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Berakhot (Talmud)
Encyclopedia
Berachot is the first tractate (Hebrew
:masekhet) of Seder Zeraim
, a collection of the Mishnah
that primarily deals with laws relating to plants and farming. It primarily addresses the rules regarding the Shema
(a section of the Torah recited as part of prayer), the Amidah
(Silent prayer), Birkat Hamazon
(Grace after Meals), Kiddush
(Sanctification ceremony of Shabbat and holidays), Havdalah
(ceremony that ends Shabbat and holidays) and other blessings and prayers. It is the only tractate in Zeraim to have a Gemara
(rabbinical commentaries and analysis) from both the Babylonian Talmud and the Jerusalem Talmud
.
Mishnah א - In the case of the evening Shema, recital begins when the Kohanim enter to eat their terumah (תרומה), which is at nightfall. R'Eliezer says it can be recited until the end of the first watch. He takes "when you lie down" (ובשכבך) to mean the Shema is recited at the time that people lie down to go to sleep, and anyone who will be going to sleep for the night has done so by the end of the first watch. The sages say it can be recited until midnight. And Rabban Gamliel says until the light of dawn. Rabban Gamliel says that whatever mitzvahs the sages said can be performed only until midnight can actually be performed until the light of dawn. The sages said until midnight to distance a person from procrastination and thus transgression. (1:1)
Mishnah ב - The time for reciting the morning Shema is referred to by "when you arise" (ובקומך), and this is when there is enough light to distinguish between blue (תכלת) and white wool. R'Eliezer says between blue and green wool, which would be at a slightly later time. R'Yehoshua says until the end of the first three hours of the day, because it was customary for kings to still be rising until then. The hours referred to are seasonal hours, which are defined by measuring from either the first light of dawn to nightfall or from sunrise to sunset (this is a famous argument) and dividing this into twelve equal parts. Halacha accords with R'Yehoshua and if one recites the Shema after the first three hours, it is as if he is reading from the Torah, which shows that reciting the Shema properly is even greater than reciting words of Torah. The ideal time to recite the Shema is shortly before sunrise so the Shemoneh Esrei can be started at exactly sunrise. This is what it means to join the redemption blessing to the Shemoneh Esrei. (1:2)
Mishnah ג - The position one should assume when reciting the Shema is now discussed. The School of Shammai
said the evening Shema should be recited lying down because it is written "when you lie down" (ובשכבך) and the morning Shema should be recited standing because it says "when you arise" (ובקומך). The School of Hillel
say it can be said in any position because it is written "when you go on the way" (ובלכתך בדרך). Hillel say that "when you lie down and when you arise" (ובשכבך ובקומך) comes to tell us that it is recited at the time that people are lying down and rising, and not the physical position one should be in while reciting. As in most cases, halakha is in accordance with Hillel. (1:3)
Mishnah ד - In the morning, the two blessings said before the Shema are "Who forms light" (יוצר אור) and "With an abundant love" (אהבת רבה); afterward is the blessing "True and certain" (אמת ויציב). In the evening, the two blessings said before the Shema are "Who brings on evenings" (המעריב ערבימ) and "With an eternal love" (אהבת עולם); afterward are the blessings "True and faithful" (ואמת ואמונה) and "Lay us down" (השכיבו). A short blessing cannot be said in place of a long blessing, and vice versa. Where the sages said to conclude a blessing with "Blessed are You, Hashem" ('ברוך אתה ה), one cannot conclude without it. Where the sages did not say to conclude in that manner, one cannot add it.
Mishnah ה - There is a mitzvah to mention the Exodus from Egypt at night.
The beginning of the second chapter discusses the protocol of exactly how one says the Shema itself. As saying the Shema requires concentration for only the first verse to fulfill the mitzvah, workers may say it even while in a tree (if the tree has many branches) or on a stone wall. However, this does not apply to the Amidah. (2:4)
to help the reader understand why exemptions may be acceptable. A recently-married man is exempt from saying the Shema as he may be anxious about his wedding. (2:5) However, if he is able to properly dedicate himself to God in prayer, he should recite it regardless of the exemption. (2:8) A person who is currently mourning
the death of a relative is exempt from saying the Shema and from wearing tefillin
. (3:1) Funeral attendees who can see the mourner should not recite the Shema so that the mourner does not feel uncomfortable for not saying it. Women, slaves and children are exempt from the recital of the Shema and from wearing tefillin, but are not exempt from the Amidah, affixing a mezuzah
("doorpost") and Birkat Hamazon.
