Cyphomandra
Encyclopedia
Cyphomandra was a genus
in the flowering plant
family
Solanaceae
(the nightshades and relative). It used to contain about 35 species
native to countries of the Americas
from Mexico
southwards to Northern Argentina
.
Recent authors have treated Cyphomandra as a clade
within the genus Solanum
rather than as a separate genus, uniting the members of the old genus with some other Solanum. This lineage is one among a group related to part of the traditional subgenus
Leptostemonum. Thus, if is preferred to retain the taxon
, Cyphomandra is probably best considered a section
in Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum.
Most grow as shrubs or small trees 2 or 3 metres in height. The best known species is the widely cultivated Tamarillo
or tree tomato, but a number of the others are also cultivated as garden plants because of their attractive flowers or fruits. Several other species (e.g. S. cajanumense
, S. circinatum, S. sibundoyense
) also have fruits that are edible when ripe, and yet others are used as dye
stuffs or in folk medicine
where they are native.
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
in the flowering plant
Flowering plant
The flowering plants , also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of synapomorphies...
family
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae are a family of flowering plants that include a number of important agricultural crops as well as many toxic plants. The name of the family comes from the Latin Solanum "the nightshade plant", but the further etymology of that word is unclear...
(the nightshades and relative). It used to contain about 35 species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
native to countries of the Americas
Americas
The Americas, or America , are lands in the Western hemisphere, also known as the New World. In English, the plural form the Americas is often used to refer to the landmasses of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions, while the singular form America is primarily...
from Mexico
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
southwards to Northern Argentina
Argentina
Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...
.
Recent authors have treated Cyphomandra as a clade
Clade
A clade is a group consisting of a species and all its descendants. In the terms of biological systematics, a clade is a single "branch" on the "tree of life". The idea that such a "natural group" of organisms should be grouped together and given a taxonomic name is central to biological...
within the genus Solanum
Solanum
Solanum, the nightshades, horsenettles and relatives, is a large and diverse genus of annual and perennial plants. They grow as forbs, vines, subshrubs, shrubs, and small trees, and often have attractive fruit and flowers. Many formerly independent genera like Lycopersicon or Cyphomandra are...
rather than as a separate genus, uniting the members of the old genus with some other Solanum. This lineage is one among a group related to part of the traditional subgenus
Subgenus
In biology, a subgenus is a taxonomic rank directly below genus.In zoology, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between the generic name and the specific epithet: e.g. the Tiger Cowry of the Indo-Pacific, Cypraea tigris Linnaeus, which...
Leptostemonum. Thus, if is preferred to retain the taxon
Taxon
|thumb|270px|[[African elephants]] form a widely-accepted taxon, the [[genus]] LoxodontaA taxon is a group of organisms, which a taxonomist adjudges to be a unit. Usually a taxon is given a name and a rank, although neither is a requirement...
, Cyphomandra is probably best considered a section
Section (botany)
In botany, a section is a taxonomic rank below the genus, but above the species. The subgenus, if present, is higher than the section, and the rank of series, if present, is below the section. Sections are typically used to help organise very large genera, which may have hundreds of species...
in Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum.
Most grow as shrubs or small trees 2 or 3 metres in height. The best known species is the widely cultivated Tamarillo
Tamarillo
Solanum betaceum is a small tree or shrub in the flowering plant family Solanaceae. It is best known as the species that bears the tamarillo, an egg-shaped edible fruit...
or tree tomato, but a number of the others are also cultivated as garden plants because of their attractive flowers or fruits. Several other species (e.g. S. cajanumense
Solanum cajanumense
Solanum cajanumense is a species of plant in the Solanaceae family. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru....
, S. circinatum, S. sibundoyense
Solanum sibundoyense
Solanum sibundoyense is a species of plant in the Solanaceae family. It is endemic to Colombia, specifically the to Sibundoy and surrounding areas, and usually resides in cloud forests, 1400-2300 meters in elevation. It is also known as tomate salvaje or tomate silvestre to natives of Colombia, and...
