Clarence Hatry
Encyclopedia
Clarence Charles Hatry was a company promoter, financier, bankrupt, bookseller and publisher. The fall of the Hatry group in September 1929 is widely credited as a contributing factor to the Wall Street Crash of 1929.
J. K. Galbraith described Hatry as
Hatry found the First World War a chance to profiteer, and by 1921 he was the respected director of 15 corporations.
He had already come to the attention of the American public for a different reason: transporting Eastern European immigrants to the United States and Canada.
In 1924 his Commercial Corporation of London failed for $3.75 million. In some manner, three successive bankruptcies had left him successively richer. He built a new business empire, with investments in photographic supplies, cameras, vending machines, and loan offices.
In early 1929 investors flocked to the Hatry group: General Securities Ltd. (of which the 16th Marquis of Winchester was chairman); Austin Friars Trust, Ltd.; Dundee Trust; Oak Investment Corp.; Associated Automatic Machines Corp.; Drapery Trust; Retail Trade Corp.; Photomaton Parent Corp.; and Far Eastern Photomaton Corp.
Photomaton Parent Corporation Limited was set up by Clarence Hatry in 1928 to operate photograph machines in hundreds of public places such as railway stations, amusement parks, etc.
By 1929 he had returned to the top table of corporate finance, and had worked out his greatest project, a merger of steel and iron concerns into the $40 million United Steel Companies
. Just as this deal was to be consummated, the Stock Exchange Committee caught him borrowing $1 million on worthless paper. On September 20, 1929, the fraud became known and the Hatry empire collapsed.
Hatry owned the Westward, once the largest yacht in British waters, between 1919 and 1924. He was known to dive from her bowsprit. He was a keen swimmer and remarked: "swimming is the only sport that I, personally, enjoy."
Between 1922 and 1926 Hatry lived at 56 Upper Brook Street, previously occupied by David Ricardo
, economist, between 1812–23. Number 56 was built on what was originally an independent plot some forty-one feet in frontage and thirty-three in depth, with a narrow passage at the back from Blackburne's Mews. It was well-known as the only house with a rootop swimming pool in London, where he held bathing-suit parties.
Between 1934 and 1939 Hatry lived at 5 Great Stanhope Street in Mayfair
, near the mansion of the daughter of King George V. During his four years at No 5, Hatry spent £70,000 on the house. His improvements were of questionable, though indisputably exuberant, taste, as a contemporary newspaper report recorded: "He installed - among other luxurious things - a swimming bath on the principal bedroom floor, and a stone-floored Tudor-style cocktail bar in the sub-basement." He called the bar "Ye Old Stanhope Arms-Free House." Until his imprisonment, Hatry swam in the pool every morning, throughout the year despite this, he was described as a "sallow, baldish, unhealthy looking little man". Other physical anecdotes include an assertion that he nibbled his food like a woman.
for financing to allow him to complete a merger with United Steel Company, a UK firm. Norman had adamantly refused Hatry's bid for a bridge loan. By 17 September, when Hatry stock began to fall on the London exchange, Hatry had liabilities of 19 million pounds and assets of 4 million pounds. On 19 September, after Hatry had approached Lloyd's Bank in last a desperate bid for financing, he asked Sir Gilbert Garnsey, a chartered accountant, to intervene on his behalf.
However, Hatry did not tell Garnsey that he had been issuing stocks to try to cover the deal, and some of the stocks were fraudulent - the same certificates had been printed twice and given as security to different leading banks. Hatry had obtaining a million dollar loan on forged bearer scrip certificates of City of Wakefield 4½% stock - and an alert clerk had spotted the discrepancy.
Garnsey made a second approach to Norman for emergency financing, and was again rebuffed. By this point Norman had informed the chairman of the London Stock Exchange
that the Hatry group was bankrupt; in this conversation it was agreed that trading in Hatry shares would be suspended on 20 September.
On September 20, 1929 the London Stock Exchange
committee immediately suspended all shares of the Hatry group, which had been worth about £24 million pounds. On that day Hatry and his leading associates confessed to fraud and forgery in the office of Sir Archibald Bodkin
, the Director of Public Prosecutions
, went to have lunch at the Charing Cross Hotel, and were jailed.
