Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay
Encyclopedia
Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay (1787 - 20 February 1848) was a noted India
n journalist, author and an orator. He was adored for his deftness in speech. He was a conservative Hindu, who opposed Ram Mohan Roy
in the abolition of Sati
System. He was the founder of the Dharma Sabha. After his death, a work on his life and history (Jeebancharit) was published in 1849 under the custody of his son, Raj Krishna Bandyopadhyay, the then Secretary of the Dharma Sabha.
Towards the end of the 18th century and in the early years of the 19thcentury, many people were involved in controlling the education system and culture of the Bengalis through modern methods. Some were the employees of the East India Company, some were European missionaries from Serampore
, Chinsurah, Burdwan, Maldah and Calcutta, and the others were the higher authorities from Fort William College
. However, after 1815, Raja Ram Mohan Roy
, Raja Radhakanta Deb, and others took up this project. One among these great men was Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay. Despite being one of the great thinkers of the time, he was not highly acclaimed as were his contemporaries.
, Parsee and English
. He began helping his father at the age of 16, and was a bread winner of the family. For eleven years he served under the Duckett Company, in the “capacity of a Sircar” (J.Duckett wrote on 21 Nov.1814). In 1221 he went along with Sir William Carey
to Meerut, in order to earn more. After coming back to Calcutta, when Carey became the Major General of Calcutta Fort, he became the deputy. But Carey had to go back to England
. In the meantime he worked for Campton and Daley. He also worked under Bishop Middleton
, and later became a deputy under Sir Henry Bluppet, chief justice of the Supreme Court.
Lord Bishop Heber
offered him the post of a principal in Bishop’s College Calcutta. Heber later wrote about Bhabani Charan in Narrative of a Journey Through the Upper Provinces of India, from Calcutta to Bombay (1824–25): “...the most conspicuous-a tall fine looking man, in a white muslin dress, speaking good English, and the editor of a Bengali newspaper, who appeared with a large silken and embroidered purse full of silver coins, and presented it to us....it was the relic of the ancient Eastern custom of never approaching a superior without a present.. ...a shrewd fellow, well acquainted with the country...his account of the tenure of lands very closely corresponded with what I had previously heard from others.” Much later he became the finance minister of the tax office. He also went on pilgrimage and travelled to many places, throughout his life.
Bhabani Charan died on 20 February 1848. On the 8 June 1848 issue of Friend of India, his death was lamented and the following was written:-“Friday, June 2...the 'Dhurma Sabha' is about to print, and circulate among its friends, a memoir of its late able Secretory, Baboo Bhobany Churn Banerjee... We take great shame to ourselves for having neglected distinctly to notice the death of this native gentleman, one of the ablest men of the age; ...”.
J. C. Marshman
wrote in the history of Serampore Mission: “...Bhobany Churun, a Brahmin of great intelligence and considerable learning though no pundit, but remarkable for his tact and energy, which gave him great ascendency among his fellow-countrymen...”.
In his Jeebancharit (or biography), it is said that he was a noble hearted and religious person, and one with a magnanimous personality.
. So he wrote against this, and angered the student community. Later on these students made it big in the society, and Bhabani Charan’s glorious deeds were not properly acknowledged.
The Dharma Sabha was founded on 17 January 1830. It was established to protest against Ram Mohan
’s initiative to abolish the Sati
System, and he wrote fiercely against it. He was the Secretary of the Dharma Sabha, till death. In his Jeebancharit, it is mentioned that the common people were aware of the benefits brought to their country by the establishment of this Sabha. The chief objective of this Sabha was to prevent the law which would abolish the Sati
System. It also aimed at restoring the traditional conservative religion, by over-powering the opinion of the atheist wayward Hindus. It was stated that if this Sabha was notified of the religious oppression received by others, it would do its best to fulfil their objectives. By establishing, the branches of the Dharma Sabha in many places, such as Dhaka
, Patna
, Danapur
, Andul
, etc, the interests of the religious minded people were safeguarded. A free school called Sil’s Free College, was established to prevent the efforts of the clergymen, who were trying to misguide the Hindu boys on the pretext of teaching. The Sabha also arranged a monthly allowance for the young, the old and the widows, particularly those, who failed to meet ends.
