C0 and C1 control codes
Encyclopedia
Most character encodings
, in addition to representing printable characters, may also represent additional information about the text, such as the position of a cursor, an instruction to start a new line, or a message that the text has been received. The C0 and C1
control code sets define control codes for use in text by computer systems that use the ISO/IEC 2022
system of specifying control and graphic characters.
The C0 set defines codes in the range 00HEX
–1FHEX and the C1 set defines codes in the range 80HEX–9FHEX. The default C0 set was originally defined in ISO 646 (ASCII
), while the default C1 set was originally defined in ECMA-48 (harmonized later with ISO 6429). While other C0 and C1 sets are available for specialized applications, they are rarely used.
While the C1 control characters are used in conjunction with the ISO/IEC 8859
series of graphical character sets among others, and are integrated into Unicode
, they are rarely used directly, except on specific platforms such as OpenVMS
. When they turn up in documents, Web pages, e-mail messages, etc., which are ostensibly in an ISO-8859-n encoding, their code positions generally refer instead to the characters at that position in a proprietary, system-specific encoding such as Windows-1252
or the Apple Macintosh ("MacRoman") character set that use the codes provided for representation of the C1 set with a single 8-bit byte to instead provide additional graphic characters, though this is technically invalid under the ISO encodings. The byte values for the C1 set are also used by the UTF-8
encoding of Unicode. Thus the corresponding control functions are more commonly accessed using the equivalent two byte escape sequence intended for use with systems that have only 7-bit bytes.
Computer applications dealing with plain text only need to concern themselves with the six format effectors (
The ESC code is used extensively to introduce commands to control printing and display devices. For instance in the ANSI escape code
s, and PCL
, the printer language from Hewlett-Packard
printers and compatibles.
NUL has the meaning of "end of string" in C programming language
and derivatives such as C++. This meaning is usually not intended in a text stream, but the result is that NUL often cannot be assigned any other meaning.
In addition, some transmission protocols such as ANPA-1312
do make extensive use of control characters SOH, STX, ETX and EOT. Other well known but now nearly obsolete ones are BEL, ACK, NAK and SYN.
The official English language names of some control codes were revised in the most recent edition of the standard for control codes in general (ISO 6429:1992 or ECMA-48:1991) to be neutral with respect to the graphic characters used with them, and to not assume that, as in the Latin script, lines are written on a page from top to bottom and that characters are written on a line from left to right. The abbreviations used were not changed, as the standard had already specified that those would remain unchanged when the standard is translated to other languages. Where the name has been changed, the original name from which the abbreviation was derived is also given in small type in the tables below.
extension mechanism, they are designated as the active C0 control character set with the octet sequence
extension mechanism, they are designated as the active C1 control character set with the sequence
Character encoding
A character encoding system consists of a code that pairs each character from a given repertoire with something else, such as a sequence of natural numbers, octets or electrical pulses, in order to facilitate the transmission of data through telecommunication networks or storage of text in...
, in addition to representing printable characters, may also represent additional information about the text, such as the position of a cursor, an instruction to start a new line, or a message that the text has been received. The C0 and C1
control code sets define control codes for use in text by computer systems that use the ISO/IEC 2022
ISO/IEC 2022
ISO/IEC 2022 Information technology—Character code structure and extension techniques, is an ISO standard specifying...
system of specifying control and graphic characters.
The C0 set defines codes in the range 00HEX
Hexadecimal
In mathematics and computer science, hexadecimal is a positional numeral system with a radix, or base, of 16. It uses sixteen distinct symbols, most often the symbols 0–9 to represent values zero to nine, and A, B, C, D, E, F to represent values ten to fifteen...
–1FHEX and the C1 set defines codes in the range 80HEX–9FHEX. The default C0 set was originally defined in ISO 646 (ASCII
ASCII
The American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a character-encoding scheme based on the ordering of the English alphabet. ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text...
), while the default C1 set was originally defined in ECMA-48 (harmonized later with ISO 6429). While other C0 and C1 sets are available for specialized applications, they are rarely used.
