Comparative responsibility
Encyclopedia
Comparative responsibility (known as comparative fault in some jurisdictions) is a doctrine of tort law that compares the fault of each party in a law suit for a single injury. Comparative responsibility may apply to intentional torts as well as negligence
and encompasses the doctrine of comparative negligence
.
Fault is determined by examining how responsible each party is for causing the injury, as distinct from examining how much damage each party has directly caused. For instance a car driver may swerve into another lane, causing traffic behind him to pile up without the swerving car itself being involved in a collision, causing damage to several cars. Though the swerving driver has not directly caused any damage, (s)he is most at fault.
Comparative responsibility divides the fault among parties by percentages, and then accordingly divides the money awarded to the plaintiff. The plaintiff may only recover the percentage of the damages he is not at fault for. If a plaintiff is found to be 25% at fault, he can recover only 75% of his damages.
So, let's say, in our above example, one car that was in the pile up decides to sue everyone else who was on the road at that time in the area of the pile up. This one car sues all these people in one lawsuit, making all people on the road defendants in this one case. The jury would compare the responsibility of each defendant in this case, assigning fault to each one individually, based on the evidence in the trial. It is likely that most of the fault for causing the accident would end up being attributed to the swerving car. The jury would decide to come up with a percentage of fault to assign to the swerver. If the jury considers that this driver was the only one at fault, they assign 100% responsibility, and the swerver must pay 100% of the damages (money) awarded to the plaintiff (the car suing all the other cars).
There are several circumstances that make comparative responsibility intricate: when the plaintiff shares in fault for the damages, when a defendant who has a share of the fault cannot be included in the suit, when one of the defendants can not pay, and when there are charges of both negligence
and intentional torts in the same action.
First we consider the situation of the plaintiff sharing in the fault for the damages. In the example of the swerving car, the car that brings the lawsuit to court had a hand in causing the overall accident. Since this car is suing the other cars, how should the court treat the fact that the car bringing the suit was partly responsible? The defending cars would have to make out a counter-claim against the suing car to show it was partly responsible for the accident. Then, the jury will have to assign each party (defendants and plaintiff) a percentage of fault, as in the first example. Once this is done, how much money the car bringing the suit (the plaintiff) deserves to recover will depend on the laws of the state where the suit is taking place. Currently, only Alabama will not allow a plaintiff to recover if it is proven he is in any way at fault for the accident, even partially so. This rule is called contributory negligence
.
Most states will follow one of three solutions to the problem:
1. Allow the plaintiff to recover the amount of total damages to him, reduced by the percentage of fault he is assigned.
2. Allow the plaintiff to recover only if he was an equal or lower percentage at fault than each defendant. Plaintiff's recovery is reduced as in (a.)
3. Allow the plaintiff to recover only if he was less at fault than each of the defendants. Plaintiff's recovery again reduced as above.
Second, consider the situation where a defendant apportioned some fault can not pay his portion of the damages. States will cover this situation differently. There are four options:
a. The plaintiff will not recover from this defendant, and the other defendants will be responsible only for their share. Thirteen states follow this approach.
The next three options involve the doctrine of joint and several liability
b. Any of the other defendants can be held responsible for the unpaid share. Fifteen states follow this approach (10 contributory responsibility, 5 which still follow contributory negligence
.
c. The unpaid share will be reapportioned among the other defendants, according to their percentages. Some states hold that only defendants above a specific percentage will share.
d. The unpaid share will be reapportioned among the defendants AND plaintiff according to each party's percentage share.
Third, is the issure of when one defendant is not present, the same options as above are present. However there is the initial question of whether to allow the fault of an absent defendant to be considered. States, again, are split on these issues.
Lastly, we have the issue of negligence
and intentional torts in a single law suit.
Courts, in the majority, do not apply comparative responsibility to intentional torts. However, some courts apply comparative responsibility to intentional torts. The law and academia on this issue is very complex, but typically support holding intentional tortfeasors in a suit subject to joint and several liability
. Further, any negligent tortfeasor who negligently failed to protect the plaintiff from the intentional tortfeaser will be jointly and severally liable for the portion of the intentional tortfeasor's fault. This view is supported by the Restatement (Third) of Torts: Apportionment of Liability Section 1.
Even more complicated is the issue of whether comparative fault should be allowed in strict liability
actions. A minority of jurisdictions, starting with California (which also pioneered strict liability for defective products), have held that the jury should be allowed to apportion fault between plaintiffs and defendants even in strict products liability actions. Daly v. General Motors Corp., 20 Cal. 3d 725 (1978) (affirming defendant's right to introduce evidence that plaintiff was intoxicated and not using safety devices at time of accident in allegedly defective vehicle). However, the majority of jurisdictions have held that comparative fault is a poor fit with strict products liability.
Negligence
Negligence is a failure to exercise the care that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in like circumstances. The area of tort law known as negligence involves harm caused by carelessness, not intentional harm.According to Jay M...
and encompasses the doctrine of comparative negligence
Comparative negligence
Comparative negligence, or non-absolute contributory negligence outside of the United States, is a partial legal defense that reduces the amount of damages that a plaintiff can recover in a negligence-based claim based upon the degree to which the plaintiff's own negligence contributed to cause...
.
Fault is determined by examining how responsible each party is for causing the injury, as distinct from examining how much damage each party has directly caused. For instance a car driver may swerve into another lane, causing traffic behind him to pile up without the swerving car itself being involved in a collision, causing damage to several cars. Though the swerving driver has not directly caused any damage, (s)he is most at fault.