, which was first published on 4 December 1821 under his editorship. It was actually the main vehicle of Ram Mohan Roy
's campaign against Sati
. Although Ram Mohan Roy
was the owner, Sambad Kaumudi
was published in the name of Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay. The latter soon found Ram Mohan's ideas too radical and parted company to start a rival newspaper called Samachar Chandrika, which became an organ of orthodox Hinduism. According to a different source, Kaumudi was started by Tarachand Dutta and Bhabani Charan Bandopadhyay. Though Bhabani Charan Bandopadhyay was nominally in charge of this weekly till the publication of its thirteenth issue, Ram Mohan
was its promoter, and for all practical purposes, also its editor. After Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay, Harihar Dutta was the editor for some time, followed by Gobinda Chandra Kongar. Due to lack of sufficient patronage Sambad Kaumudi had to stop publication in October 1822.
The first issue of Samachar Chandrika came out on 5 March 1822. After the publication of the first two issues, Bhabani Charan published an advertisement announcing Samachar Chandrika’s arrival in the market in Serampore
’s Samachar Darpan
. Harihar Dutta, the then editor of Sambad Kaumudi
got back to Bhabani Charan and published an advertisement on 21 March 1822: “the Editor of the Sungbad Coumudy observing an Advertisement, inserted in the Calcutta Journal of the 15th instant, by one Bhobanee Churn Bunnerjee, asserting that the first 13 Nos. of the Coumudy were edited by him, deems if indispensably necessary to state, for publication, that this declaration is a wicked and malicious fabrication of falsehood.... for he was no more than the real Editor’s Assistant...” So, it is not certain whether he was the actual Editor or the Editor’s Assistant, but there is a clear indication of a dispute between the two, which has been described in his Jeebancharit.
In April 1829, Samachar Chandrika began coming out twice a week instead of once.
literature. He was a noted publisher too. He wrote many books in lucid Bengali
. Gourishankar Tarkobagish, a famous journalist of that era, commented highly about his writing skill in Sambad Bhaskar. In 1821-22, in Samachar Darpan
, several works came out like Babur Upakhyan, Briddhyer Bibaho, Brahmin Pundit and others, that bear the mark of his unique satirical ability.
The books that were written or edited by Bhabani Charan are briefly described below:-
In Friend of India, Nabababubilas was praised –“ the character of the work, as well as its allusions and similes, are purely native, and this imparts a value to it, superior to that which could be attached to a similar representation from a European pen... though the work is highly satirical, some of its strokes of ridicule” are also visible. “...we cannot venture to pronounce it a caricature...it illustrates the habit and economy of rich native families, and affords us a glance behind the scenes.”
texts, edited and published by Bhabani Charan, are briefly described below:-
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
n journalist, author and an orator. He was adored for his deftness in speech. He was a conservative Hindu, who opposed Ram Mohan Roy
Ram Mohan Roy
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was an Indian religious, social, and educational reformer who challenged traditional Hindu culture and indicated the lines of progress for Indian society under British rule. He is sometimes called the father of modern India...
in the abolition of Sati
Sati
Sati may refer to:*An alternative name for Hindu goddess Dakshayani, Shiva's first wife*Sati , an ancient Indian tradition of the immolation of a widow on her husband's funeral pyre, now illegal*Mindfulness...
System. He was the founder of the Dharma Sabha. After his death, a work on his life and history (Jeebancharit) was published in 1849 under the custody of his son, Raj Krishna Bandyopadhyay, the then Secretary of the Dharma Sabha.
Towards the end of the 18th century and in the early years of the 19thcentury, many people were involved in controlling the education system and culture of the Bengalis through modern methods. Some were the employees of the East India Company, some were European missionaries from Serampore
Serampore
Serampore is a city and a municipality in Hooghly district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority. It is a pre-colonial town on the right bank of the Hoogli River...
