Article 9 ECHR
Encyclopedia
Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights
provides a right to freedom of thought
, conscience and religion
. This includes the freedom to change a religion or belief, and to manifest a religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance, subject to certain restrictions that are "in accordance with law" and "necessary in a democratic society"
European Convention on Human Rights
The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms is an international treaty to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe. Drafted in 1950 by the then newly formed Council of Europe, the convention entered into force on 3 September 1953...
provides a right to freedom of thought
Freedom of thought
Freedom of thought is the freedom of an individual to hold or consider a fact, viewpoint, or thought, independent of others' viewpoints....
, conscience and religion
Freedom of religion
Freedom of religion is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance; the concept is generally recognized also to include the freedom to change religion or not to follow any...
. This includes the freedom to change a religion or belief, and to manifest a religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance, subject to certain restrictions that are "in accordance with law" and "necessary in a democratic society"
Article text
Case law
- ECtHR:
- Buscarini and Others v. San MarinoBuscarini and Others v. San MarinoBuscarini and Others v. San Marino was a case decided by the European Court of Human Rights in 1999.-Facts:The applicants, Cristoforo Buscarini and Emilio Della Balda, were elected to the General Grand Council in 1993...
- Kokkinakis v. GreeceKokkinakis v. GreeceKokkinakis v. Greece is a landmark case of the European Court of Human Rights, decided in 1993 and concerning compatibility of certain sanctions for proselytism with Articles 7 and 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights....
- Leyla Şahin v. TurkeyLeyla Sahin v. TurkeyLeyla Şahin v. Turkey was a 2004 European Court of Human Rights case brought against Turkey by a medical student challenging a Turkish law which bans wearing the Islamic headscarf at universities and other educational and state institutions...
- Pichon and Sajous v. France
- Leela Förderkreis E.V. and Others v. GermanyLeela Förderkreis E.V. and Others v. GermanyLeela Förderkreis E.V. and Others v. Germany was a case decided by the European Court of Human Rights in 2008.-Facts:The applicants were religious or meditation associations belonging to the Osho movement...
- Universelles Leben e.V. v. GermanyUniverselles Leben e.V. v. GermanyUniverselles Leben e.V. v. Germany was a case decided by the European Commission of Human Rights in 1996.-Facts:...
- Lautsi v. ItalyLautsi v. ItalyLautsi v. Italy was a case brought before the European Court of Human Rights, which, on 18 March 2011, ruled that the requirement in Italian law that crucifixes be displayed in classrooms of state schools does not violate the European Convention on Human Rights.-The case:The case stemmed from a...
- Buscarini and Others v. San Marino
- National:
- Connolly v DPP
Literature
- Murdoch J. Freedom of thought, conscience and religion. A guide to the implementation of Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights Strasbourg, Council of Europe, 2007
- Freedom of religion, a factsheet of ECtHR case law