Shacharit can be said until noon; R'Yehudah says until four hours. Mincha is recited in the afternoon. This time period is divided into three sections: mincha gedolah from 6 and a half hours until the end of the twelfth hour; mincha ketanah from 9 and a half hours until the end of the twelfth hour; plag hamincha being half of Mincha ketanah. The ideal time to recite Mincha is at 9 and a half hours, because that is when the mincha offering was performed. Ma'ariv can be said from sunset until midnight (or dawn if necessary). It can even be said shortly before sunset, but in that case one will not fulfill the obligation of reciting the evening Shema in Ma'ariv.
("quorum") present. (4:7) One should not say the Amidah if he or she is not serious about what he or she is doing. (5:1) The Musaf of Pesach ("Passover") must include a prayer for rain. (5:2)
, the prayer said by Jews after a meal is completed.
Figs, grapes or pomegranates do not require the full Birkat Hamazon, but rather an abbreviated form. If a group of three or more people eat together, they must say Birkat Hamazon. Women, slaves and minors must not be included when counting for the requirement of three mentioned in the previous mishnah. An olive's quantity of food is sufficient to require saying the prayer. The number of people present does not change the blessing that begins Birkat Hamazon. If three are dining together, they should not separate until they are finished with Birkat Hamazon. If a person is dining alone, he should join another group so that they may say Birkat Hamazon together.
and Jewish holiday
s and Havdalah, the concluding ceremony of Shabbat.
Hebrew language
Hebrew is a Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Culturally, is it considered by Jews and other religious groups as the language of the Jewish people, though other Jewish languages had originated among diaspora Jews, and the Hebrew language is also used by non-Jewish groups, such...
:masekhet) of Seder Zeraim
Zeraim
Seder Zeraim is the first and shortest Seder of the Mishnah, the first major work of Jewish law. The section of mishnah was written by the rabbis to inform all Jews what must be done to fulfill their biblical obligations of prayer and commandments about food.Observers of Jewish law are bound with...
, a collection of the Mishnah
Mishnah
The Mishnah or Mishna is the first major written redaction of the Jewish oral traditions called the "Oral Torah". It is also the first major work of Rabbinic Judaism. It was redacted c...
that primarily deals with laws relating to plants and farming. It primarily addresses the rules regarding the Shema
Shema Yisrael
Shema Yisrael are the first two words of a section of the Torah that is a centerpiece of the morning and evening Jewish prayer services...
(a section of the Torah recited as part of prayer), the Amidah
Amidah
The Amidah , also called the Shmoneh Esreh , is the central prayer of the Jewish liturgy. This prayer, among others, is found in the siddur, the traditional Jewish prayer book...
(Silent prayer), Birkat Hamazon
Birkat Hamazon
Birkat Hamazon or Birkath Hammazon, , known in English as the Grace After Meals, , is a set of Hebrew blessings that Jewish Law prescribes following a meal that includes bread or matzoh made from one or all of wheat, barley, rye, oats, spelt...
(Grace after Meals), Kiddush
Kiddush
Kiddush , literally, "sanctification," is a blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the Shabbat and Jewish holidays.-Significance:...
(Sanctification ceremony of Shabbat and holidays), Havdalah
Havdalah
Havdalah is a Jewish religious ceremony that marks the symbolic end of Shabbat and holidays, and ushers in the new week. Shabbat ends on Saturday night after the appearance of three stars in the sky...
(ceremony that ends Shabbat and holidays) and other blessings and prayers. It is the only tractate in Zeraim to have a Gemara
Gemara
The Gemara is the component of the Talmud comprising rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the Mishnah. After the Mishnah was published by Rabbi Judah the Prince The Gemara (also transliterated Gemora or, less commonly, Gemorra; from Aramaic גמרא gamar; literally, "[to] study" or "learning by...
(rabbinical commentaries and analysis) from both the Babylonian Talmud and the Jerusalem Talmud
Jerusalem Talmud
The Jerusalem Talmud, talmud meaning "instruction", "learning", , is a collection of Rabbinic notes on the 2nd-century Mishnah which was compiled in the Land of Israel during the 4th-5th century. The voluminous text is also known as the Palestinian Talmud or Talmud de-Eretz Yisrael...