, Chinsurah, Burdwan, Maldah and Calcutta, and the others were the higher authorities from Fort William College
Fort William College
Fort William College was an academy and learning centre of Oriental studies established by Lord Wellesley, then Governor-General of British India. It was founded on July 10, 1800 within the Fort William complex in Calcutta...
. However, after 1815, Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Ram Mohan Roy
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was an Indian religious, social, and educational reformer who challenged traditional Hindu culture and indicated the lines of progress for Indian society under British rule. He is sometimes called the father of modern India...
, Raja Radhakanta Deb, and others took up this project. One among these great men was Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay. Despite being one of the great thinkers of the time, he was not highly acclaimed as were his contemporaries.
Life
Bhabani Charan was born in 1787. His father was Ramjoy Bandyopadhyay, who came to Calcutta from Ukhra district of Narayanpur, and worked at the mint. Bhabani Charan underwent professional training in BengaliBengali language
Bengali or Bangla is an eastern Indo-Aryan language. It is native to the region of eastern South Asia known as Bengal, which comprises present day Bangladesh, the Indian state of West Bengal, and parts of the Indian states of Tripura and Assam. It is written with the Bengali script...
, Parsee and English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
. He began helping his father at the age of 16, and was a bread winner of the family. For eleven years he served under the Duckett Company, in the “capacity of a Sircar” (J.Duckett wrote on 21 Nov.1814). In 1221 he went along with Sir William Carey
William Carey
William Carey was an English Baptist missionary and a Reformed Baptist minister, known as the "father of modern missions." Carey was one of the founders of the Baptist Missionary Society...
to Meerut, in order to earn more. After coming back to Calcutta, when Carey became the Major General of Calcutta Fort, he became the deputy. But Carey had to go back to England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
. In the meantime he worked for Campton and Daley. He also worked under Bishop Middleton
Middleton
Middleton may refer to:-Australia:*Middleton, South Australia*Middleton Beach, Western Australia*Middleton Reef, Tasman Sea-United Kingdom:England*Middleton, Cumbria*Middleton, Essex*Middleton, Greater Manchester*Middleton, Hampshire...
, and later became a deputy under Sir Henry Bluppet, chief justice of the Supreme Court.
Lord Bishop Heber
Heber
Heber may be:-Religious traditions:*One of the Minor characters in the Book of Genesis*Heber the Kenite, mentioned in the Book of Judges 4:17 of the Hebrew Bible as Jael's husband...
offered him the post of a principal in Bishop’s College Calcutta. Heber later wrote about Bhabani Charan in Narrative of a Journey Through the Upper Provinces of India, from Calcutta to Bombay (1824–25): “...the most conspicuous-a tall fine looking man, in a white muslin dress, speaking good English, and the editor of a Bengali newspaper, who appeared with a large silken and embroidered purse full of silver coins, and presented it to us....it was the relic of the ancient Eastern custom of never approaching a superior without a present.. ...a shrewd fellow, well acquainted with the country...his account of the tenure of lands very closely corresponded with what I had previously heard from others.” Much later he became the finance minister of the tax office. He also went on pilgrimage and travelled to many places, throughout his life.
Bhabani Charan died on 20 February 1848. On the 8 June 1848 issue of Friend of India, his death was lamented and the following was written:-“Friday, June 2...the 'Dhurma Sabha' is about to print, and circulate among its friends, a memoir of its late able Secretory, Baboo Bhobany Churn Banerjee... We take great shame to ourselves for having neglected distinctly to notice the death of this native gentleman, one of the ablest men of the age; ...”.
J. C. Marshman
Marshman
The name Marshman is a family, or surname which originated in England and either refers to an occupation - namely a person whose job it was to work the marshes or it is derived from their residency possibly of Marsham in Norfolk, or in Mersham in Kent...
wrote in the history of Serampore Mission: “...Bhobany Churun, a Brahmin of great intelligence and considerable learning though no pundit, but remarkable for his tact and energy, which gave him great ascendency among his fellow-countrymen...”.
In his Jeebancharit (or biography), it is said that he was a noble hearted and religious person, and one with a magnanimous personality.
