Clark Glymour
Encyclopedia
Clark Glymour is the Alumni University Professor in the Department of Philosophy at Carnegie Mellon University. He is also a senior research scientist at the Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition. He is the founder of the Philosophy Department at Carnegie Mellon University, a Guggenheim Fellow, a Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences a Phi Beta Kappa lecturer, and is a Fellow of the statistics section of the AAAS. Glymour and his collaborators created the causal interpretation of Bayes nets. His areas of interest include epistemology (particularly Android epistemology
), machine learning
, automated reasoning
, psychology
of judgment, and mathematical psychology
. One of Glymour's main contributions to the philosophy of science is in the area of Bayesian probability
, particularly in his analysis of the Bayesian "problem of old evidence". Glymour, in collaboration with Peter Spirtes and Richard Scheines, also developed an automated causal inference algorithm implemented as software named TETRAD
. Using multivariate statistical data as input, TETRAD rapidly searches from among all possible causal relationship models and returns the most plausible causal models based on conditional dependence relationships between those variables. The algorithm is based on principles from statistics, graph theory, philosophy of science, and artificial intelligence.
Glymour earned undergraduate degrees in chemistry
and philosophy
. He did graduate work in chemical physics
and obtained a Ph.D in History and Philosophy of Science from Indiana University in 1969.
Android epistemology
Android epistemology is an approach to epistemology considering the space of possible machines and their capacities for knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, desires and for action in accord with their mental states. Thus, android epistemology incorporates artificial intelligence, computational cognitive...
), machine learning
Machine learning
Machine learning, a branch of artificial intelligence, is a scientific discipline concerned with the design and development of algorithms that allow computers to evolve behaviors based on empirical data, such as from sensor data or databases...
, automated reasoning
Automated reasoning
Automated reasoning is an area of computer science dedicated to understand different aspects of reasoning. The study in automated reasoning helps produce software which allows computers to reason completely, or nearly completely, automatically...
, psychology
Psychology
Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. Its immediate goal is to understand individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases. For many, the ultimate goal of psychology is to benefit society...
of judgment, and mathematical psychology
Mathematical psychology
Mathematical psychology is an approach to psychological research that is based on mathematical modeling of perceptual, cognitive and motor processes, and on the establishment of law-like rules that relate quantifiable stimulus characteristics with quantifiable behavior...
. One of Glymour's main contributions to the philosophy of science is in the area of Bayesian probability
Bayesian probability
Bayesian probability is one of the different interpretations of the concept of probability and belongs to the category of evidential probabilities. The Bayesian interpretation of probability can be seen as an extension of logic that enables reasoning with propositions, whose truth or falsity is...
, particularly in his analysis of the Bayesian "problem of old evidence". Glymour, in collaboration with Peter Spirtes and Richard Scheines, also developed an automated causal inference algorithm implemented as software named TETRAD
Tetrad
Tetrad may refer to:* Tetrad , Bivalents or Tetrad of homologous chromosomes consisting of four synapsed chromatids that become visible during the Pachytene stage of meiotic prophase...
. Using multivariate statistical data as input, TETRAD rapidly searches from among all possible causal relationship models and returns the most plausible causal models based on conditional dependence relationships between those variables. The algorithm is based on principles from statistics, graph theory, philosophy of science, and artificial intelligence.
Glymour earned undergraduate degrees in chemistry
Chemistry
Chemistry is the science of matter, especially its chemical reactions, but also its composition, structure and properties. Chemistry is concerned with atoms and their interactions with other atoms, and particularly with the properties of chemical bonds....
and philosophy
Philosophy
Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational...
. He did graduate work in chemical physics
Chemical physics
Chemical physics is a subdiscipline of chemistry and physics that investigates physicochemical phenomena using techniques from atomic and molecular physics and condensed matter physics; it is the branch of physics that studies chemical processes from the point of view of physics...
and obtained a Ph.D in History and Philosophy of Science from Indiana University in 1969.
Books
- Theory and Evidence (Princeton, 1980)
- Examining Holistic Medicine (with D. Stalker), Prometheus, 1985
- Foundations of Space-Time Theories (with J. Earman), University of Minnesota Press, 1986
- Discovering Causal Structure (with R. Scheines, P. Spirtes and K.Kelly) Academic Press, 1987
- Causation, Prediction and Search (with P.Spirtes and R. Scheines), Springer, 1993, 2nd Edition MIT Press, 2001
- Thinking Things Through, MIT Press, 1994
- Android Epistemology (with K. Ford and P. Hayes) MIT/AAAI Press, 1996
- The Mind's Arrows: Bayes Nets and Graphical Causal Models in Psychology, MIT Press, 2001
- Galileo in Pittsburgh Harvard University Press, 2010.
Journal articles
- When is a Brain Like the Planet?, Philosophy of SciencePhilosophy of scienceThe philosophy of science is concerned with the assumptions, foundations, methods and implications of science. It is also concerned with the use and merit of science and sometimes overlaps metaphysics and epistemology by exploring whether scientific results are actually a study of truth...
, 2008. - (with David Danks) Reasons as Causes in Bayesian Epistemology, Journal of PhilosophyJournal of PhilosophyThe Journal of Philosophy is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal on philosophy. Its stated purpose is "To publish philosophical articles of current interest and encourage the interchange of ideas, especially the exploration of the borderline between philosophy and other disciplines." The...
, 2008. - Markov Properties and Quantum Experiments, in W. Demopoulos and I. Pitowsky, eds. Physical Theory and Its Interpretation: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey BubJeffrey BubJeffrey Bub, born 1942, is a physicist and philosopher of science, and Distinguished Professor at the Committee for Philosophy and the Sciences, the Department of Philosophy and the Institute for Physical Science and Technology at the University of Maryland, College Park...