Nine days later, the Wall Street Crash began.
, charged with forgery and fraud. Hatry's friends subscribed $95,000 to pay for his defence.
Hatry, his voice shaken with emotion said in his defence:
"When I saw that matters were getting serious, I pledged every penny I possessed, my reputation, and maybe my liberty to avert what I knew would otherwise be a terrible crash. I took a grave risk at a time when I could easily have let things go and walked off a free man. . . . By taking this risk now my name has become a byword and I am irretrievably and irreparably ruined."
Hatry was released after serving nine years of his sentence.
Hatry died, aged 76, in 1965.
J. K. Galbraith described Hatry as
...one of those curiously un-English figures with whom the English periodically find themselves unable to cope.
Before the crash - business
Hatry began his professional career as an insurance clerk in London's West End. Shrewd fellow-promoters remember that "Clarence" made his first killing in silk, and then recouped the ensuing bankruptcy in insurance, through City Equitable. City Equitable was a modest reinsurance business when it was bought from German and Austrian owners in 1914 for £60,000; Hatry reorganised it in six months and sold a controlling interest for £250,000 to Gerald Lee Bevan and an associate called Peter Haig Thomas.Hatry found the First World War a chance to profiteer, and by 1921 he was the respected director of 15 corporations.
He had already come to the attention of the American public for a different reason: transporting Eastern European immigrants to the United States and Canada.
In 1924 his Commercial Corporation of London failed for $3.75 million. In some manner, three successive bankruptcies had left him successively richer. He built a new business empire, with investments in photographic supplies, cameras, vending machines, and loan offices.
In early 1929 investors flocked to the Hatry group: General Securities Ltd. (of which the 16th Marquis of Winchester was chairman); Austin Friars Trust, Ltd.; Dundee Trust; Oak Investment Corp.; Associated Automatic Machines Corp.; Drapery Trust; Retail Trade Corp.; Photomaton Parent Corp.; and Far Eastern Photomaton Corp.
Photomaton Parent Corporation Limited was set up by Clarence Hatry in 1928 to operate photograph machines in hundreds of public places such as railway stations, amusement parks, etc.
By 1929 he had returned to the top table of corporate finance, and had worked out his greatest project, a merger of steel and iron concerns into the $40 million United Steel Companies
United Steel Companies
The United Steel Companies were a steel making, engineering, coal mining and coal by-product group based in South Yorkshire and Lincolnshire.-History:...
. Just as this deal was to be consummated, the Stock Exchange Committee caught him borrowing $1 million on worthless paper. On September 20, 1929, the fraud became known and the Hatry empire collapsed.
Before the crash - personal life
Hatry was not shy in hiding his wealth: his office suite had ornate bathrooms, he has swimming pools in his Mayfair homes, a yacht, and a racing stable.Hatry owned the Westward, once the largest yacht in British waters, between 1919 and 1924. He was known to dive from her bowsprit. He was a keen swimmer and remarked: "swimming is the only sport that I, personally, enjoy."
Between 1922 and 1926 Hatry lived at 56 Upper Brook Street, previously occupied by David Ricardo
David Ricardo
David Ricardo was an English political economist, often credited with systematising economics, and was one of the most influential of the classical economists, along with Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith, and John Stuart Mill. He was also a member of Parliament, businessman, financier and speculator,...
, economist, between 1812–23. Number 56 was built on what was originally an independent plot some forty-one feet in frontage and thirty-three in depth, with a narrow passage at the back from Blackburne's Mews. It was well-known as the only house with a rootop swimming pool in London, where he held bathing-suit parties.
Between 1934 and 1939 Hatry lived at 5 Great Stanhope Street in Mayfair
Mayfair
Mayfair is an area of central London, within the City of Westminster.-History:Mayfair is named after the annual fortnight-long May Fair that took place on the site that is Shepherd Market today...