Establishment of the “Dharma Sabha”
Being a conservative Hindu, Bhabani Charan wanted to prevent the breach between the old and new forms of religion in the society, taking sides with the former. He reprinted many scriptures in the form of ancient manuscripts with notes and glossary, on a kind of paper made of cotton pulp, and distributed them among the common people. He observed that the youth of the society were deviating from the proper conduct expected of a righteous Hindu, due to their English education at the Hindu CollegeHindu College
-India:*DRBCC Hindu College, Chennai*Gobardanga Hindu College, West Bengal State University, Gobardanga Dist., West Bengal*Gokul Das Hindu Girls College, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh*Hindu College, University of Delhi...
. So he wrote against this, and angered the student community. Later on these students made it big in the society, and Bhabani Charan’s glorious deeds were not properly acknowledged.
The Dharma Sabha was founded on 17 January 1830. It was established to protest against Ram Mohan
Ram Mohan
Ram Mohan is a veteran in the Indian animation industry, who started his career at the Cartoon Films Unit, Films Division, Government of India in 1956...
’s initiative to abolish the Sati
Sati
Sati may refer to:*An alternative name for Hindu goddess Dakshayani, Shiva's first wife*Sati , an ancient Indian tradition of the immolation of a widow on her husband's funeral pyre, now illegal*Mindfulness...
System, and he wrote fiercely against it. He was the Secretary of the Dharma Sabha, till death. In his Jeebancharit, it is mentioned that the common people were aware of the benefits brought to their country by the establishment of this Sabha. The chief objective of this Sabha was to prevent the law which would abolish the Sati
Sati
Sati may refer to:*An alternative name for Hindu goddess Dakshayani, Shiva's first wife*Sati , an ancient Indian tradition of the immolation of a widow on her husband's funeral pyre, now illegal*Mindfulness...
System. It also aimed at restoring the traditional conservative religion, by over-powering the opinion of the atheist wayward Hindus. It was stated that if this Sabha was notified of the religious oppression received by others, it would do its best to fulfil their objectives. By establishing, the branches of the Dharma Sabha in many places, such as Dhaka
Dhaka
Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh and the principal city of Dhaka Division. Dhaka is a megacity and one of the major cities of South Asia. Located on the banks of the Buriganga River, Dhaka, along with its metropolitan area, had a population of over 15 million in 2010, making it the largest city...
, Patna
Patna
Paṭnā , is the capital of the Indian state of Bihar and the second largest city in Eastern India . Patna is one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world...
, Danapur
Danapur
Danapur , sometimes known as Dinapur or Dinapore is a satellite town of Patna in Bihar state of India. It is located on the bank of the River Sone which merges with River Ganges at Digha a few kilometers from Danapur...
, Andul
Andul
Andul is a census town in Sankrail block under sadar sub-division in Howrah district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a local hub of commercial and industrial activity within and around Sankrail block.-History:...
, etc, the interests of the religious minded people were safeguarded. A free school called Sil’s Free College, was established to prevent the efforts of the clergymen, who were trying to misguide the Hindu boys on the pretext of teaching. The Sabha also arranged a monthly allowance for the young, the old and the widows, particularly those, who failed to meet ends.
Sambad Kaumudi and Samachar Chandrika
Bhabani Charan started with the Sambad KaumudiSambad Kaumudi
Sambad Kaumudi was a Bengali weekly newspaper published from Kolkata in the first half of the 19th century by Ram Mohan Roy. It was a noted pro-Reformist publication that actively campaigned for the abolition of the Sati.- History :...
, which was first published on 4 December 1821 under his editorship. It was actually the main vehicle of Ram Mohan Roy
Ram Mohan Roy
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was an Indian religious, social, and educational reformer who challenged traditional Hindu culture and indicated the lines of progress for Indian society under British rule. He is sometimes called the father of modern India...
's campaign against Sati
Sati
Sati may refer to:*An alternative name for Hindu goddess Dakshayani, Shiva's first wife*Sati , an ancient Indian tradition of the immolation of a widow on her husband's funeral pyre, now illegal*Mindfulness...