, Springer 2006. - (with Chu, T. and David Danks) Data Driven Methods for Granger Causality and Contemporaneous Causality with Non-Linear Corrections: Climate Teleconnection Mechanisms, 2004.
- Review of Phil Dowe and Paul Nordhoff: Cause and Chance: Causation in an Indeterministic World, MindMind (journal)Mind is a British journal, currently published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Mind Association, which deals with philosophy in the analytic tradition...
, 2005. - (with Eberhardt, Frederick, and Richard Scheines). N-1 Experiments Suffice to Determine the Causal Relations Among N Variables, 2004.
- (with F. Eberhardt and R. Scheines), Log2(N) Experiments are Sufficient, and in the Worst Case Necessary, for Identifying Causal Structure, UAI Proceedings, 2005
- (with Handley, Daniel, Nicoleta Serban, David Peters, Robert O'Doherty, Melvin Field, Larry Wasserman, Peter Spirtes, and Richard Scheines), Evidence of systematic expressed sequence tag IMAGE clone cross-hybridization on cDNA microarrays, GenomicsGenomicsGenomics is a discipline in genetics concerning the study of the genomes of organisms. The field includes intensive efforts to determine the entire DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scale genetic mapping efforts. The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as heterosis,...
, Vol. 83, Issue 6 (June, 2004), 1169-1175. - (with Handley, Daniel, Nicoleta Serban, and David G. Peters). Concerns About Unreliable Data from Spotted cDNA Microarrays Due to Cross-Hybridization and Sequence Errors, Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular BiologyStatistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular BiologyStatistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology is an online peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers the application of statistical ideas to problems arising from computational biology. It is published by the Berkeley Electronic Press and is the #5 ranked statistics journal in the...
, Vol. 3, Issue 1 (October 6, 2004), Article 25. - Comment on D. Lerner, The Illusion of Conscious Will, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, in press.
- Review of Joseph E. Early, Sr. (Ed.): Chemical Explanation: Characteristics, Development, Autonomy, Philosophy of Science, Vol. 71, No. 3 (July, 2004), 415-418.
- (with Spirtes, and Peter Glymour). Causal Inference, Encyclopedia of Social Science, in press
- We believe in freedom of the will so that we can learn, Behavioral and Brain SciencesBehavioral and Brain SciencesBehavioral and Brain Sciences is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of Open Peer Commentary founded in 1978 by Stevan Harnad and published by Cambridge University Press...
, Vol. 27, No. 5 (2004), 661-662. - The Automation of Discovery, DaedelusDaedalus (journal)Dædalus is a peer-reviewed academic journal founded in 1955 as the Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. It is published by MIT Press on behalf of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Each issue addresses a theme with essays on the arts, sciences, and humanities. Special...
, Vol. Winter (2004), 69-77. - (with Serban, Nicoleta, Larry Wasserman, David Peters, Peter Spirtes, Robert O'Doherty, Dan Handley, and Richard Scheines). Analysis of microarray data for treated fat cells, (2003).
- (with Danks, David, and Peter Spirtes). The Computational and Experimental Complexity of Gene Perturbations for Regulatory Network Search, (2003).
- (with Silva, Ricardo, Richard Scheines, and Peter Spirtes). Learning Measurement Models for Unobserved Variables, UAI '03, Proceedings of the 19th Conference in Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, August 7–10, 2003, Acapulco, Mexico (2003), 543-550.
- (with Danks, David and Peter Spirtes). The Computational and Experimental Complexity of Gene Perturbations for Regulatory Network Search, Proceedings of IJCAI-2003 Workshop on Learning Graphical Models for Computational Genomics, (2003), 22-31.
- (with Frank Wimberly, Thomas Heiman, and Joseph Ramsey). Experiments on the Accuracy of Algorithms for Inferring the Structure of Genetic Regulatory Networks from Microarray Expression Levels, International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence Workshop, 2003
- A Semantics and Methodology for Ceteris Paribus Hypotheses, ErkenntnisErkenntnisErkenntnis is a journal of philosophy that publishes papers in analytic philosophy. Its name is derived from the German word for knowledge recognition. The journal was founded by Hans Reichenbach and Rudolf Carnap in 1930. The journal was "refounded" by Wilhelm K. Essler, Carl G...
, Vol. 57 (2002), 395-405. - Review of James Woodward, Making Things Happen: A Theory of Causal Explanation, British Journal for Philosophy of Science, Vol. 55 (2004), 779-790.
- (with Fienberg, Stephen, and Richard Scheines). Expert statistical testimony and epidemiological evidence: the toxic effects of lead exposure on children, Journal of EconometricsJournal of EconometricsThe Journal of Econometrics is a leading scholarly journal in econometrics. It was first published in 1973. Its current editors are A.R. Gallant, J.F. Geweke, C. Hsiao, and P.M...
, Vol 113 (2003), 33-48. - Learning, prediction and causal Bayes Nets, Trends in Cognitive Science, Vol. 7, No. 1 (2003), 43-47.
- (with Gopnik, Alison, David M. Sobel, Laura E. Schulz, Tamar Kushnir, and David Danks). A theory of causal learning in children: Causal maps and Bayes nets, Psychological ReviewPsychological ReviewPsychological Review is a scientific journal that publishes articles on psychological theory. It was founded by Princeton psychologist James Mark Baldwin and Columbia psychologist James McKeen Cattell in 1894 as a publication vehicle for psychologists not connected with the Clark laboratory of G....
, Vol. 111, No. 1 (2004). - and many others dating back to 1970.