Comparative responsibility divides the fault among parties by percentages, and then accordingly divides the money awarded to the plaintiff. The plaintiff may only recover the percentage of the damages he is not at fault for. If a plaintiff is found to be 25% at fault, he can recover only 75% of his damages.
So, let's say, in our above example, one car that was in the pile up decides to sue everyone else who was on the road at that time in the area of the pile up. This one car sues all these people in one lawsuit, making all people on the road defendants in this one case. The jury would compare the responsibility of each defendant in this case, assigning fault to each one individually, based on the evidence in the trial. It is likely that most of the fault for causing the accident would end up being attributed to the swerving car. The jury would decide to come up with a percentage of fault to assign to the swerver. If the jury considers that this driver was the only one at fault, they assign 100% responsibility, and the swerver must pay 100% of the damages (money) awarded to the plaintiff (the car suing all the other cars).
There are several circumstances that make comparative responsibility intricate: when the plaintiff shares in fault for the damages, when a defendant who has a share of the fault cannot be included in the suit, when one of the defendants can not pay, and when there are charges of both negligence
Negligence
Negligence is a failure to exercise the care that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in like circumstances. The area of tort law known as negligence involves harm caused by carelessness, not intentional harm.According to Jay M...
and intentional torts in the same action.
First we consider the situation of the plaintiff sharing in the fault for the damages. In the example of the swerving car, the car that brings the lawsuit to court had a hand in causing the overall accident. Since this car is suing the other cars, how should the court treat the fact that the car bringing the suit was partly responsible? The defending cars would have to make out a counter-claim against the suing car to show it was partly responsible for the accident. Then, the jury will have to assign each party (defendants and plaintiff) a percentage of fault, as in the first example. Once this is done, how much money the car bringing the suit (the plaintiff) deserves to recover will depend on the laws of the state where the suit is taking place. Currently, only Alabama will not allow a plaintiff to recover if it is proven he is in any way at fault for the accident, even partially so. This rule is called contributory negligence
Contributory negligence
Contributory negligence in common-law jurisdictions is defense to a claim based on negligence, an action in tort. It applies to cases where a plaintiff/claimant has, through his own negligence, contributed to the harm he suffered...
.
Most states will follow one of three solutions to the problem:
1. Allow the plaintiff to recover the amount of total damages to him, reduced by the percentage of fault he is assigned.
2. Allow the plaintiff to recover only if he was an equal or lower percentage at fault than each defendant. Plaintiff's recovery is reduced as in (a.)
3. Allow the plaintiff to recover only if he was less at fault than each of the defendants. Plaintiff's recovery again reduced as above.
Second, consider the situation where a defendant apportioned some fault can not pay his portion of the damages. States will cover this situation differently. There are four options:
a. The plaintiff will not recover from this defendant, and the other defendants will be responsible only for their share. Thirteen states follow this approach.
The next three options involve the doctrine of joint and several liability
Joint and several liability
Where two or more persons are liable in respect of the same liability, in most common law legal systems they may either be:* jointly liable, or* severally liable, or* jointly and severally liable.-Joint liability:...
b. Any of the other defendants can be held responsible for the unpaid share. Fifteen states follow this approach (10 contributory responsibility, 5 which still follow contributory negligence
Contributory negligence
Contributory negligence in common-law jurisdictions is defense to a claim based on negligence, an action in tort. It applies to cases where a plaintiff/claimant has, through his own negligence, contributed to the harm he suffered...
.
c. The unpaid share will be reapportioned among the other defendants, according to their percentages. Some states hold that only defendants above a specific percentage will share.
d. The unpaid share will be reapportioned among the defendants AND plaintiff according to each party's percentage share.
Third, is the issure of when one defendant is not present, the same options as above are present. However there is the initial question of whether to allow the fault of an absent defendant to be considered. States, again, are split on these issues.
Lastly, we have the issue of negligence
Negligence
Negligence is a failure to exercise the care that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in like circumstances. The area of tort law known as negligence involves harm caused by carelessness, not intentional harm.According to Jay M...
and intentional torts in a single law suit.
Courts, in the majority, do not apply comparative responsibility to intentional torts. However, some courts apply comparative responsibility to intentional torts. The law and academia on this issue is very complex, but typically support holding intentional tortfeasors in a suit subject to joint and several liability
Joint and several liability
Where two or more persons are liable in respect of the same liability, in most common law legal systems they may either be:* jointly liable, or* severally liable, or* jointly and severally liable.-Joint liability:...
. Further, any negligent tortfeasor who negligently failed to protect the plaintiff from the intentional tortfeaser will be jointly and severally liable for the portion of the intentional tortfeasor's fault. This view is supported by the Restatement (Third) of Torts: Apportionment of Liability Section 1.
Even more complicated is the issue of whether comparative fault should be allowed in strict liability
Strict liability
In law, strict liability is a standard for liability which may exist in either a criminal or civil context. A rule specifying strict liability makes a person legally responsible for the damage and loss caused by his or her acts and omissions regardless of culpability...
actions. A minority of jurisdictions, starting with California (which also pioneered strict liability for defective products), have held that the jury should be allowed to apportion fault between plaintiffs and defendants even in strict products liability actions. Daly v. General Motors Corp., 20 Cal. 3d 725 (1978) (affirming defendant's right to introduce evidence that plaintiff was intoxicated and not using safety devices at time of accident in allegedly defective vehicle). However, the majority of jurisdictions have held that comparative fault is a poor fit with strict products liability.