. Although Ram Mohan Roy
Ram Mohan Roy
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was an Indian religious, social, and educational reformer who challenged traditional Hindu culture and indicated the lines of progress for Indian society under British rule. He is sometimes called the father of modern India...
was the owner, Sambad Kaumudi
Sambad Kaumudi
Sambad Kaumudi was a Bengali weekly newspaper published from Kolkata in the first half of the 19th century by Ram Mohan Roy. It was a noted pro-Reformist publication that actively campaigned for the abolition of the Sati.- History :...
was published in the name of Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay. The latter soon found Ram Mohan's ideas too radical and parted company to start a rival newspaper called Samachar Chandrika, which became an organ of orthodox Hinduism. According to a different source, Kaumudi was started by Tarachand Dutta and Bhabani Charan Bandopadhyay. Though Bhabani Charan Bandopadhyay was nominally in charge of this weekly till the publication of its thirteenth issue, Ram Mohan
Ram Mohan
Ram Mohan is a veteran in the Indian animation industry, who started his career at the Cartoon Films Unit, Films Division, Government of India in 1956...
was its promoter, and for all practical purposes, also its editor. After Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay, Harihar Dutta was the editor for some time, followed by Gobinda Chandra Kongar. Due to lack of sufficient patronage Sambad Kaumudi had to stop publication in October 1822.
The first issue of Samachar Chandrika came out on 5 March 1822. After the publication of the first two issues, Bhabani Charan published an advertisement announcing Samachar Chandrika’s arrival in the market in Serampore
Serampore
Serampore is a city and a municipality in Hooghly district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority. It is a pre-colonial town on the right bank of the Hoogli River...
’s Samachar Darpan
Samachar Darpan
Samachar Darpan was a Bengali weekly newspaper published by the Baptist Missionary Society from the Baptist Mission Press at Serampore in early half of the 19th century...
. Harihar Dutta, the then editor of Sambad Kaumudi
Sambad Kaumudi
Sambad Kaumudi was a Bengali weekly newspaper published from Kolkata in the first half of the 19th century by Ram Mohan Roy. It was a noted pro-Reformist publication that actively campaigned for the abolition of the Sati.- History :...
got back to Bhabani Charan and published an advertisement on 21 March 1822: “the Editor of the Sungbad Coumudy observing an Advertisement, inserted in the Calcutta Journal of the 15th instant, by one Bhobanee Churn Bunnerjee, asserting that the first 13 Nos. of the Coumudy were edited by him, deems if indispensably necessary to state, for publication, that this declaration is a wicked and malicious fabrication of falsehood.... for he was no more than the real Editor’s Assistant...” So, it is not certain whether he was the actual Editor or the Editor’s Assistant, but there is a clear indication of a dispute between the two, which has been described in his Jeebancharit.
In April 1829, Samachar Chandrika began coming out twice a week instead of once.
His works
Bhabani Charan’s wit was reflected in his satirical works. In the dull days of scriptural arguments, he brought in a fresh air of charm and humour in BengaliBengali language
Bengali or Bangla is an eastern Indo-Aryan language. It is native to the region of eastern South Asia known as Bengal, which comprises present day Bangladesh, the Indian state of West Bengal, and parts of the Indian states of Tripura and Assam. It is written with the Bengali script...
literature. He was a noted publisher too. He wrote many books in lucid Bengali
Bengali language
Bengali or Bangla is an eastern Indo-Aryan language. It is native to the region of eastern South Asia known as Bengal, which comprises present day Bangladesh, the Indian state of West Bengal, and parts of the Indian states of Tripura and Assam. It is written with the Bengali script...
. Gourishankar Tarkobagish, a famous journalist of that era, commented highly about his writing skill in Sambad Bhaskar. In 1821-22, in Samachar Darpan
Samachar Darpan
Samachar Darpan was a Bengali weekly newspaper published by the Baptist Missionary Society from the Baptist Mission Press at Serampore in early half of the 19th century...
, several works came out like Babur Upakhyan, Briddhyer Bibaho, Brahmin Pundit and others, that bear the mark of his unique satirical ability.
