Banu Khazraj
Encyclopedia
The Banu al-Khazraj was one of the tribes of Arabia during Muhammad's era.
However, all sources agree that the Banu Khazraj and Banu Aus
became hostile to each other.
Jewish chronicles state that they went to war against each other in the Battle of Bu'ath
a few years before the Islamic prophet Muhammad
migrated to Medina
.
There were three Jewish tribes present in Medina: Banu Qaynuqa
, Banu Nadir
and Banu Qurayza
.
During the battle, The Banu Nadir and the Banu Qurayza fought on the side of the Banu Aus
, while the Banu Qaynuqa were allied with the Banu Khazraj. The latter were defeated after a long and desperate battle..
The Banu Aus
were included in point 30-31 of the Constitution of Medina
as allies to the Muslims, being as "one nation/community with the Believers".
Abd-Allah ibn Ubaiy
, their chief, is said to have ploted against Muhammad.
After this, Banu Khazraj and others became known as the Ansar
.
on 624, when men of the Banu Aus
tribe murdered Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf
, some Khazraj tribesman including Abdallah ibn Unays went to Muhammad and received his permission to kill Sallam ibn Abu al-Huqayq
.
In 1228 Ibn Alahmar gathered the remains of the Muslim population cornered in Granada and established Almamlika Alnasria derived from the Ansar of Mecca whom he claimed direct lineage to. the Nasrids. With the Reconquista
in full swing after the conquest of Cordoba in 1236, the Nasrids aligned themselves with Ferdinand III of Castile
, officially becoming a tributary state in 1238. The state officially becoming the Kingdom of Granada in 1238. The Nasrids had to turn their backs against the Muslims of Cordoba and Seville in order to survive the reconquest.
Initially the kingdom of Granada linked the commercial routes from Europe with those of the Maghreb
. The territory constantly shrank, however, and by 1492, Granada controlled only a small territory on the Mediterranean coast. Arabic
was the official language, and was the mother tongue of the majority of the population.
Granada was held as a vassal to Castille for many decades, and provided trade links with the Muslim world, particularly the gold trade with the sub-saharan areas south of Africa
. The Nasrids also provided troops for Castille while the kingdom was also a source of mercenary fighters from North African Zenata
tribes. However, Portugal
discovered direct the African trade routes by sailing around the coast of West Africa. Thus Granada became less and less important for Castille and with the unification of Castille and Aragon in 1479, those kingdoms set their sights on conquering Granada and Navarre.
On January 2, 1492, the last Muslim leader, Muhammad XII, known as Boabdil to the Spanish, surrendered complete control of Granada, to Ferdinand and Isabella, Los Reyes Católicos ("The Catholic Monarchs"), after the city was besieged.
See Nasrid dynasty
for a full list of the Nasrid rulers of Granada. The most prominent members of the dynasty were:
Early history
Abu Muhammad Al-hasan Ibn Ahmad Al-hamdani mentioned that The Banu Khazraj along with Banu Aws settled the area of Yathrib around the 2nd century ad as part of the PreIslamic Exodus of Yemen due to the Great Dam damage.However, all sources agree that the Banu Khazraj and Banu Aus
Banu Aus
The Banū Aws or simply Aws was one of the main Arab tribes of Medina. The other was Khazraj, and the two, constituted the Ansar after the Hijra.Aws and Khazraj were known as Banū Qayla in pre-Islamic era.-Etymology:...
became hostile to each other.
Jewish chronicles state that they went to war against each other in the Battle of Bu'ath
Battle of Bu'ath
The Battle of Bu'ath was fought in 617 between Banu Aus and Banu Khazraj, the Arab tribes of Yathrib , in Saudi Arabia, in the south-eastern quarter of the Medinan oasis, belonging to the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza...
a few years before the Islamic prophet Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad |ligature]] at U+FDF4 ;Arabic pronunciation varies regionally; the first vowel ranges from ~~; the second and the last vowel: ~~~. There are dialects which have no stress. In Egypt, it is pronounced not in religious contexts...
migrated to Medina
Hijra (Islam)
The Hijra is the migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE. Alternate spellings of this Arabic word are Hijrah, Hijrat or Hegira, the latter following the spelling rules of Latin.- Hijra of Muhammad :In September 622, warned of a plot to...
.
There were three Jewish tribes present in Medina: Banu Qaynuqa
Banu Qaynuqa
The Banu Qaynuqa was one of the three main Jewish tribes living in the 7th century of Medina, now in Saudi Arabia...