While the C1 control characters are used in conjunction with the ISO/IEC 8859
ISO/IEC 8859
ISO/IEC 8859 is a joint ISO and IEC series of standards for 8-bit character encodings. The series of standards consists of numbered parts, such as ISO/IEC 8859-1, ISO/IEC 8859-2, etc. There are 15 parts, excluding the abandoned ISO/IEC 8859-12...
series of graphical character sets among others, and are integrated into Unicode
Unicode
Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems...
, they are rarely used directly, except on specific platforms such as OpenVMS
OpenVMS
OpenVMS , previously known as VAX-11/VMS, VAX/VMS or VMS, is a computer server operating system that runs on VAX, Alpha and Itanium-based families of computers. Contrary to what its name suggests, OpenVMS is not open source software; however, the source listings are available for purchase...
. When they turn up in documents, Web pages, e-mail messages, etc., which are ostensibly in an ISO-8859-n encoding, their code positions generally refer instead to the characters at that position in a proprietary, system-specific encoding such as Windows-1252
Windows-1252
Windows-1252 or CP-1252 is a character encoding of the Latin alphabet, used by default in the legacy components of Microsoft Windows in English and some other Western languages. It is one version within the group of Windows code pages...
or the Apple Macintosh ("MacRoman") character set that use the codes provided for representation of the C1 set with a single 8-bit byte to instead provide additional graphic characters, though this is technically invalid under the ISO encodings. The byte values for the C1 set are also used by the UTF-8
UTF-8
UTF-8 is a multibyte character encoding for Unicode. Like UTF-16 and UTF-32, UTF-8 can represent every character in the Unicode character set. Unlike them, it is backward-compatible with ASCII and avoids the complications of endianness and byte order marks...
encoding of Unicode. Thus the corresponding control functions are more commonly accessed using the equivalent two byte escape sequence intended for use with systems that have only 7-bit bytes.
Computer applications dealing with plain text only need to concern themselves with the six format effectors (
0x08 through 0x0D) in the default C0 set. Only HT, LF, and CR are universally well handled, as BS is often used by applications to indicate deleting the previous character, and VT and FF are often poorly handled by applications that do not assume the use of a fixed character and page size. On the other hand, the C1 control character NEL intended as a single byte substitute for the common two-byte sequence CR LF is often accepted by plain text applications. Very few applications interpret the other C0 and C1 control codes, as they are not needed for plain text.The ESC code is used extensively to introduce commands to control printing and display devices. For instance in the ANSI escape code
ANSI escape code
ANSI escape sequences are characters embedded in the text used to control formatting, color, and other output options on video text terminals. Almost all terminal emulators designed to show text output from a remote computer, and to show text output from local software, interpret at least some of...
s, and PCL
Printer Command Language
Printer Command Language, more commonly referred to as PCL, is a page description language developed by Hewlett-Packard as a printer protocol and has become a de facto industry standard. Originally developed for early inkjet printers in 1984, PCL has been released in varying levels for thermal,...
, the printer language from Hewlett-Packard
Hewlett-Packard
Hewlett-Packard Company or HP is an American multinational information technology corporation headquartered in Palo Alto, California, USA that provides products, technologies, softwares, solutions and services to consumers, small- and medium-sized businesses and large enterprises, including...
printers and compatibles.
NUL has the meaning of "end of string" in C programming language
C (programming language)
C is a general-purpose computer programming language developed between 1969 and 1973 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system....
and derivatives such as C++. This meaning is usually not intended in a text stream, but the result is that NUL often cannot be assigned any other meaning.
In addition, some transmission protocols such as ANPA-1312
ANPA-1312
ANPA-1312 is a 7-bit news agency text markup specification published by the Newspaper Association of America, designed to standardize the content and structure of text news articles....
do make extensive use of control characters SOH, STX, ETX and EOT. Other well known but now nearly obsolete ones are BEL, ACK, NAK and SYN.
The official English language names of some control codes were revised in the most recent edition of the standard for control codes in general (ISO 6429:1992 or ECMA-48:1991) to be neutral with respect to the graphic characters used with them, and to not assume that, as in the Latin script, lines are written on a page from top to bottom and that characters are written on a line from left to right. The abbreviations used were not changed, as the standard had already specified that those would remain unchanged when the standard is translated to other languages. Where the name has been changed, the original name from which the abbreviation was derived is also given in small type in the tables below.