The books that were written or edited by Bhabani Charan are briefly described below:-
- Kalikata Kamalalay (1823): This book talks about the “behaviour, customs (treatment), and cleverness of speech” adopted by the people of the city of Calcutta when confronted by a villager, in a “question-answer” manner.
- Hitopodesh (1823): It incorporates salutary advices & teachings with original religious verses in Sanskrit as well as its Bengali translation. It was published in the Samachar Chandrika Press.
- Nabababubilas or the Amusements of the Modern Baboo (1825): It was the first book published by Bhabani Charan. This book provides a satirical view of the education of the rich and their habits, and especially of those families which had become more prominent in the society by acquiring sudden wealth. The purpose of writing the book was to reform this particular class of people. This book had become very popular and was also published later in the form of a drama. Bhabani Charan had used a pseudonym of Prathamnath Sharman in this work.It was believed that this social novel preceded Parichand Mitra’s Alaaler Ghore Dulaal. According to Brajendralal Mitra, there are also certain similarities between the two. In 1855, Reverend James LongJames LongJames Long may refer to:* James Long , filibuster in Spanish and Mexican Texas* James E. Long, current North Carolina Commissioner of Insurance* James Long , Australian Senator...
wrote that this work was “one of the ablest satires on the Calcutta Babu, as he was 30 years ago.”
In Friend of India, Nabababubilas was praised –“ the character of the work, as well as its allusions and similes, are purely native, and this imparts a value to it, superior to that which could be attached to a similar representation from a European pen... though the work is highly satirical, some of its strokes of ridicule” are also visible. “...we cannot venture to pronounce it a caricature...it illustrates the habit and economy of rich native families, and affords us a glance behind the scenes.”
- Dyutibilash (1825): This is a versified description of parties arranged by high society women concerning eroticism (passion) as well as devotion.
- Nababibibilash (1831): This book was written as a companion piece to “Nabababubilas”, describing similar acts & habits of the wives of the rich men.
- Sri Sri Gayatirtha Bistar: Its first edition was published in 1831, and the second edition was published in 1843. It is composed in verse form and is a mythological work.
- Ashcharya Upakhyan (1835): It narrates the glorious deeds of one Kalishankar Roy, a zamindar. It is written in verse form.
- Purushottam Chandrika (1844): It contains special description and tales of various places in and around PuriPuriPuri is district headquarter, a city situated about south of state capital Bhubaneswar, on the eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal in the Indian state of Orissa. It is also known as Jagannath Puri after the Jagannath Temple . It is a holy city of the Hindus as a part of the Char Dham pilgrimages...
, BhubaneswarBhubaneswarBhubaneswar is the capital of the Indian state of Orissa, officially Odisha. The city has a long history of over 2000 years starting with Chedi dynasty who had Sisupalgarh near present-day Bhubaneswar as their capital...
, etc.
Edited texts
The ancient SanskritSanskrit
Sanskrit , is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.Buddhism: besides Pali, see Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Today, it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand...
texts, edited and published by Bhabani Charan, are briefly described below:-
- Hasyarnava: The special edition of the original book, written by Jagadiswar, was perhaps released in the decade between 1830 and 1840 by Bhabani Charan. It was on the directions of Bijoy Govind Singh, who was the author of a history book called Rajabali.
- Srimadbhagavata: This was published in two parts in the form of ancient manuscript in 1830.
- Prabodhchandrodaya Natakam: The edition of the original book was written by Srikrishna Mishra, and was released in the form of ancient manuscript in 1833.
- Manusamhita: This was published in the form of ancient manuscript in 1833.
- Unavimsha Samhita: This was published in the form of ancient manuscript, most probably in 1833. The collections were Angira, Aapastamba, Atri, Shankha, Shatatap, Dakshya, Goutam, Harit, Katyaon, Likhit, Parashar, Sambarta, Ushana, Vishnu, Brihaspati, Vyas, Yagnabalkya, Yama and Vashistsamhita.
- Sribhagvatgita: This was published in the form of ancient manuscript in 1835.
- Raghunatha Bhattacharyakrita Ashtavimshati Tatva Navya Smriti: This was published in the form of ancient manuscript, most probably in 1848.