenses to render an action taking place simultaneously with the action of the main verb:

Examples:

• Dainuodamas jis nieko negirdi. (while singing, he doesn't hear anything)
• Rašydama laišką, ji visiškai pamiršo apie verdančią sriubą. (while writing a letter, she totally forgot about the boiling soup)

The transgressive form is formed by removing the infinitive ending "-ti" and adding the suffix "-dam-", as well as endings marking gender and number:

• m.sg. -damas, refl. -damasis
• f.sg. -dama, refl. -damasi
• m.pl. -dami, refl. -damiesi
• f.pl. -damos, refl. -damosi