C0 (ASCII and derivatives)
These are the standard ASCII control codes. If using the ISO/IEC 2022ISO/IEC 2022
ISO/IEC 2022 Information technology—Character code structure and extension techniques, is an ISO standard specifying...
extension mechanism, they are designated as the active C0 control character set with the octet sequence
0x1B 0x21 0x40 (ESC ! @).
| Seq Caret notation Caret notation is a notation for unprintable control characters in ASCII encoding. The notation consists of a caret followed by a capital letter; this digraph stands for the ASCII code that has the numerical value equivalent to the letter's numerical value. For example the EOT character with a... | Dec | Hex | Acro | Name | C C (programming language) C is a general-purpose computer programming language developed between 1969 and 1973 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system.... | Description | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
^@ |
00 | 00 | NUL | Null Null character The null character , abbreviated NUL, is a control character with the value zero.It is present in many character sets, including ISO/IEC 646 , the C0 control code, the Universal Character Set , and EBCDIC... |
\0 |
Originally used to allow gaps to be left on paper tape for edits. Later used for padding after a code that might take a terminal some time to process (e.g. a carriage return or line feed on a printing terminal). Now often used as a string terminator, especially in the C programming language C (programming language) C is a general-purpose computer programming language developed between 1969 and 1973 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system.... . |
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^A |
01 | 01 | SOH | Start of Heading | First character of a message header. | ||||
^B |
02 | 02 | STX | Start of text | First character of message text, and may be used to terminate the message heading. | ||||
^C |
03 | 03 | ETX | End of Text End-of-text character The End Of Text character is an ASCII control character used to inform the receiving computer that the end of the data stream has been reached. This may or may not be an indication that all of the data has been received.... |
Often used as a "break" character (Ctrl-C) to interrupt or terminate a program or process. | ||||
^D |
04 | 04 | EOT | End of Transmission End-of-transmission character In telecommunication, an end-of-transmission character is a transmission control character. Its intended use is to indicate the conclusion of a transmission that may have included one or more texts and any associated message headings.... |
Used on Unix Unix Unix is a multitasking, multi-user computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna... to signal end-of-file condition on, or to logout from a terminal. |
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^E |
05 | 05 | ENQ | Enquiry Enquiry character In computer communications, enquiry is a transmission-control character that requests a response from the receiving station with which a connection has been set up. It represents a signal intended to trigger a response at the receiving end, to see if it is still present... |
Signal intended to trigger a response at the receiving end, to see if it is still present. | ||||
^F |
06 | 06 | ACK | Acknowledge Acknowledge character In telecommunications, an acknowledge character is a transmission control character transmitted by the receiving station as an acknowledgement, i.e... |
Response to an ENQ, or an indication of successful receipt of a message. | ||||
^G |
07 | 07 | BEL | Bell Bell character A bell code is a device control code originally sent to ring a small electromechanical bell on tickers and other teleprinters and teletypewriters to alert operators at the other end of the line, often of an incoming message... |
\a |
Originally used to sound a bell Bell (instrument) A bell is a simple sound-making device. The bell is a percussion instrument and an idiophone. Its form is usually a hollow, cup-shaped object, which resonates upon being struck... on the terminal. Later used for a beep on systems that didn't have a physical bell. May also quickly turn on and off inverse video (a visual bell). |
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^H |
08 | 08 | BS | Backspace Backspace Backspace is the keyboard key that originally pushed the typewriter carriage one position backwards, and in modern computer displays moves the cursor one position backwards, deletes the preceding character, and shifts back the text after it by one position.... |
\b |