.
The Shema
The first three chapters of the tractate address the subject of the Shema, the central prayer of Judaism which is to be said twice per day. Topics discussed include when to say it, how to say it and possible exemptions from the fulfillment of this mitzvah ("commandment").Saying the Shema
Chapter 1Mishnah א - In the case of the evening Shema, recital begins when the Kohanim enter to eat their terumah (תרומה), which is at nightfall. R'Eliezer says it can be recited until the end of the first watch. He takes "when you lie down" (ובשכבך) to mean the Shema is recited at the time that people lie down to go to sleep, and anyone who will be going to sleep for the night has done so by the end of the first watch. The sages say it can be recited until midnight. And Rabban Gamliel says until the light of dawn. Rabban Gamliel says that whatever mitzvahs the sages said can be performed only until midnight can actually be performed until the light of dawn. The sages said until midnight to distance a person from procrastination and thus transgression. (1:1)
Mishnah ב - The time for reciting the morning Shema is referred to by "when you arise" (ובקומך), and this is when there is enough light to distinguish between blue (תכלת) and white wool. R'Eliezer says between blue and green wool, which would be at a slightly later time. R'Yehoshua says until the end of the first three hours of the day, because it was customary for kings to still be rising until then. The hours referred to are seasonal hours, which are defined by measuring from either the first light of dawn to nightfall or from sunrise to sunset (this is a famous argument) and dividing this into twelve equal parts. Halacha accords with R'Yehoshua and if one recites the Shema after the first three hours, it is as if he is reading from the Torah, which shows that reciting the Shema properly is even greater than reciting words of Torah. The ideal time to recite the Shema is shortly before sunrise so the Shemoneh Esrei can be started at exactly sunrise. This is what it means to join the redemption blessing to the Shemoneh Esrei. (1:2)
Mishnah ג - The position one should assume when reciting the Shema is now discussed. The School of Shammai
House of Shammai
The House of Shammai was the school of thought of Judaism founded by Shammai, a Jewish scholar of the 1st century...
said the evening Shema should be recited lying down because it is written "when you lie down" (ובשכבך) and the morning Shema should be recited standing because it says "when you arise" (ובקומך). The School of Hillel
Hillel the Elder
Hillel was a famous Jewish religious leader, one of the most important figures in Jewish history. He is associated with the development of the Mishnah and the Talmud...
say it can be said in any position because it is written "when you go on the way" (ובלכתך בדרך). Hillel say that "when you lie down and when you arise" (ובשכבך ובקומך) comes to tell us that it is recited at the time that people are lying down and rising, and not the physical position one should be in while reciting. As in most cases, halakha is in accordance with Hillel. (1:3)
Mishnah ד - In the morning, the two blessings said before the Shema are "Who forms light" (יוצר אור) and "With an abundant love" (אהבת רבה); afterward is the blessing "True and certain" (אמת ויציב). In the evening, the two blessings said before the Shema are "Who brings on evenings" (המעריב ערבימ) and "With an eternal love" (אהבת עולם); afterward are the blessings "True and faithful" (ואמת ואמונה) and "Lay us down" (השכיבו). A short blessing cannot be said in place of a long blessing, and vice versa. Where the sages said to conclude a blessing with "Blessed are You, Hashem" ('ברוך אתה ה), one cannot conclude without it. Where the sages did not say to conclude in that manner, one cannot add it.
Mishnah ה - There is a mitzvah to mention the Exodus from Egypt at night.
The beginning of the second chapter discusses the protocol of exactly how one says the Shema itself. As saying the Shema requires concentration for only the first verse to fulfill the mitzvah, workers may say it even while in a tree (if the tree has many branches) or on a stone wall. However, this does not apply to the Amidah. (2:4)
Exemption
The rest of the second chapter and the entire third chapter discusses exemptions from the Shema, as there are cases where an individual is not required to say it. The second chapter also contains a series of parables regarding Rabban GamlielGamaliel
Gamaliel the Elder , or Rabban Gamaliel I , was a leading authority in the Sanhedrin in the mid 1st century CE. He was the grandson of the great Jewish teacher Hillel the Elder, and died twenty years before the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem...
to help the reader understand why exemptions may be acceptable. A recently-married man is exempt from saying the Shema as he may be anxious about his wedding. (2:5) However, if he is able to properly dedicate himself to God in prayer, he should recite it regardless of the exemption. (2:8) A person who is currently mourning
Bereavement in Judaism
Bereavement in Judaism is a combination of minhag and mitzvah derived from Judaism's classical Torah and rabbinic texts...
the death of a relative is exempt from saying the Shema and from wearing tefillin
Tefillin
Tefillin also called phylacteries are a set of small black leather boxes containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with verses from the Torah, which are worn by observant Jews during weekday morning prayers. Although "tefillin" is technically the plural form , it is loosely used as a singular as...
