Capture of Mannheim
Encyclopedia
The Capture of Mannheim took place on 2 November, 1622, by the Spanish-Imperial army commanded by Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly and Don Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba against the Protestant troops under the Englishman Sir Horace Vere
during the Thirty Years' War
.
held Frankenthal
, Mannheim
and Heidelberg
, but the rest of the Palatinate fell into Spanish hands.
On 19, September, 1622, the Spanish-Imperial army defeated the Protestant troops under Sir Gerard Herbert
at Heidelberg
and the Catholic army went on to conquer the town.
. The city was defended by the Anglo-German-Protestants
troops commanded by Horace Vere
. The Spanish commanders, the Count of Tilly and Gonzalo de Córdoba, subjected Manheim to a siege, and the Spanish-Imperial forces swiftly defeated the Protestant troops. The city was conquered by the Spaniards, and Vere, and a few hundred of his men, retired to the citadel. Finally, and without hope of reinforcements, Vere was forced to capitulate. Just Frankenthal
remained under control of the Protestants commanded by Sir John Burroughs
, but was taken one year later by the Spanish troops.
against great odds was recognised in England
, when the General returned early in February, 1623, even if his salary and expenses were never paid in full by the treasury. On 16 February, 1623, he was appointed Master-General of the Ordnance
for life, and he became a member of the Council of War
on 20 July, 1624.
In 1624, Vere
travelled once more to The Hague
in order to second Prince Maurice of Orange in the defence of the important fortress of Breda
, under siege by the Spaniards under Don Ambrosio Spinola from August.
Horace Vere
Sir Horace Vere, 1st Baron Vere of Tilbury was an English military leader during the Eighty Years' War and the Thirty Years' War, a son of Geoffrey Vere and brother of Francis Vere. He was sent to the Palatinate by James I in 1620...
during the Thirty Years' War
Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War was fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most countries in Europe. It was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history....
.
Background
In September, 1620, the Spanish-Imperial troops led by the Count of Tilly and Gonzalo de Córdoba invaded and conquered the Lower Palatinate. The Protestant garrison under Sir Horace VereHorace Vere
Sir Horace Vere, 1st Baron Vere of Tilbury was an English military leader during the Eighty Years' War and the Thirty Years' War, a son of Geoffrey Vere and brother of Francis Vere. He was sent to the Palatinate by James I in 1620...
held Frankenthal
Frankenthal
Frankenthal is a town in southwestern Germany, in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.- History :Frankenthal was first mentioned in 772. In 1119 an Augustinian monastery was built here, the ruins of which — known, after the founder, as the Erkenbertruine — still stand today in the town...
, Mannheim
Mannheim
Mannheim is a city in southwestern Germany. With about 315,000 inhabitants, Mannheim is the second-largest city in the Bundesland of Baden-Württemberg, following the capital city of Stuttgart....
and Heidelberg
Heidelberg
-Early history:Between 600,000 and 200,000 years ago, "Heidelberg Man" died at nearby Mauer. His jaw bone was discovered in 1907; with scientific dating, his remains were determined to be the earliest evidence of human life in Europe. In the 5th century BC, a Celtic fortress of refuge and place of...
, but the rest of the Palatinate fell into Spanish hands.
On 19, September, 1622, the Spanish-Imperial army defeated the Protestant troops under Sir Gerard Herbert
Gerard Herbert
Sir Gerard Herbert was an English commander during the Eighty Years' War and the Thirty Years' War. He participated in the Siege of Heidelberg and was defeated by the Spanish-Imperial troops of Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly and Don Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba.-External links:* *...
at Heidelberg
Heidelberg
-Early history:Between 600,000 and 200,000 years ago, "Heidelberg Man" died at nearby Mauer. His jaw bone was discovered in 1907; with scientific dating, his remains were determined to be the earliest evidence of human life in Europe. In the 5th century BC, a Celtic fortress of refuge and place of...
and the Catholic army went on to conquer the town.
Siege of Mannheim
The Spanish continued their progress towards MannheimMannheim
Mannheim is a city in southwestern Germany. With about 315,000 inhabitants, Mannheim is the second-largest city in the Bundesland of Baden-Württemberg, following the capital city of Stuttgart....