) also have fruits that are edible when ripe, and yet others are used as dye
Dye
A dye is a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. The dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution, and requires a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber....
stuffs or in folk medicine
Folk medicine
-Description:Refers to healing practices and ideas of body physiology and health preservation known to a limited segment of the population in a culture, transmitted informally as general knowledge, and practiced or applied by anyone in the culture having prior experience.All cultures and societies...
where they are native.
Species
Species contained in the Cyphomandra clade, with their former specific epithets cited if they have significantly changed when moving to Solanum, are:- Solanum allophyllum (Miers) Standl.
- Solanum amotapense Svenson (= Cyphomandra villosa Steyerm.)
- Solanum betaceum – TamarilloTamarilloSolanum betaceum is a small tree or shrub in the flowering plant family Solanaceae. It is best known as the species that bears the tamarillo, an egg-shaped edible fruit...
(= Cyphomandra crassicaulis(?), C. crassifolia (Ortega) J.F.Macbr., C. crassifolia (Ortega) Kuntze, C. procera Wawra) - Solanum cacosmum Bohs (Cyphomandra foetida Bohs)
- Solanum cajanumenseSolanum cajanumenseSolanum cajanumense is a species of plant in the Solanaceae family. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru....
(= Cyphomandra casana A.Child) - Solanum calidum Bohs (= Cyphomandra pilosa Bohs)
- Solanum circinatum Bohs (= Cyphomandra artocarpophylla H.J.P.Winkl., C. costaricencis Donn.Sm., C. dendroidea Pittier, C. dolichorhachis Bitter, C. hartwegii (Miers) Walp., C. hartwegii ssp. ramosa Bohs, C. heterophylla Donn.Sm., C. holtonii Hochr., C. kalbreyeri Bitter, C. mollicella Standl., C. naranjilla Pittier, C. splendens Dunal in DC.)
- Solanum confusum C.V.Morton (= Cyphomandra adelpha (C.V.Morton) A.Child)
- Solanum corymbiflorum (Sendtn.) Bohs (= Cyphomandra kleinii L.B.Sm. & Downs, C. macrophylla L.B.Sm. & Downs, C. mortoniana L.B.Sm. & Down, C. patrum L.B.Sm. & Downs)
- Solanum cylindricum Vell. (= Cyphomandra elliptica (Vell.) Sendtn. in Mart., C. subhastata (L.B.Sm. & Downs) A.Child)
- Solanum diploconos (Mart.) Bohs (= Cyphomandra floribunda (Miers) Dunal in DC., C. fragrans (Hook.) Sendtn. in Mart., C. piperoides Dunal in DC.)
- Solanum diversifolium Dunal (= Cyphomandra campanulata Moritz ex Steyerm. & Huber, C. caracasana (Roem. & Schult.) Sendtn., C. caudata Standl., C. chlorantha Rusby, C. meridensis Steyerm. & Rojas)
- Solanum endopogon (Bitter) Bohs
- Solanum exiguumSolanum exiguumSolanum exiguum is a species of plant in the Solanaceae family. It is endemic to Bolivia.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
(= Cyphomandra benensis Britton) - Solanum fallaxSolanum fallaxSolanum fallax is a species of plant in the Solanaceae family. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
(= Cyphomandra betacea var. velutina Dunal in DC., C. hypomalaca Bitter) - Solanum fortunenseSolanum fortunenseSolanum fortunense is a species of plant in the Solanaceae family. It is found in Costa Rica and Panama.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
(= Cyphomandra dolichocarpa Bitter) - Solanum fusiforme L.B.Sm. & Downs
- Solanum glaucophyllumSolanum glaucophyllumSolanum glaucophyllum is a species of the family Solanaceae. It is known as waxy-leaf nightshade.It is an endemic plant of Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay....
Desf. - Solanum hibernum Bohs
- Solanum hutchisonii (J.F.Macbr.) Bohs
- Solanum latiflorumSolanum latiflorumSolanum latiflorum is a species of plant in the Solanaceae family. It is endemic to Brazil.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
(= Cyphomandra calycina Sendtn., C. calycina var. rufescens Dunal in DC.) - Solanum luridifuscescens Bitter (= Cyphomandra glaberrima Dusén, C. velutina Sendtn. in Mart.)
