Baroness Mary Vetsera
Encyclopedia
Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria
Rudolf , archduke of Austria and crown prince of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia, was the son and heir of Franz Joseph I, emperor of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia, and his wife and empress, Elisabeth...
's mistresses. Early in the morning of January 30, 1889, their dead bodies were both found at Mayerling
Mayerling
Mayerling is a small village in Lower Austria belonging to the municipality of Alland in the district of Baden. It is situated on the Schwechat River, in the Wienerwald , 15 miles southwest of Vienna...
, his hunting lodge in the Vienna Woods, the result of an apparent murder-suicide
Murder-suicide
A murder–suicide is an act in which an individual kills one or more other persons before or at the same time as killing himself or herself. The combination of murder and suicide can take various forms, including:...
pact.
Early life
Known by the fashionable English form of her name, "Mary", she was the youngest child of Baron Albin von Vetsera, a diplomat in foreign service at the Austrian court, and his much younger wife, Eleni (known as Hélène) Baltazzi, who was a member of a wealthy Greek banking family prominent in the Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
. Albin, who was made a Baron in 1870 by the Emperor Franz Joseph, was twenty-two years older than his young and socially ambitious wife. She had three older siblings: Johanna (known as Hannah), Ladislaus, and Franz Albin.
Both of Hélène's sisters had married Counts, and the expectation was that von Vetsera and her sister would raise the family's social status by continuing the tradition of marrying into families of importance.
Instead of attending a school or the gymnasium, von Vetsera attended an "Institute for Daughters of the Nobility". These exclusive boarding schools, for girls of noble birth between the ages of 12 and 17, were not geared to an academic education which might give a young woman intellectual pretensions, but a moral one. With emphasis on social graces, French, music, drawing, dancing, and handicrafts, they prepared young women for their roles in society as aristocratic wives and mothers.
"Viennese society had, since the days of Austria's eclipse at SadowaSadowaSadowa may refer to:*German name for Sadová in the Czech Republic*Sadowa, Łódź Voivodeship *Sadowa, Masovian Voivodeship...
, sought to conceal the injured patriotic emotions born of that disaster by affecting a hysterical sort of gaiety which was somewhat foreign to the real character of the people...like all forced characteristics, the new-found frivility of the Viennese degenerated quickly into a positive mania for wickedness, without, at the same time, taking on any of the picturesque artistry which conceals - and often condones - the refined viciousness of ParisParisParis is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
ians...who, also, after 1870, went through for many years a phase of social madness similar to that which affected Austria...Viennese society was probably the most dissipated in Europe, and so became a happy mart for ladies of that type that serves the foibles of a prince."
"Smart Society", made up of parvenu
Parvenu
A Parvenu is a person who is a relative newcomer to a socioeconomic class. The word is borrowed from the French language; it is the past participle of the verb parvenir...
elements who were "poor in pedigree", but full in purse, now began to command more attention from the leaders in more aristocratic circles of the beau monde. The Vetsera family occupied this niche, and Hélène held lavish parties in attempts to socialize with the upper echelons of the Austrian court, all in order to introduce her daughter to the most elegible men. Famous for "her elegance and taste in dress", the attractive and vivacious young Baroness soon acquired the nickname "The Turf Angel" for her love of horserace meets at the Freudenau course. It was very apparent to the Imperial family that von Vetsera was being blatantly groomed by her mother for an advantageous marriage; Empress Elisabeth noted in 1877: "Madame Vetsera wants to come to Court and gain recognition for her family." Marie Larisch, an illegitimate cousin of the Empress' and one of von Vetsera's closest friends, claimed she had confided: "Mamma has no love for me...Ever since I was a little girl she has treated me like something she means to dispose of to the best advantage."
Relationship with Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria
Vetsera met the Crown Prince in November of 1888 and began a three-month-long affair with him. Other accounts, however, describe their relationship as being one of three years duration, which would have made von Vetsera fifteen when they met.[At Ambassador Reuss's reception in late January 1889] Rudolph noticed me and leaving Stéphanie came straight up to me. "She is there," he said without any preamble; "ah, if somebody would only deliver me from her!"
"She" was Mary Vetsera, his mistress of the ardent face. I, too, glanced at the seductress. Two brilliant eyes met mine. One word will describe her. Mary was an imperial sultanaSultanaSultana may refer to:* "Sultâna", is the term used for the mothers of the Ottoman emperors if and only if the aforementioned mother of an ottoman emperor was acquired the title of "Valide Sultân"....
