Cook-Craigie plan
Encyclopedia
The Cook-Craigie plan is an approach to the development process of civil and military aircraft that can dramatically reduce the time needed to bring a new design into service. In the late 1940s, USAF Major Generals Laurence C. Craigie, Deputy Chief of Staff for Development, and Orval R. Cook
, Deputy Chief of Staff for Materiel, proposed that new designs should move directly into the production phase without the construction of prototypes.http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/systems/b-58-pc.htm Since then, this approach has been used in an increasing number of aviation projects.
Traditional aircraft design follows a time-honored formula. After the blueprints are drawn up, a small series of prototype aircraft are constructed in order to test the concept. Data from the flight tests influences the revisions that are made to the design. If these changes are wide ranging and/or significant, more prototypes will need to be built. Once the prototype cycle is complete, the development can enter the "pre-production" stage and further evaluation. Once this stage is completed satisfactorily, series production can begin.
The Cook-Craigie plan promoted the elimination of the entire prototype cycle and entering straight into the pre-production stage. If these examples flew as expected, production could start immediately. The plan required considerable confidence in the design from the outset; if the design had an inherent flaw, the jigs used during pre-production would have to be replaced. The plan seems inherently more risky than the traditional prototype cycle, but Cook and Craigie pointed out that for the advanced designs that were entering service in the late 1940s, any prototype was likely to be so different from the production variant that any data collected could be entirely misleading. Moreover, since several aircraft designs are typically ordered for competitive testing, the chance that all of the designs would fail is extremely low, and if even one design passes testing, it can immediately enter production.
One of the first designs to use the plan was the F-102 Delta Dagger
http://airtoaircombat.com/background.asp?id=52&bg=225. Although this design had a number of new features, it was based to a large degree on the earlier XF-92 prototype, and thus considered to be a fairly "well understood" design. This confidence proved to be misplaced, as the F-102 underwent a lengthy series of upgrades, and was eventually replaced in service by a re-designed version, the F-106 Delta Dart
. A positive example of the Cook-Craigie method is the development of the Avro Arrow, which passed through the testing phase with few required changes.
As the potential of computer aided design has increased since the 1950s, aircraft designs have generally performed much closer to their original goals. For example, the production specification of the Boeing 777
was within 20 lb of its predicted weight. Today the Cook-Craigie plan is so common that it no longer even has a name.
Orval R. Cook
Orval Ray Cook was a United States Air Force four star general who served as Deputy Commander in Chief, United States European Command from 1954 to 1956.-Biography:Cook was born in 1898 in West Union, Indiana...
, Deputy Chief of Staff for Materiel, proposed that new designs should move directly into the production phase without the construction of prototypes.http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/systems/b-58-pc.htm Since then, this approach has been used in an increasing number of aviation projects.
Traditional aircraft design follows a time-honored formula. After the blueprints are drawn up, a small series of prototype aircraft are constructed in order to test the concept. Data from the flight tests influences the revisions that are made to the design. If these changes are wide ranging and/or significant, more prototypes will need to be built. Once the prototype cycle is complete, the development can enter the "pre-production" stage and further evaluation. Once this stage is completed satisfactorily, series production can begin.
The Cook-Craigie plan promoted the elimination of the entire prototype cycle and entering straight into the pre-production stage. If these examples flew as expected, production could start immediately. The plan required considerable confidence in the design from the outset; if the design had an inherent flaw, the jigs used during pre-production would have to be replaced. The plan seems inherently more risky than the traditional prototype cycle, but Cook and Craigie pointed out that for the advanced designs that were entering service in the late 1940s, any prototype was likely to be so different from the production variant that any data collected could be entirely misleading. Moreover, since several aircraft designs are typically ordered for competitive testing, the chance that all of the designs would fail is extremely low, and if even one design passes testing, it can immediately enter production.
One of the first designs to use the plan was the F-102 Delta Dagger
F-102 Delta Dagger
The Convair F-102 Delta Dagger was a US interceptor aircraft built as part of the backbone of the United States Air Force's air defenses in the late 1950s. Entering service in 1956, its main purpose was to intercept invading Soviet bomber fleets...
http://airtoaircombat.com/background.asp?id=52&bg=225. Although this design had a number of new features, it was based to a large degree on the earlier XF-92 prototype, and thus considered to be a fairly "well understood" design. This confidence proved to be misplaced, as the F-102 underwent a lengthy series of upgrades, and was eventually replaced in service by a re-designed version, the F-106 Delta Dart
F-106 Delta Dart
The Convair F-106 Delta Dart was the primary all-weather interceptor aircraft for the United States Air Force from the 1960s through the 1980s. Designed as the so-called "Ultimate Interceptor", it has proven to be the last dedicated interceptor in USAF service to date...
. A positive example of the Cook-Craigie method is the development of the Avro Arrow, which passed through the testing phase with few required changes.
As the potential of computer aided design has increased since the 1950s, aircraft designs have generally performed much closer to their original goals. For example, the production specification of the Boeing 777
Boeing 777
The Boeing 777 is a long-range, wide-body twin-engine jet airliner manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. It is the world's largest twinjet and is commonly referred to as the "Triple Seven". The aircraft has seating for over 300 passengers and has a range from , depending on model...
was within 20 lb of its predicted weight. Today the Cook-Craigie plan is so common that it no longer even has a name.