Move the cursor one position leftwards. On input, this may delete the character to the left of the cursor. On output, where in early computer technology a character once printed could not be erased, the backspace was sometimes used to generate accented characters in ASCII. For example, à could be produced using the three character sequence a BS ` (0x61 0x08 0x60). This usage is now deprecated and generally not supported. To provide disambiguation between the two potential uses of backspace, the cancel characterCancel character In telecommunication, the term cancel character has the following meanings:#A control character used to indicate that the data with which it is associated are in error or are to be disregarded.... control code was made part of the standard C1 control set. |
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^I |
09 | 09 | HT | Character Tabulation, Horizontal Tabulation | \t |
Position to the next character tab stop Tab stop A tab stop on a typewriter is a location where the carriage movement is halted by mechanical gears. Tab stops are set manually, and pressing the tab key causes the carriage to go to the next tab stop... . |
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^J |
10 | 0A | LF | Line Feed | \n |
On typewriter Typewriter A typewriter is a mechanical or electromechanical device with keys that, when pressed, cause characters to be printed on a medium, usually paper. Typically one character is printed per keypress, and the machine prints the characters by making ink impressions of type elements similar to the pieces... s, printers Computer printer In computing, a printer is a peripheral which produces a text or graphics of documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as paper or transparencies. Many printers are primarily used as local peripherals, and are attached by a printer cable or, in most new printers, a... , and some terminal emulators, moves the cursor down one row without affecting its column position. On Unix, used to mark end-of-line. In MS-DOS MS-DOS MS-DOS is an operating system for x86-based personal computers. It was the most commonly used member of the DOS family of operating systems, and was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s to the mid 1990s, until it was gradually superseded by operating... , Windows Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows is a series of operating systems produced by Microsoft.Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20, 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal... , and various network standards, LF is used following CR as part of the end-of-line mark. |
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^K |
11 | 0B | VT | Line Tabulation, Vertical Tabulation | \v |
Position the form at the next line tab stop. | |||
^L |
12 | 0C | FF | Form Feed | \f |
On printers, load the next page. Treated as whitespace in many programming languages, and may be used to separate logical divisions in code. In some terminal emulators, it clears the screen. | |||
^M |
13 | 0D | CR | Carriage Return Carriage return Carriage return, often shortened to return, refers to a control character or mechanism used to start a new line of text.Originally, the term "carriage return" referred to a mechanism or lever on a typewriter... |
\r |
Originally used to move the cursor to column zero while staying on the same line. On Mac OS Mac OS Mac OS is a series of graphical user interface-based operating systems developed by Apple Inc. for their Macintosh line of computer systems. The Macintosh user experience is credited with popularizing the graphical user interface... (pre-Mac OS X Mac OS X Mac OS X is a series of Unix-based operating systems and graphical user interfaces developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. Since 2002, has been included with all new Macintosh computer systems... ), as well as in earlier systems such as the Apple II Apple II The Apple II is an 8-bit home computer, one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products, designed primarily by Steve Wozniak, manufactured by Apple Computer and introduced in 1977... and Commodore 64 Commodore 64 The Commodore 64 is an 8-bit home computer introduced by Commodore International in January 1982.Volume production started in the spring of 1982, with machines being released on to the market in August at a price of US$595... , used to mark end-of-line. In MS-DOS MS-DOS MS-DOS is an operating system for x86-based personal computers. It was the most commonly used member of the DOS family of operating systems, and was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s to the mid 1990s, until it was gradually superseded by operating... , Windows Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows is a series of operating systems produced by Microsoft.Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20, 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal... , and various network standards, it is used preceding LF as part of the end-of-line mark. The Enter or Return key on a keyboard will send this character, but it may be converted to a different end-of-line sequence by a terminal program. |
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^N |
