Babur Ibn-Baysunkur
Encyclopedia
Babur Ibn-Baysunkur also known as Abu'l-Qasim Bābur, was a Timurid
ruler in Khurasan
(1449–1457). He was the son of Baysunqar, and thus the a grandson of Shāhrukh Mirzā
.
Babur was one of the many people involved in the succession struggle that took place during Shah Rukh's last years. Together with Khalil Sultan (a great-great-grandson of Timur
), he plundered the baggage-train of the army and then made his way to Khurasan. Meanwhile, Ulugh Beg
also invaded Khurasan in 1448 in an attempt to defeat 'Ala' al-Daula, who held Herat
. Ulugh Beg defeated 'Ala' al-Daula at Tarnab
and took Mashhad
, while his son 'Abd al-Latif conquered Herat. 'Ala' al-Daula fled to south-western Afghanistan
. However, Ulugh Beg felt Transoxiana
, where he had already ruled for decades, to be more important, and soon left the area. On the way back, Babur sent a force that inflicted heavy losses on his army.
With a power vacuum now in Khurasan, Babur quickly seized control. Mashad and Herat fell to him in 1449. 'Ala' al-Daula occasionally raided the area but was not a significant factor. Together with Ulugh Beg and Sultan Muhammad
(who gained control of central Persia), Babur became one of the three important Timurid rulers. This balance of power was soon upset by Sultan Muhammad, who invaded Khurasan. The campaign started out badly for Babur, with a defeat at Mashad in March 1450 convinced him to cede parts of his territory. However, Babur soon recovered and took Sultan Muhammad prisoner, and then executed him. He then marched to Shiraz
to take control of Sultan Muhammad's lands.
At this point Jahan Shah
of the Black Sheep Turkmen ended his loyalty to the Timurids. He quickly put Qum and Sava to siege. Babur began to march against him but was forced to return to Herat, due to the overwhelming superiority of the Black Sheep's armies and a plot hatched against him by 'Ala' al-Daula. Most of Persia was taken from the Timurids by 1452, with the exception of Abarquh, which was conquered by the Black Sheep in 1453. While Kirman
was temporarily conquered some time later and a few attempts were made to seize Ray
, Persia as a whole was never retaken by the Timurids.
In 1454 Babur invaded Transoxiana, then under the control of Abu Sa'id
in retaliation for the latter's seizure of Balkh
. He quickly laid siege to Samarkand
. The conflict between the two soon ended, however, with the Oxus River agreed to as a border. This remained in effect until Babur's death in 1457. He was succeeded by his son Mahmud.
Timurid Dynasty
The Timurids , self-designated Gurkānī , were a Persianate, Central Asian Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turko-Mongol descent whose empire included the whole of Iran, modern Afghanistan, and modern Uzbekistan, as well as large parts of contemporary Pakistan, North India, Mesopotamia, Anatolia and the...
ruler in Khurasan
Greater Khorasan
Greater Khorasan or Ancient Khorasan is a historical region of Greater Iran mentioned in sources from Sassanid and Islamic eras which "frequently" had a denotation wider than current three provinces of Khorasan in Iran...
(1449–1457). He was the son of Baysunqar, and thus the a grandson of Shāhrukh Mirzā
Shah Rukh (Timurid dynasty)
Shāhrukh Mīrzā was the ruler of the eastern portion of the empire established by the Central Asian warlord Timur - the founder of the Timurid dynasty - governing most of Persia and Transoxiana between 1405 and 1447...
.
Babur was one of the many people involved in the succession struggle that took place during Shah Rukh's last years. Together with Khalil Sultan (a great-great-grandson of Timur
Timur
Timur , historically known as Tamerlane in English , was a 14th-century conqueror of West, South and Central Asia, and the founder of the Timurid dynasty in Central Asia, and great-great-grandfather of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Dynasty, which survived as the Mughal Empire in India until...
), he plundered the baggage-train of the army and then made his way to Khurasan. Meanwhile, Ulugh Beg
Ulugh Beg
Ulugh Bek was a Timurid ruler as well as an astronomer, mathematician and sultan. His commonly-known name is not truly a personal name, but rather a moniker, which can be loosely translated as "Great Ruler" or "Patriarch Ruler" and was the Turkic equivalent of Timur's Perso-Arabic title Amīr-e...
also invaded Khurasan in 1448 in an attempt to defeat 'Ala' al-Daula, who held Herat
Herat
Herāt is the capital of Herat province in Afghanistan. It is the third largest city of Afghanistan, with a population of about 397,456 as of 2006. It is situated in the valley of the Hari River, which flows from the mountains of central Afghanistan to the Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan...