. (3:1) Funeral attendees who can see the mourner should not recite the Shema so that the mourner does not feel uncomfortable for not saying it. Women, slaves and children are exempt from the recital of the Shema and from wearing tefillin, but are not exempt from the Amidah, affixing a mezuzah
Mezuzah
A mezuzah is usually a metal or wooden rectangular object that is fastened to a doorpost of a Jewish house. Inside it is a piece of parchment inscribed with specified Hebrew verses from the Torah...
("doorpost") and Birkat Hamazon.
The Amidah
Chapters 4 and 5 discuss the main prayer known as the Shemoneh Esrei (literally "eighteen"), Amidah (literally "standing"), or just Tefillah. It originally consisted of eighteen blessings with one later being added by Rabban Gamliel. It is recited three times a day while standing and interruption is forbidden.Daily Prayers
There are two possible sources for the three daily prayers: the Patriarchs and the daily temple offerings.Shacharit can be said until noon; R'Yehudah says until four hours. Mincha is recited in the afternoon. This time period is divided into three sections: mincha gedolah from 6 and a half hours until the end of the twelfth hour; mincha ketanah from 9 and a half hours until the end of the twelfth hour; plag hamincha being half of Mincha ketanah. The ideal time to recite Mincha is at 9 and a half hours, because that is when the mincha offering was performed. Ma'ariv can be said from sunset until midnight (or dawn if necessary). It can even be said shortly before sunset, but in that case one will not fulfill the obligation of reciting the evening Shema in Ma'ariv.
How to say the Amidah
One must say the Amidah every day, but may abbreviate it if he is not familiar with the prayers or an emergency situation comes up. (4:3, Bartenura) One who makes his praying a mechanical task is not praying. When one enters a dangerous situation, he or she should say a short prayer for safety. (4:4) If one is riding a donkey, he must dismount to say the Amidah. If he cannot dismount, he must turn his head towards Jerusalem. If he cannot do that, he must turn his heart to God. This also applies to one travelling on a ship or in a wagon. (4:5, 4:6) Musaf must always be said on the days it is required regardless of whether or not there is a minyanMinyan
A minyan in Judaism refers to the quorum of ten Jewish adults required for certain religious obligations. According to many non-Orthodox streams of Judaism adult females count in the minyan....
("quorum") present. (4:7) One should not say the Amidah if he or she is not serious about what he or she is doing. (5:1) The Musaf of Pesach ("Passover") must include a prayer for rain. (5:2)
Leading prayer
If one makes an error while leading a congregation in saying the Amidah, a substitute must pick up where the person left off. (5:3) The prayer leader should not respond "amen" to the kohanim he is leading. (5:4) When one who prays (either for oneself or as a prayer leader) makes a mistake, it is a bad omen for him. If he is a prayer leader, it is also a bad sign for those who appointed him. (5:5)Blessings for food
Chapter 6 is concerned with the various blessings used before consuming different kinds of food.Blessings for different types of food
There are special blessings for fruits, vegetables, bread and wine. (6:1) There is also an all-inclusive blessing that can be used if one is unsure of what blessings to say. The all-inclusive blessing should be used for all things which do not directly come from the earth, such as milk, fish and eggs. If one has many different kinds of food to say blessings for, he or she may choose as many to say the blessings for as he or she wishes and the blessings said will suffice for all of the rest.How to make a blessing over food
One blessing over a particular food is sufficient for the entire meal and does not need to be repeated. A communal meal only needs one set of blessings for the entire group, but individuals dining together (albeit not as a group) must say the blessings individually. The food of primary importance is the one which a blessing is said for. If one is eating a sandwich, the blessing for the sandwich's contents would be said rather than the blessing for the bread. One who drinks water should make a blessing over the water with the all-inclusive blessing.Birkat Hamazon
Chapter 7 is concerned with Birkat HaMazonBirkat Hamazon
Birkat Hamazon or Birkath Hammazon, , known in English as the Grace After Meals, , is a set of Hebrew blessings that Jewish Law prescribes following a meal that includes bread or matzoh made from one or all of wheat, barley, rye, oats, spelt...