, Banu Nadir
Banu Nadir
The Banu Nadir were a Jewish tribe who lived in northern Arabia until the 7th century at the oasis of Yathrib . The tribe challenged Muhammad as the leader of Medina. and planned along with allied nomads to attack Muhammad and were expelled from Medina as a result. The Banu Nadir then planned the...
and Banu Qurayza
Banu Qurayza
The Banu Qurayza were a Jewish tribe which lived in northern Arabia, at the oasis of Yathrib , until the 7th century, when their conflict with Muhammad led to their demise, after the Invasion of Banu Qurayza, took place in the Dhul Qa‘dah, 5 A.H i.e. in February/March, 627 AD...
.
During the battle, The Banu Nadir and the Banu Qurayza fought on the side of the Banu Aus
Banu Aus
The Banū Aws or simply Aws was one of the main Arab tribes of Medina. The other was Khazraj, and the two, constituted the Ansar after the Hijra.Aws and Khazraj were known as Banū Qayla in pre-Islamic era.-Etymology:...
, while the Banu Qaynuqa were allied with the Banu Khazraj. The latter were defeated after a long and desperate battle..
Hijrah — 622
Muhammad came to Medina as a mediator, invited to resolve the feud between the factions of Banu Aws and Banu Khazraj. He ultimately did so by absorbing both factions into his Muslim community, forbidding bloodshed among Muslims.The Banu Aus
Banu Aus
The Banū Aws or simply Aws was one of the main Arab tribes of Medina. The other was Khazraj, and the two, constituted the Ansar after the Hijra.Aws and Khazraj were known as Banū Qayla in pre-Islamic era.-Etymology:...
were included in point 30-31 of the Constitution of Medina
Constitution of Medina
The Constitution of Medina , also known as the Charter of Medina, was drafted by the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It constituted a formal agreement between Muhammad and all of the significant tribes and families of Yathrib , including Muslims, Jews, Christians and pagans. This constitution formed the...
as allies to the Muslims, being as "one nation/community with the Believers".
Abd-Allah ibn Ubaiy
Abd-Allah ibn Ubaiy
Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy , also called ibn Salul in reference to his mother, was a chief of the Arab tribe Banu Khazraj and one of the leading men of Medina . Upon the arrival of Muhammad, Ibn Ubayy became a Muslim, though the sincerity of that conversion is disputed...
, their chief, is said to have ploted against Muhammad.
After this, Banu Khazraj and others became known as the Ansar
Ansar (Islam)
Ansar is an Islamic term that literally means "helpers" and denotes the Medinan citizens that helped Muhammad and the Muhajirun on the arrival to the city after the migration to Medina...
.
on 624, when men of the Banu Aus
Banu Aus
The Banū Aws or simply Aws was one of the main Arab tribes of Medina. The other was Khazraj, and the two, constituted the Ansar after the Hijra.Aws and Khazraj were known as Banū Qayla in pre-Islamic era.-Etymology:...
tribe murdered Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf
Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf
Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf was a chief of the Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir and a poet, who plotted with Quraysh and a group of Jews to fight against Muslims and assassinate the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was assassinated by Muslims on the order of Muhammad before he could carry out his plans...
, some Khazraj tribesman including Abdallah ibn Unays went to Muhammad and received his permission to kill Sallam ibn Abu al-Huqayq
Expedition of 'Abdullah ibn 'Atik
The Expedition of 'Abdullah ibn 'Atik also known as the Assassination of Abu Rafi' ibn Abi Al-Huqaiq , took place in December, 624AD-Background:...
.
The Nasrids in Granada
Reconquista
The Reconquista was a period of almost 800 years in the Middle Ages during which several Christian kingdoms succeeded in retaking the Muslim-controlled areas of the Iberian Peninsula broadly known as Al-Andalus...
in full swing after the conquest of Cordoba in 1236, the Nasrids aligned themselves with Ferdinand III of Castile
Ferdinand III of Castile
Saint Ferdinand III, T.O.S.F., was the King of Castile from 1217 and León from 1230. He was the son of Alfonso IX of León and Berenguela of Castile. Through his second marriage he was also Count of Aumale. He finished the work done by his maternal grandfather Alfonso VIII and consolidated the...
, officially becoming a tributary state in 1238. The state officially becoming the Kingdom of Granada in 1238. The Nasrids had to turn their backs against the Muslims of Cordoba and Seville in order to survive the reconquest.
Initially the kingdom of Granada linked the commercial routes from Europe with those of the Maghreb
Maghreb
The Maghreb is the region of Northwest Africa, west of Egypt. It includes five countries: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Mauritania and the disputed territory of Western Sahara...
. The territory constantly shrank, however, and by 1492, Granada controlled only a small territory on the Mediterranean coast. Arabic
Arabic language
Arabic is a name applied to the descendants of the Classical Arabic language of the 6th century AD, used most prominently in the Quran, the Islamic Holy Book...
was the official language, and was the mother tongue of the majority of the population.