, one who feared no other favourite, so sure was she of the power of her full and triumphant beauty, her deep black eyes, her cameo-like profile, her throat of a goddess, and her arresting sensual grace. She had altogether taken possession of Rudolph, and she longed for him to be able to marry her. Their liaison had lasted for three years...At the soirée I was struck by my brother-in-law's state of nervous exhaustion but I thought it well to try and calm him by saying a word or two about Mary which would please him, so I remarked quite simply: "She is very beautiful."...Rudolph left me without replying. An instant later he returned and murmured: "I simply cannot tear myself away from her." - Louise of Coburg
Given her mother's ambitions for her and the fact that Rudolf was married to Princess Stephanie of Belgium
Princess Stéphanie of Belgium
Stéphanie was a Belgium princess by birth, and then made Crown Princess of Austria through her marriage to the heir of the Habsburg dynasty, Archduke Rudolf...
, her family and friends found this liaison to be not only foolish, but potentially socially compromising for the family as well. When Hélène discovered that von Vetsera had sent Rudolf a personally engraved cigarette case
Cigarette case
A cigarette case or cigarette box is a sturdy, most commonly metal container to store small numbers of cigarettes safely from crushing. In modern times they are also made of plastic....
she raged: "She is compromising herself when she is scarcely seventeen years old and so is ruining not only her life but also that of her brothers and sisters and mother..."
Maureen Allen, an American friend of Vetsera, recalled that she did not take the affair - or any of her earlier ones - frivolously: "[she] was very serious...people gave her credit for not taking love lightly, but rather quite seriously." While Rudolf had not only a wife and child, but other lovers as well, von Vetsera did not pursue any other eligible men, but instead focused all her attention on the Crown Prince. She appears to have thought she could be a credible threat to Princess Stephanie, perhaps even to usurping her position and title, but seems to have been ignorant of the fact that Rudolf was simultaneously having a serious affair with actress Mizzi Kaspar.
Rudolf is reported to have proposed a similar suicide pact to the twenty-four year old Kaspar a month prior to his death at Mayerling, which she rejected, presuming it to be a joke. Von Vetsera may have been Rudolf's second choice in his search for a partner in death, but it appears she did not interpret his proposal as a notion of a desperate man not wanting to die alone. Her family and friends took pains to emphasize the fact that the Emperor and the Vatican would never countenance the dissolution of Rudolf's marriage, and von Vetsera no doubt realized that at some point she would have to fulfill her obligation to her family and marry someone who was Rudolf's inferior.
“[I]f I could give him my life I should be glad to do it, for what does life mean for me?”
One of his secretaries is quite emphatic that while von Vetsera, who he saw as a "somewhat superficial and emotional maid" who, while displaying "a vivacity and sparkle that would have done justice to a very bright Frenchwoman", was "a woman without serious thought" and was not the type of woman who usually appealed to the intellectually-inclined Rudolf, although he acknowledged that Rudolf was interested in the political opinions of his other lovers to the extent that they were known to be reflections of what their male relatives thought. Rudolf's close friend, Professor Udel, further explained his master's "strange choice": von Vetsera shared a certain "mystic temperament" with the Archduke, who could be "the most mystical of men" in that he displayed a "strong vein of superstition".
Death
Vetsera and Crown Prince Rudolf of AustriaCrown Prince Rudolf of Austria
Rudolf , archduke of Austria and crown prince of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia, was the son and heir of Franz Joseph I, emperor of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia, and his wife and empress, Elisabeth...
were found dead, an apparent murder suicide, at his hunting lodge.
A common statement...has it that the Prince was shot through the heart and from behind, a view which would coincide with the first statement - namely, that the body had been found lying on the right side. The same tradition holds that Mademoiselle Vesera was shot through the left temple - a view entirely coinciding with the assumption that the window to the left of the couch had been opened, and the sleepers murdered.
Dr. Widerhofer was admitted at once to the chamber of the Archduke, where the body was already laid out, that of Mademoiselle Vetsera having been removed to an adjoining room, where it was disposed on a couch and completely hidden with a plain white coverlet, pending the arrival of relatives, who had at once been summoned....Although I entered the girl's death-chamber, I was prevented, from the position of the table, which ran lengthwise with the couch, from closely observing the body."
The facts of the incident are unknown; it has been suggested that she was killed by Crown Prince Rudolf, who then killed himself; that they both killed themselves; that they killed one another; and that the two of them were murdered. Some say she was pregnant at the time of her death; others, not.
In his book Crime at Mayerling, The Life and Death of Mary Vetsera, Georg Markus claims that what happened at Mayerling was never seriously investigated, and the few investigations that were made were falsified – manipulated by the monarchy.
