CX3CR1
Encyclopedia
CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) also known as the fractalkine receptor or G-protein coupled receptor 13 (GPR13) is a protein
that in humans is encoded by the CX3CR1 gene
. As the name suggests, this receptor binds the chemokine CX3CL1
(also called neurotactin or fractalkine).
and migration
of leukocytes. The protein encoded by this gene is a receptor for fractalkine.
Expression of this receptor appears to be associated with lymphocytes. CX3CR1 is also expressed by monocytes and plays major role in the survival of monocytes.
Fractalkine has also recently been discovered to play a developmental role in the migration of microglia
in the central nervous system
to their synaptic targets, where phagocytosis and synaptic refinement occur.
.
Protein
Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of...
that in humans is encoded by the CX3CR1 gene
Gene
A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains...
. As the name suggests, this receptor binds the chemokine CX3CL1
CX3CL1
Chemokine ligand 1 is a large cytokine protein of 373 amino acids, it contains multiple domains and is the only known member of the CX3C chemokine family. It is also commonly known under the names fractalkine and neurotactin . The polypeptide structure of CXC3L1 differs from the typical...
(also called neurotactin or fractalkine).
Function
Fractalkine is a transmembrane protein and chemokine involved in the adhesionCell adhesion
Cellular adhesion is the binding of a cell to a surface, extracellular matrix or another cell using cell adhesion molecules such as selectins, integrins, and cadherins. Correct cellular adhesion is essential in maintaining multicellular structure...
and migration
Cell migration
Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Tissue formation during embryonic development, wound healing and immune responses all require the orchestrated movement of cells in particular directions to specific locations...
of leukocytes. The protein encoded by this gene is a receptor for fractalkine.
Expression of this receptor appears to be associated with lymphocytes. CX3CR1 is also expressed by monocytes and plays major role in the survival of monocytes.
Fractalkine has also recently been discovered to play a developmental role in the migration of microglia
Microglia
Microglia are a type of glial cell that are the resident macrophages of the brain and spinal cord, and thus act as the first and main form of active immune defense in the central nervous system . Microglia constitute 20% of the total glial cell population within the brain...
in the central nervous system
Central nervous system
The central nervous system is the part of the nervous system that integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies of bilaterian animals—that is, all multicellular animals except sponges and radially symmetric animals such as jellyfish...
to their synaptic targets, where phagocytosis and synaptic refinement occur.
Clinical significance
CX3CR1 also is a coreceptor for HIV-1, and some variations in this gene lead to increased susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and rapid progression to AIDSAIDS
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus...
.