, the prayer said by Jews after a meal is completed.
Figs, grapes or pomegranates do not require the full Birkat Hamazon, but rather an abbreviated form. If a group of three or more people eat together, they must say Birkat Hamazon. Women, slaves and minors must not be included when counting for the requirement of three mentioned in the previous mishnah. An olive's quantity of food is sufficient to require saying the prayer. The number of people present does not change the blessing that begins Birkat Hamazon. If three are dining together, they should not separate until they are finished with Birkat Hamazon. If a person is dining alone, he should join another group so that they may say Birkat Hamazon together.
Kiddush and Havdalah
Chapter 8 is concerned with Kiddush, the sanctification of ShabbatShabbat
Shabbat is the seventh day of the Jewish week and a day of rest in Judaism. Shabbat is observed from a few minutes before sunset on Friday evening until a few minutes after when one would expect to be able to see three stars in the sky on Saturday night. The exact times, therefore, differ from...
and Jewish holiday
Jewish holiday
Jewish holidays are days observed by Jews as holy or secular commemorations of important events in Jewish history. In Hebrew, Jewish holidays and festivals, depending on their nature, may be called yom tov or chag or ta'anit...
s and Havdalah, the concluding ceremony of Shabbat.
Kiddush
When saying Kiddush, the blessing over the wine (or over the bread) precedes the blessing over the day. One does not need to wash his hands before saying Kiddush but he should wash them after. The towel used to wash one's hands should not be placed on the table, lest it and anything that comes into contact with it be rendered ritually unclean. Following the meal, all the crumbs in the dining room should be thoroughly swept up, then those involved should wash their hands.Havdalah
If one dines just before the end of Shabbat, one should wait until after having said the blessing for fire (part of the Havdalah ceremony) before saying the Birkat Hamazon. One should not say the Havdalah blessing until the flame is large enough that the person can see reasonably well by its light.Special Blessings
The ninth and final chapter of the Masechta discusses various special blessings that can be made, such as upon coming across a place where a miracle was performed, or upon seeing thunder or lightning or a rainbow.See also
- BerakhahBerakhahIn Judaism, a berakhah, bracha, brokhe is a blessing, usually recited at a specific moment during a ceremony or other activity. The function of a berakhah is to acknowledge God as the source of all blessing...
- List of Jewish prayers and blessings
- AmidahAmidahThe Amidah , also called the Shmoneh Esreh , is the central prayer of the Jewish liturgy. This prayer, among others, is found in the siddur, the traditional Jewish prayer book...
- Birkat HamazonBirkat HamazonBirkat Hamazon or Birkath Hammazon, , known in English as the Grace After Meals, , is a set of Hebrew blessings that Jewish Law prescribes following a meal that includes bread or matzoh made from one or all of wheat, barley, rye, oats, spelt...
- HalakhaHalakhaHalakha — also transliterated Halocho , or Halacha — is the collective body of Jewish law, including biblical law and later talmudic and rabbinic law, as well as customs and traditions.Judaism classically draws no distinction in its laws between religious and ostensibly non-religious life; Jewish...
- JudaismJudaismJudaism ) is the "religion, philosophy, and way of life" of the Jewish people...
- MishnahMishnahThe Mishnah or Mishna is the first major written redaction of the Jewish oral traditions called the "Oral Torah". It is also the first major work of Rabbinic Judaism. It was redacted c...
- Shema YisraelShema YisraelShema Yisrael are the first two words of a section of the Torah that is a centerpiece of the morning and evening Jewish prayer services...
- TalmudTalmudThe Talmud is a central text of mainstream Judaism. It takes the form of a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, philosophy, customs and history....
External links
- Partial text of mishnah Berakhot at WikisourceWikisourceWikisource is an online digital library of free content textual sources on a wiki, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Its aims are to host all forms of free text, in many languages, and translations. Originally conceived as an archive to store useful or important historical texts, it has...
- Full text of mishnah Berakhot at Hebrew Wikisource