. Ulugh Beg defeated 'Ala' al-Daula at Tarnab
Tarnab
Tarnab is a town and union council of Charsadda District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°13'12N 71°40'51E and has an altitude of 299 metres .-References:...
and took Mashhad
Mashhad
Mashhad , is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shia Muslim world. It is also the only major Iranian city with an Arabic name. It is located east of Tehran, at the center of the Razavi Khorasan Province close to the borders of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. Its...
, while his son 'Abd al-Latif conquered Herat. 'Ala' al-Daula fled to south-western Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of , making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world...
. However, Ulugh Beg felt Transoxiana
Transoxiana
Transoxiana is the ancient name used for the portion of Central Asia corresponding approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgystan and southwest Kazakhstan. Geographically, it is the region between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers...
, where he had already ruled for decades, to be more important, and soon left the area. On the way back, Babur sent a force that inflicted heavy losses on his army.
With a power vacuum now in Khurasan, Babur quickly seized control. Mashad and Herat fell to him in 1449. 'Ala' al-Daula occasionally raided the area but was not a significant factor. Together with Ulugh Beg and Sultan Muhammad
Sultan Muhammad (Timurid dynasty)
Sultan Muhammad was the Timurid ruler of Persia and Fars from around 1447 until his death. He was the son of Baisunqur b. Shah Rukh....
(who gained control of central Persia), Babur became one of the three important Timurid rulers. This balance of power was soon upset by Sultan Muhammad, who invaded Khurasan. The campaign started out badly for Babur, with a defeat at Mashad in March 1450 convinced him to cede parts of his territory. However, Babur soon recovered and took Sultan Muhammad prisoner, and then executed him. He then marched to Shiraz
Shiraz, Iran
Shiraz is the sixth most populous city in Iran and is the capital of Fars Province, the city's 2009 population was 1,455,073. Shiraz is located in the southwest of Iran on the Roodkhaneye Khoshk seasonal river...
to take control of Sultan Muhammad's lands.
At this point Jahan Shah
Jahan Shah
Muzaffar al-Din Jahan Shah ibn Yusuf was the leader of the Kara Koyunlu Turkmen tribal federation in Azerbaijan and Arran who reigned c.1438-1467. During his reign he managed to expand the Kara Koyunlu’s territory to its largest extent, including Western Anatolia, most of present day Iraq,...
of the Black Sheep Turkmen ended his loyalty to the Timurids. He quickly put Qum and Sava to siege. Babur began to march against him but was forced to return to Herat, due to the overwhelming superiority of the Black Sheep's armies and a plot hatched against him by 'Ala' al-Daula. Most of Persia was taken from the Timurids by 1452, with the exception of Abarquh, which was conquered by the Black Sheep in 1453. While Kirman
Kerman
- Geological characteristics :For the Iranian paleontologists, Kerman has always been considered a fossil paradise. Finding new dinosaur footprints in 2005 has now revealed new hopes for paleontologists to better understand the history of this area.- Economy :...
was temporarily conquered some time later and a few attempts were made to seize Ray
Ray, Iran
Rey or Ray , also known as Rhages and formerly as Arsacia, is the capital of Rey County, Tehran Province, Iran, and is the oldest existing city in the province....
, Persia as a whole was never retaken by the Timurids.
In 1454 Babur invaded Transoxiana, then under the control of Abu Sa'id
Abu Sa'id (Timurid dynasty)
Abū Saʿīd b. Muḥammad b. Mīrānshāh b. Timūr , was a Timurid Empire ruler in what is today parts of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Iran and Afghanistan and member of the Timurid dynasty....
in retaliation for the latter's seizure of Balkh
Balkh
Balkh , was an ancient city and centre of Zoroastrianism in what is now northern Afghanistan. Today it is a small town in the province of Balkh, about 20 kilometers northwest of the provincial capital, Mazar-e Sharif, and some south of the Amu Darya. It was one of the major cities of Khorasan...
. He quickly laid siege to Samarkand
Samarkand
Although a Persian-speaking region, it was not united politically with Iran most of the times between the disintegration of the Seleucid Empire and the Arab conquest . In the 6th century it was within the domain of the Turkic kingdom of the Göktürks.At the start of the 8th century Samarkand came...
. The conflict between the two soon ended, however, with the Oxus River agreed to as a border. This remained in effect until Babur's death in 1457. He was succeeded by his son Mahmud.