Aftermath
Without judicial inquiry, von Vetsera's uncles were summoned to remove their niece's body from Mayerling as secretly as possible, and bury it just as secretly. Her mother was forbidden to attend. One version is that this was accomplished that night, with the body of their niece sitting in the carriage between them, propped up by a broomstick down her back of her jacket. Vetsera's body was taken to a cemetery at the Cistercian monastery a few miles away at HeiligenkreuzHeiligenkreuz
Heiligenkreuz, which in German means "Holy Cross", can refer to:*Heiligenkreuz, Lower Austria, a municipality in Lower Austria, Austria**Heiligenkreuz Abbey in this municipality*Heiligenkreuz im Lafnitztal, a municipality in Burgenland, Austria...
, but because her death was thought at that time to be a suicide, her uncles had to persuade the Abbot to gave his permission for Christian burial
Christian burial
A Christian burial is the burial of a deceased person with specifically Christian ecclesiastical rites; typically, in consecrated ground. Until recent times Christians generally objected to cremation, and practised inhumation almost exclusively, but this opposition has weakened, and now vanished...
on the grounds that she "had committed suicide because of a temporary loss of her senses". It was only later that the official version of the story surfaced in which Rudolf shot von Vetsera and then himself.
On May 16, 1889 Baroness Vetsera had her daughter's grave opened and reburied her a few yards away to a more permanent site. The wooden coffin was replaced by a copper one and a simple monument was erected by the family.
The official story of murder-suicide was unchallenged until just after the World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
. In 1946 occupying Soviet troops, perhaps hoping to loot it of jewels, dislodged the granite plate covering the grave and broke into Vetsera's coffin at the Heiligenkreuz Abbey. This was not discovered until 1955 when the Red Army
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...
withdrew from Austria. When the fathers of the monastery repaired the grave they saw a small skeleton inside the damaged copper coffin; they observed the skull seemed to have no bullet holes in it.
In 1959, a young physician named Gerd Holler who was stationed in the area, accompanied by a member of the Vetsera family and specialists in funereal preservation, inspected her remains. The bones were in total disarray; but von Vetsera's shoes and a quantity of long black hair were found in the coffin. Dr. Holler carefully examined the skull and other bones for traces of a bullet hole, but stated that he found no such evidence. The skull cavity showed an area of trauma, which could have been inflicted by Red Army soldiers, but also could indicate von Vetsera have died from a blow to her skull, which would support the version that she had not been murdered by the Archduke.
Intrigued, Holler claimed he petitioned the Vatican
Holy See
The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome, in which its Bishop is commonly known as the Pope. It is the preeminent episcopal see of the Catholic Church, forming the central government of the Church. As such, diplomatically, and in other spheres the Holy See acts and...
to inspect their 1889 archives of the affair, where the Papal Nuncio's investigation found only one bullet was fired. Lacking forensic evidence of a second bullet, Holler advanced the theory that Vetsera died accidentally, probably as the result of an abortion
Abortion
Abortion is defined as the termination of pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo prior to viability. An abortion can occur spontaneously, in which case it is usually called a miscarriage, or it can be purposely induced...
, and it was Rudolf who consequently shot himself.
Holler witnessed the body's reinterrment in a new coffin in 1959.
In 1991, Vetsera's remains were disturbed again, this time by Helmut Flatzelsteiner, a Linz
Linz
Linz is the third-largest city of Austria and capital of the state of Upper Austria . It is located in the north centre of Austria, approximately south of the Czech border, on both sides of the river Danube. The population of the city is , and that of the Greater Linz conurbation is about...
furniture dealer who was obsessed with the Mayerling affair. It was initially reported that her bones were strewn round the churchyard for the authorities to retrieve, but Flatzelsteiner actually removed them at night for a private forensic examination at his expense, which finally took place in February 1993. Flatzelsteiner told the examiners that the remains were those of a relative killed some one hundred years ago, who had possibly been shot in the head or stabbed. One expert thought this might be possible, but since the skull was in a state of disintegration it could not be confirmed.
When Flatzelsteiner approached a journalist at the Kronen Zeitung
Kronen Zeitung
The Kronen Zeitung, commonly known as the Krone, is Austria's largest newspaper. According to a Österreichische Media-Analyse study, the average daily readership is 2,970,000 , which corresponds to 43,7% of all newspaper readers...
to sell both the story and Vetsera's skeleton, the police became involved. Flatzelsteiner confessed and surrendered von Vetsera's remains, which were sent to the Legal Medical Institute in Vienna for further examination. Forensic experts found the bones were indeed a hundred years old and those of a young woman around twenty, but since part of the skull was missing, it could not be determined if there had ever been a bullet hole present or not.
Flatzelsteiner was never prosecuted and Vetsera's bones were reinterred on the morning of October 28, 1993, under the supervision of Abbott Gerhard Hradil.