. The city was defended by the Anglo-German-Protestants
Protestantism
Protestantism is one of the three major groupings within Christianity. It is a movement that began in Germany in the early 16th century as a reaction against medieval Roman Catholic doctrines and practices, especially in regards to salvation, justification, and ecclesiology.The doctrines of the...
troops commanded by Horace Vere
Horace Vere
Sir Horace Vere, 1st Baron Vere of Tilbury was an English military leader during the Eighty Years' War and the Thirty Years' War, a son of Geoffrey Vere and brother of Francis Vere. He was sent to the Palatinate by James I in 1620...
. The Spanish commanders, the Count of Tilly and Gonzalo de Córdoba, subjected Manheim to a siege, and the Spanish-Imperial forces swiftly defeated the Protestant troops. The city was conquered by the Spaniards, and Vere, and a few hundred of his men, retired to the citadel. Finally, and without hope of reinforcements, Vere was forced to capitulate. Just Frankenthal
Frankenthal
Frankenthal is a town in southwestern Germany, in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.- History :Frankenthal was first mentioned in 772. In 1119 an Augustinian monastery was built here, the ruins of which — known, after the founder, as the Erkenbertruine — still stand today in the town...
remained under control of the Protestants commanded by Sir John Burroughs
Sir John Burroughs
Sir John Burroughs or "Borough" was a 17th-century English soldier and military commander in the protestant army commanded by Horace Vere in the Palatinate, during the Eighty Years' War and the Thirty Years' War....
, but was taken one year later by the Spanish troops.
Aftermath
The courage displayed by Horace VereHorace Vere
Sir Horace Vere, 1st Baron Vere of Tilbury was an English military leader during the Eighty Years' War and the Thirty Years' War, a son of Geoffrey Vere and brother of Francis Vere. He was sent to the Palatinate by James I in 1620...
against great odds was recognised in England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
, when the General returned early in February, 1623, even if his salary and expenses were never paid in full by the treasury. On 16 February, 1623, he was appointed Master-General of the Ordnance
Master-General of the Ordnance
The Master-General of the Ordnance was a very senior British military position before 1855, when the Board of Ordnance was abolished.-Responsibilities:...
for life, and he became a member of the Council of War
Council of war
A council of war is a term in military science that describes a meeting held to decide on a course of action, usually in the midst of a battle. Under normal circumstances, decisions are made by a commanding officer, optionally communicated and coordinated by staff officers, and then implemented by...
on 20 July, 1624.
In 1624, Vere
Horace Vere
Sir Horace Vere, 1st Baron Vere of Tilbury was an English military leader during the Eighty Years' War and the Thirty Years' War, a son of Geoffrey Vere and brother of Francis Vere. He was sent to the Palatinate by James I in 1620...
travelled once more to The Hague
The Hague
The Hague is the capital city of the province of South Holland in the Netherlands. With a population of 500,000 inhabitants , it is the third largest city of the Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam...
in order to second Prince Maurice of Orange in the defence of the important fortress of Breda
Breda
Breda is a municipality and a city in the southern part of the Netherlands. The name Breda derived from brede Aa and refers to the confluence of the rivers Mark and Aa. As a fortified city, the city was of strategic military and political significance...
, under siege by the Spaniards under Don Ambrosio Spinola from August.
See also
- Electorate of Palatinate
- James I of EnglandJames I of EnglandJames VI and I was King of Scots as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the English and Scottish crowns on 24 March 1603...
- Charles I of EnglandCharles I of EnglandCharles I was King of England, King of Scotland, and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. Charles engaged in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England, attempting to obtain royal revenue whilst Parliament sought to curb his Royal prerogative which Charles...
- League of Evangelical Union
- Catholic LeagueCatholic League (German)The German Catholic League was initially a loose confederation of Roman Catholic German states formed on July 10, 1609 to counteract the Protestant Union , whereby the participating states concluded an alliance "for the defence of the Catholic religion and peace within the Empire." Modeled...
- English ReformationEnglish ReformationThe English Reformation was the series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church....
- Siege of Breda (1624)