14 | 0E | SO | Shift Out Shift Out and Shift In characters Shift Out and Shift In are ASCII control characters 14 and 15, respectively . The original meaning of those characters was to switch to a different character set and back. This was used, for instance, in the Russian character set known as KOI7, where SO starts printing Russian... |
Switch to an alternate character set. | ||||
^O |
15 | 0F | SI | Shift In Shift Out and Shift In characters Shift Out and Shift In are ASCII control characters 14 and 15, respectively . The original meaning of those characters was to switch to a different character set and back. This was used, for instance, in the Russian character set known as KOI7, where SO starts printing Russian... |
Return to regular character set after Shift Out. | ||||
^P |
16 | 10 | DLE | Data Link Escape | Cause the following octets to be interpreted as raw data, not as control codes or graphic characters. Returning to normal usage would be implementation dependent. | ||||
^Q |
17 | 11 | DC1 | Device Control One (XON) | These four control codes are reserved for device control, with the interpretation dependent upon the device they were connected. DC1 and DC2 were intended primarily to indicate activating a device while DC3 and DC4 were intended primarily to indicate pausing or turning off a device. In actual practice DC1 and DC3 (known also as XON and XOFF respectively in this usage) quickly became the de facto standard for software flow control Flow control In data communications, flow control is the process of managing the pacing of data transmission between two nodes to prevent a fast sender from outrunning a slow receiver. It provides a mechanism for the receiver to control the transmission speed, so that the receiving node is not overwhelmed with... . |
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^R |
18 | 12 | DC2 | Device Control Two | |||||
^S |
19 | 13 | DC3 | Device Control Three (XOFF) | |||||
^T |
20 | 14 | DC4 | Device Control Four | |||||
^U |
21 | 15 | NAK | Negative Acknowledge Negative-acknowledge character * In telecommunications, a negative-acknowledge character is a transmission control character sent by a station as a negative response to the station with which the connection has been set up.... |
Sent by a station as a negative response to the station with which the connection has been set up. In binary synchronous communication protocol, the NAK is used to indicate that an error was detected in the previously received block and that the receiver is ready to accept retransmission of that block. In multipoint systems, the NAK is used as the not-ready reply to a poll. | ||||
^V |
22 | 16 | SYN | Synchronous Idle Synchronous idle Synchronous Idle is the ASCII control character 22 , represented as ^V in caret notation. Synchronous Idle is used in some synchronous serial communication systems such as Teletype machines or the bisync protocol to provide a signal from which synchronous correction may be achieved between data... |
Used in synchronous transmission systems to provide a signal from which synchronous correction may be achieved between data terminal equipment, particularly when no other character is being transmitted. | ||||
^W |
23 | 17 | ETB | End of Transmission Block | Indicates the end of a transmission block of data when data are divided into such blocks for transmission purposes. | ||||
^X |
24 | 18 | CAN | Cancel Cancel character In telecommunication, the term cancel character has the following meanings:#A control character used to indicate that the data with which it is associated are in error or are to be disregarded.... |
Indicates that the data preceding it are in error or are to be disregarded. | ||||
^Y |
25 | 19 | EM | End of medium | Intended as means of indicating on paper or magnetic tapes that the end of the usable portion of the tape had been reached. | ||||
^Z |
26 | 1A | SUB | Substitute Substitute character A substitute character is a control character that is used in the place of a character that is recognized to be invalid or in error or that cannot be represented on a given device.... |
Originally intended for use as a transmission control character to indicate that garbled or invalid characters had been received. It has often been put to use for other purposes when the in-band signaling In-band signaling In telecommunications, in-band signaling is the sending of metadata and control information in the same band or channel used for data.-Telephone:... of errors it provides is unneeded, especially where robust methods of error detection and correction Error detection and correction In information theory and coding theory with applications in computer science and telecommunication, error detection and correction or error control are techniques that enable reliable delivery of digital data over unreliable communication channels... are used, or where errors are expected to be rare enough to make using the character for other purposes advisable. |
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^[ |