, near the mansion of the daughter of King George V. During his four years at No 5, Hatry spent £70,000 on the house. His improvements were of questionable, though indisputably exuberant, taste, as a contemporary newspaper report recorded: "He installed - among other luxurious things - a swimming bath on the principal bedroom floor, and a stone-floored Tudor-style cocktail bar in the sub-basement." He called the bar "Ye Old Stanhope Arms-Free House." Until his imprisonment, Hatry swam in the pool every morning, throughout the year despite this, he was described as a "sallow, baldish, unhealthy looking little man". Other physical anecdotes include an assertion that he nibbled his food like a woman.
The crash
Hatry asserted that in late August 1929 he had made a secret visit to the Bank of England to appeal to Montagu NormanMontagu Norman
Montagu Collet Norman, 1st Baron Norman DSO PC was an English banker, best known for his role as the Governor of the Bank of England from 1920 to 1944...
for financing to allow him to complete a merger with United Steel Company, a UK firm. Norman had adamantly refused Hatry's bid for a bridge loan. By 17 September, when Hatry stock began to fall on the London exchange, Hatry had liabilities of 19 million pounds and assets of 4 million pounds. On 19 September, after Hatry had approached Lloyd's Bank in last a desperate bid for financing, he asked Sir Gilbert Garnsey, a chartered accountant, to intervene on his behalf.
However, Hatry did not tell Garnsey that he had been issuing stocks to try to cover the deal, and some of the stocks were fraudulent - the same certificates had been printed twice and given as security to different leading banks. Hatry had obtaining a million dollar loan on forged bearer scrip certificates of City of Wakefield 4½% stock - and an alert clerk had spotted the discrepancy.
Garnsey made a second approach to Norman for emergency financing, and was again rebuffed. By this point Norman had informed the chairman of the London Stock Exchange
London Stock Exchange
The London Stock Exchange is a stock exchange located in the City of London within the United Kingdom. , the Exchange had a market capitalisation of US$3.7495 trillion, making it the fourth-largest stock exchange in the world by this measurement...
that the Hatry group was bankrupt; in this conversation it was agreed that trading in Hatry shares would be suspended on 20 September.
On September 20, 1929 the London Stock Exchange
London Stock Exchange
The London Stock Exchange is a stock exchange located in the City of London within the United Kingdom. , the Exchange had a market capitalisation of US$3.7495 trillion, making it the fourth-largest stock exchange in the world by this measurement...
committee immediately suspended all shares of the Hatry group, which had been worth about £24 million pounds. On that day Hatry and his leading associates confessed to fraud and forgery in the office of Sir Archibald Bodkin
Archibald Bodkin
Sir Archibald Henry Bodkin KCB was an English lawyer and the Director of Public Prosecutions from 1920 to 1930. He particularly took a stand against the publication of what he saw as 'obscene' literature.-Early years:...
, the Director of Public Prosecutions
Director of Public Prosecutions
The Director of Public Prosecutions is the officer charged with the prosecution of criminal offences in several criminal jurisdictions around the world...
, went to have lunch at the Charing Cross Hotel, and were jailed.
Nine days later, the Wall Street Crash began.
The trial
In late December 1929 Hatry, along with Albert Edward Tabor, Edmund Daniels and Charles Graham Dixon, were tried at the Old BaileyOld Bailey
The Central Criminal Court in England and Wales, commonly known as the Old Bailey from the street in which it stands, is a court building in central London, one of a number of buildings housing the Crown Court...
, charged with forgery and fraud. Hatry's friends subscribed $95,000 to pay for his defence.
Hatry, his voice shaken with emotion said in his defence:
"When I saw that matters were getting serious, I pledged every penny I possessed, my reputation, and maybe my liberty to avert what I knew would otherwise be a terrible crash. I took a grave risk at a time when I could easily have let things go and walked off a free man. . . . By taking this risk now my name has become a byword and I am irretrievably and irreparably ruined."
Jail
Hatry was jailed in Brixton Prison. The first two years were spent at hard labor. The first two weeks of his sentence he had to sleep on bare boards, and for 28 days he had to crush rocks on the stonepile. After that he was given the slightly less difficult task of making mail bags. He also served a stint as prison librarian.Hatry was released after serving nine years of his sentence.
Hatry died, aged 76, in 1965.