- Solanum luteoalbum
- Solanum mapiriense Bitter (= Cyphomandra phytolaccoides (Rusby) A.Child)
- Solanum maranguapense Bitter
- Solanum matadori Smith & Downs
- Solanum maternum Bohs
- Solanum melissarumSolanum melissarumSolanum melissarum is a species of nightshade that is endemic to Brazil....
(= Cyphomandra capsicoides (Miers) Walp., C. ciliata (Miers) Walp., C. divaricata (Mart.) Sendtn., C. divaricata var. flexipes Sendtn. in Mart., C. divaricata var. herbacea Sendtn. in Mart., C. laxiflora Dunal in DC., C. oxyphylla Dunal in DC.) - Solanum morellifolium Bohs
- Solanum obliquum Ruiz & Pav. (= Cyphomandra brachypodia Sendtn., C. coriacea (Miers) Walp., C. obliqua (Ruiz & Pav.) Sendtn., C. ulei Bitter)
- Solanum occultum Bohs (= Cyphomandra stellata Bohs)
- Solanum ovum-fringillaeSolanum ovum-fringillaeSolanum ovum-fringillae is a species of plant in the Solanaceae family. It is endemic to Brazil.-Source:* Bohs, L. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
- Solanum oxyphyllum C.V.Morton (= Cyphomandra fragilis Bohs)
- Solanum paralumSolanum paralumSolanum paralum is a species of plant in the Solanaceae family. It is endemic to Brazil.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
(= Cyphomandra heterophylla Taub.) - Solanum pelagicum Bohs (= Cyphomandra cornigera Dunal in DC., C. maritima L.B.Sm. & Downs)
- Solanum pendulum Ruiz & Pav. (= Cyphomandra arborea H.J.P.Winkl., C. subcordata Rusby)
- Solanum pinetorumSolanum pinetorumSolanum pinetorum is a species of plant in the Solanaceae family. It is endemic to Brazil.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
(= Cyphomandra angustifolia L.B.Sm. & Downs, C. hispida L.B.Sm. & Downs) - Solanum premnifolium (Miers) Bohs
- Solanum proteanthum Bohs (= Cyphomandra oblongifolia Bohs)
- Solanum rojasianum (Standl. & Steyerm.) Bohs
- Solanum roseumSolanum roseumSolanum roseum is a species of plant in the Solanaceae family. It is endemic to Bolivia.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
(= Cyphomandra acuminata Rusby) - Solanum sciadostylis (Sendtn.) Bohs (= Cyphomandra reitzii L.B.Sm. & Downs)
- Solanum sibundoyenseSolanum sibundoyenseSolanum sibundoyense is a species of plant in the Solanaceae family. It is endemic to Colombia, specifically the to Sibundoy and surrounding areas, and usually resides in cloud forests, 1400-2300 meters in elevation. It is also known as tomate salvaje or tomate silvestre to natives of Colombia, and...
- Solanum stuckertii Bitter
- Solanum sycocarpumSolanum sycocarpumSolanum sycocarpum is a species of plant in the Solanaceae family. It is endemic to Brazil.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
(= Cyphomandra lobata Sendtn. in Mart.) - Solanum tegore Aubl. (= Cyphomandra tejore Sendtn. ex Walp.)
- Solanum tenuisetosum (Bitter) Bohs
- Solanum tobagenseSolanum tobagenseSolanum tobagense is a species of plant in the Solanaceae family. It is found in Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
(= Cyphomandra bolivarensis Steyerm.) - Solanum unilobum (Rusby) Bohs
Formerly placed here
Species formerly in the genus Cyphomandra which are not members of the Cyphomandra clade are:- Solanum abutiloidesSolanum abutiloidesSolanum abutiloides is a species of plant in the Solanaceae family. It is endemic to Argentina and Bolivia, and thrives as a weedy plant in rocky land, on stream banks, and scrub land between 900-3600 meters in elevation. It is also known as dwarf tamarillo, due to superficial similarities with...
(Griseb.) Bitter & Lillo