27 | 1B | ESC | Escape Escape character In computing and telecommunication, an escape character is a character which invokes an alternative interpretation on subsequent characters in a character sequence. An escape character is a particular case of metacharacters... |
The Esc key Esc key On computer keyboards, the Esc key is a key labeled Esc or Escape that is used to generate the ASCII Escape character , the character code traditionally used to initiate an escape sequence... on the keyboard will cause this character to be sent on most systems. It can be used in software user interfaces to exit from a screen, menu, or mode, or in device-control protocols (e.g., printers and terminals) to signal that what follows is a special command sequence rather than normal text. In systems based on ISO/IEC 2022 ISO/IEC 2022 ISO/IEC 2022 Information technology—Character code structure and extension techniques, is an ISO standard specifying... , even if another set of C0 control codes are used, this octet is required to always represent the escape character. |
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^\ |
28 | 1C | FS | File Separator | Can be used as delimiters to mark fields of data structures. If used for hierarchical levels, US is the lowest level (dividing plain-text data items), while RS, GS, and FS are of increasing level to divide groups made up of items of the level beneath it. | ||||
^] |
29 | 1D | GS | Group separator | |||||
^^ |
30 | 1E | RS | Record Separator | |||||
^_ |
31 | 1F | US | Unit separator | |||||
| While not technically part of the C0 control character range, the following two characters are defined in ISO/IEC 2022 ISO/IEC 2022 ISO/IEC 2022 Information technology—Character code structure and extension techniques, is an ISO standard specifying... as always being available regardless of which sets of control characters and graphics characters have been registered. They can be thought of as having some characteristics of control characters. |
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| 32 | 20 | SP | Space | Space is a graphic character. It has a visual representation consisting of the absence of a graphic symbol. It causes the active position to be advanced by one character position. In some applications, Space can be considered a lowest-level "word separator" to be used with the adjacent separator characters. | |||||
^? |
127 | 7F | DEL | Delete Delete character In computing, a delete character is the last character in the ASCII repertoire, with the code 127. Not a graphic character, it denoted as ^? in caret notation and has a graphic representation in Unicode like all ASCII control characters, while its meaning is a bit unclear.There is no common... |
Not technically part of the C0 control character range, this was originally used to mark deleted characters on paper tape, since any character could be changed to all ones by punching holes everywhere. On VT100 VT100 The VT100 is a video terminal that was made by Digital Equipment Corporation . Its detailed attributes became the de facto standard for terminal emulators.-History:... compatible terminals, this is the character generated by the key labelled , usually called backspace on modern machines, and does not correspond to the PC delete key Delete key The delete key , known less ambiguously as forward delete, performs a function when struck on a computer keyboard during text or command editing, which is to discard the character ahead of the cursor's position, moving all following characters one position "back" towards the freed letterspace. The... . |
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C1 set
These are most common extended control codes. If using the ISO/IEC 2022ISO/IEC 2022
ISO/IEC 2022 Information technology—Character code structure and extension techniques, is an ISO standard specifying...
extension mechanism, they are designated as the active C1 control character set with the sequence
0x1B 0x22 0x43 (ESC " C). Individual control functions can be accessed with the 7-bit equivalents 0x1B 0x40 through 0x1B 0x5F (ESC @ through ESC _).
| Esc+ | Dec | Hex | Acro | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| @ | 128 | 80 | PAD | Padding Character | Listed as XXX in Unicode. Not part of ISO/IEC 6429 (ECMA-48). |
| A | 129 | 81 | HOP | High Octet Preset | |
| B | 130 | 82 | BPH | Break Permitted Here | Follows a graphic character where a line break is permitted. Roughly equivalent to a soft hyphen Soft hyphen In computing and typesetting, a soft hyphen is a type of hyphen used to specify a place in text where a hyphenated break is allowed without forcing a line break in an inconvenient place if the text is re-flowed.... except that the means for indicating a line break is not necessarily a hyphen. Not part of the first edition of ISO/IEC 6429. |
| C | 131 | 83 | NBH | No Break Here | Follows the graphic character that is not to be broken. Not part of the first edition of ISO/IEC 6429. |