Granada was held as a vassal to Castille for many decades, and provided trade links with the Muslim world, particularly the gold trade with the sub-saharan areas south of Africa
Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area...
. The Nasrids also provided troops for Castille while the kingdom was also a source of mercenary fighters from North African Zenata
Zenata
Zenata were an ethnic group of North Africa, who were technically an Eastern Berber group and who are found in Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco....
tribes. However, Portugal
Portugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
discovered direct the African trade routes by sailing around the coast of West Africa. Thus Granada became less and less important for Castille and with the unification of Castille and Aragon in 1479, those kingdoms set their sights on conquering Granada and Navarre.
On January 2, 1492, the last Muslim leader, Muhammad XII, known as Boabdil to the Spanish, surrendered complete control of Granada, to Ferdinand and Isabella, Los Reyes Católicos ("The Catholic Monarchs"), after the city was besieged.
See Nasrid dynasty
Nasrid dynasty
The Nasrid dynasty was the last Moorish and Muslim dynasty in Spain. The Nasrid dynasty rose to power after the defeat of the Almohad Caliphate in 1212 at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa...
for a full list of the Nasrid rulers of Granada. The most prominent members of the dynasty were:
- Mohammed ibn AlhamarMohammed ibn AlhamarMohammed I ibn Nasr was a Nasrid ruler of the Moorish Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus on the Iberian Peninsula, and founder of the last Muslim dynasty in Spain in 1238....
(died 1273), the founder of the dynasty - Yusuf I (1334–1354)
- Muhammed V (1354–1391), builder of the royal palace within the Alhambra
- Boabdil of Granada, the last of the line, who surrendered in 1492 to Ferdinand and IsabelIsabella I of CastileIsabella I was Queen of Castile and León. She and her husband Ferdinand II of Aragon brought stability to both kingdoms that became the basis for the unification of Spain. Later the two laid the foundations for the political unification of Spain under their grandson, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor...
and was given the Alpujarras mountains to rule to the East of Granada, although he left for Tlemsen in Morocco.
People
- Abd-Allah ibn UbaiyAbd-Allah ibn UbaiyAbd-Allah ibn Ubayy , also called ibn Salul in reference to his mother, was a chief of the Arab tribe Banu Khazraj and one of the leading men of Medina . Upon the arrival of Muhammad, Ibn Ubayy became a Muslim, though the sincerity of that conversion is disputed...
— chief - Sa'd ibn UbadahSa'd ibn UbadahSa'd ibn Ubadah ibn Dulaim was one of the prominent Sahabah and Ansar, the chief of the Banu Khazraj.He participated in the secret second pledge at al-Aqabah. It was not after that the Medinan pilgrims had left the city, that the Meccans became aware of the meeting at Aqabah. They pursued the...
, the chief of the Khazraj - Hassan ibn ThabitHassan ibn ThabitHassan ibn Thabit was an Arabian poet and one of the Sahaba, or companions of Muhammad. He was born in Yathrib , and was member of the Banu Khazraj tribe. According to tradition, he was the court poet to Muhammad.-Life:...
— - Ubayy ibn KabUbayy ibn KabUbay ibn Ka'b , also known as Abu Mundhir , was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a person of high esteem in the early Muslim community.-Biography:...
— - `Abd Allah ibn Rawahah`Abd Allah ibn Rawahah‘Abdullah ibn Rawahah ibn Tha‘labah was one of the companions of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad.-Biography:Ibn Rawahah was from the Arabian tribe, the Banu Khazraj...
- As‘ad bin Zurarah bin ‘Ads
- Habab ibn MundhirHabab ibn MundhirAl-Hubab ibn al-Mundhir ibn Zayd was one of the prominent Sahaba and Ansar from the Khazraj tribe.He participated during in the meeting at saqifah during the Succession to Muhammad. He was also the one who advised Muhammad on filling all but one well during the battle of Badr -References:...
- Anas ibn MalikAnas ibn MalikAnas bin Malik ibn Nadar al-Khazraji Al-Ansari was a well-known sahabi of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.He was an Ansar of the Banu Khazraj . He is not to be confused with Malik ibn Anas. Anas ibn Malik, the last of the Companions of the Prophet died at al-Basrah in 93 AH aged 103.-Muhammad's...
- Al-Bara ibn Malik
- Sa‘d bin Ar-Rabi‘ bin ‘Amr
- Rafi‘ bin Malik bin Al-‘Ajlan
- Al-Bara’ bin Ma‘rur bin Sakhr
- ‘Abdullah bin ‘Amr bin Haram
- ‘Ubadah bin As-Samit bin Qais
- Al-Mundhir bin ‘Amr bin Khunais