| D | 132 | 84 | IND | Index | Move the active position one line down, to eliminate ambiguity about the meaning of LF. Deprecated in 1988 and withdrawn in 1992 from ISO/IEC 6429 (1986 and 1991 respectively for ECMA-48). |
| E | 133 | 85 | NEL | Next Line Newline In computing, a newline, also known as a line break or end-of-line marker, is a special character or sequence of characters signifying the end of a line of text. The name comes from the fact that the next character after the newline will appear on a new line—that is, on the next line below the... |
Equivalent to CR+LF. Used to mark end-of-line on some IBM mainframes. |
| F | 134 | 86 | SSA | Start of Selected Area | Used by block-oriented terminal Block-oriented terminal A block-oriented terminal is a type of computer terminal that communicates with its host in blocks of data, usually chunks of text, as opposed to a character-oriented terminal that communicates with its host one character at a time... s. |
| G | 135 | 87 | ESA | End of Selected Area | |
| H | 136 | 88 | HTS | Character Tabulation Set Horizontal Tabulation Set |
Causes a character tabulation stop to be set at the active position. |
| I | 137 | 89 | HTJ | Character Tabulation With Justification Horizontal Tabulation With Justification |
Similar to Character Tabulation, except that instead of spaces or lines being placed after the preceding characters until the next tab stop is reached, the spaces or lines are placed preceding the active field so that preceding graphic character is placed just before the next tab stop. |
| J | 138 | 8A | VTS | Line Tabulation Set Vertical Tabulation Set |
Causes a line tabulation stop to be set at the active position. |
| K | 139 | 8B | PLD | Partial Line Forward Partial Line Down |
Used to produce subscripts and superscripts in ISO/IEC 6429, e.g., in a printer. Subscripts use PLD text PLU while superscripts use PLU text PLD.. |
| L | 140 | 8C | PLU | Partial Line Backward Partial Line Up |
|
| M | 141 | 8D | RI | Reverse Line Feed Reverse Index |
|
| N | 142 | 8E | SS2 | Single-Shift 2 | Next character invokes a graphic character from the G2 or G3 graphic sets respectively. In systems that conform to ISO/IEC 4873 (ECMA-43), even if a C1 set other than the default is used, these two octets may only be used for this purpose. |
| O | 143 | 8F | SS3 | Single-Shift 3 | |
| P | 144 | 90 | DCS | Device Control String | Followed by a string of printable characters (0x20 through 0x7E) and format effectors (0x08 through 0x0D), terminated by ST (0x9C). |
| Q | 145 | 91 | PU1 | Private Use 1 | Reserved for a function without standardized meaning for private use as required, subject to the prior agreement of the sender and the recipient of the data. |
| R | 146 | 92 | PU2 | Private Use 2 | |
| S | 147 | 93 | STS | Set Transmit State | |
| T | 148 | 94 | CCH | Cancel character Cancel character In telecommunication, the term cancel character has the following meanings:#A control character used to indicate that the data with which it is associated are in error or are to be disregarded.... |
Destructive backspace, intended to eliminate ambiguity about meaning of BS. |
| U | 149 | 95 | MW | Message Waiting | |
| V | 150 | 96 | SPA | Start of Protected Area | Used by block-oriented terminal Block-oriented terminal A block-oriented terminal is a type of computer terminal that communicates with its host in blocks of data, usually chunks of text, as opposed to a character-oriented terminal that communicates with its host one character at a time... s. |
| W | 151 | 97 | EPA | End of Protected Area | |
| X | 152 | 98 | SOS | Start of String | Followed by a control string terminated by ST (0x9C) that may contain any character except SOS or ST. Not part of the first edition of ISO/IEC 6429. |
| Y | 153 | 99 | SGCI | Single Graphic Character Introducer | Listed as XXX in Unicode. Not part of ISO/IEC 6429. |
| Z | 154 | 9A | SCI | Single Character Introducer | To be followed by a single printable character (0x20 through 0x7E) or format effector (0x08 through 0x0D). The intent was to provide a means by which a control function or a graphic character that would be available regardless of which graphic or control sets were in use could be defined. Definitions of what the following byte would invoke was never implemented in an international standard. Not part of the first edition of ISO/IEC 6429. |
| 155 | 9B | CSI | Control Sequence Introducer | Used to introduce control sequences that take parameters. | |
| \ | 156 | 9C | ST | String Terminator | |
| ] | 157 | 9D | OSC | Operating System Command | Followed by a string of printable characters (0x20 through 0x7E) and format effectors (0x08 through 0x0D), terminated by ST (0x9C). These three control codes were intended for use to allow in-band signaling of protocol information, but are rarely used for that purpose. |
| ^ | 158 | 9E | PM | Privacy Message | |
| _ | 159 | 9F | APC | Application Program Command |