Anthony Greenwald
Encyclopedia
Anthony Greenwald is a Social Psychologist and, since 1986, Professor
of Psychology
at University of Washington
.
According to Greenwald’s biographical page from the University of Washington
, in 1959 he received a B.A.
from Yale University
. In 1961, he received a M.A.
from Harvard University
, and in 1963, he completed his Ph.D.
at Harvard University as well. After that, he completed a Postdoctoral Fellowship
that lasted from 1963-1965 at the Educational Testing Service
.
Greenwald started teaching in 1965 as an assistant professor in the Psychology Department at Ohio State University
until 1986. At the same time, he was an Associate Editor for the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, from 1972 to 1976, before becoming the editor in 1977. From 2001 to 2005, Greenwald was Associate Editor of Experimental Psychology
.
in 1994; Research Scientist Award from the National Institute of Mental Health
from 1998 to 2004; Thomas M. Ostrom
Award, Person Memory Interest Group in 2001; and recently Greenwald received the Distinguished Scientist Award, Society of Experimental Social Psychology
in 2006. This does not include the books he has co-authored, articles that he has published, or the numerous students that he has supervised, both Ph.D. students and postdoctoral fellowships.
, Steven Fein and Hazel Rose Markus
; Anthony Greenwald, Mahzarin Banaji
, Brian Nosek and others have done extensive research on cognition and have collaborated to create the Implicit Association Test
(2008, p. 163). This test measures the extent to which an individual will associate two individual concepts. This test has been very successful in determining implicit racism. Between October 1998 and October 2006, more than 4.5 million IAT tests were completed on the IAT website (2008, p. 163).
This test explains, “All sorts of implicit attitudes that we cannot self-report in questionnaires because we are not aware of having them” (2008, p. 184). However, Greenwald has made great strides to improve his research. Even as other questions his own findings, he questions them himself. In one of his articles, Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method Variable and Construction Validity, he mentions that by questioning a number of things, including how to maximize the effectiveness of the IAT design, it will help the advancement of the test to stretch across various studies and laboratories (Banaji, Greenwald, & Nosek, 2005, p. 166).
Greenwald has studied and advanced the theory of Central Route to Persuasion
; he and his colleagues agree a third step of elaboration is needed. The concept of elaboration allows the argument to be extended and for the receiver of the conversation to better process the information that he or she is being given. This helps individuals to determine the strength of the contents in the article and gives way to the idea that “strong arguments are persuasive, and weak arguments are not” (Fein, Kassin & Markus, 2008, p. 191).
One of Greenwald’s observations is of autobiographies. He mentions that since autobiographies are links to the past, these memories are vital in shaping our identities. It can motivate individuals to distort the past so that behaviors and events are well received by others (2008, p. 64). Greenwald can be quoted saying in 1980, “The past is remembered as if it were a drama in which the self was the leading player” (p. 64).
Professor
A professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
of Psychology
Psychology
Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. Its immediate goal is to understand individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases. For many, the ultimate goal of psychology is to benefit society...
at University of Washington
University of Washington
University of Washington is a public research university, founded in 1861 in Seattle, Washington, United States. The UW is the largest university in the Northwest and the oldest public university on the West Coast. The university has three campuses, with its largest campus in the University...
.
According to Greenwald’s biographical page from the University of Washington
University of Washington
University of Washington is a public research university, founded in 1861 in Seattle, Washington, United States. The UW is the largest university in the Northwest and the oldest public university on the West Coast. The university has three campuses, with its largest campus in the University...
, in 1959 he received a B.A.
Bachelor of Arts
A Bachelor of Arts , from the Latin artium baccalaureus, is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both...
from Yale University
Yale University
Yale University is a private, Ivy League university located in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1701 in the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States...
. In 1961, he received a M.A.
Master of Arts (postgraduate)
A Master of Arts from the Latin Magister Artium, is a type of Master's degree awarded by universities in many countries. The M.A. is usually contrasted with the M.S. or M.Sc. degrees...
from Harvard University
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation chartered in the country...
, and in 1963, he completed his Ph.D.
Ph.D.
A Ph.D. is a Doctor of Philosophy, an academic degree.Ph.D. may also refer to:* Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*Piled Higher and Deeper, a web comic strip*PhD: Phantasy Degree, a Korean comic series* PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
at Harvard University as well. After that, he completed a Postdoctoral Fellowship
Postdoctoral researcher
Postdoctoral research is scholarly research conducted by a person who has recently completed doctoral studies, normally within the previous five years. It is intended to further deepen expertise in a specialist subject, including acquiring novel skills and methods...
that lasted from 1963-1965 at the Educational Testing Service
Educational Testing Service
Educational Testing Service , founded in 1947, is the world's largest private nonprofit educational testing and assessment organization...
.
Greenwald started teaching in 1965 as an assistant professor in the Psychology Department at Ohio State University
Ohio State University
The Ohio State University, commonly referred to as Ohio State, is a public research university located in Columbus, Ohio. It was originally founded in 1870 as a land-grant university and is currently the third largest university campus in the United States...
until 1986. At the same time, he was an Associate Editor for the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology is a monthly psychology journal of the American Psychological Association. It is considered one of the top journals in the fields of social and personality psychology. Its focus is on empirical research reports; however, specialized theoretical,...
, from 1972 to 1976, before becoming the editor in 1977. From 2001 to 2005, Greenwald was Associate Editor of Experimental Psychology
Experimental psychology
Experimental psychology is a methodological approach, rather than a subject, and encompasses varied fields within psychology. Experimental psychologists have traditionally conducted research, published articles, and taught classes on neuroscience, developmental psychology, sensation, perception,...
.
Awards
Greenwald has been recognized via a variety of significant awards: the Donald T. Campbell Award, Society for Personality and Social PsychologySociety for Personality and Social Psychology
The Society for Personality and Social Psychology is an academic society for personality and social psychologists with over 4500 members worldwide. SPSP serves as Division 8 of the American Psychological Association and publishes the journals Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin and...
in 1994; Research Scientist Award from the National Institute of Mental Health
National Institute of Mental Health
The National Institute of Mental Health is one of 27 institutes and centers that make up the National Institutes of Health...
from 1998 to 2004; Thomas M. Ostrom
Tom Ostrom
Thomas Marshall Ostrom was a psychologist who helped further the study of social psychology. Prior to Ostrom, the field explored and identified the cognitive foundations of social activity. Ostrom pushed the field to studying the social foundations of cognitive activity.-Career:Ostrom was born...
Award, Person Memory Interest Group in 2001; and recently Greenwald received the Distinguished Scientist Award, Society of Experimental Social Psychology
Society of Experimental Social Psychology
The Society of Experimental Social Psychology is a scientific professional organization of social psychologists. SESP has over 700 members worldwide.-History:...
in 2006. This does not include the books he has co-authored, articles that he has published, or the numerous students that he has supervised, both Ph.D. students and postdoctoral fellowships.
Research interests
According to Social Psychology, written by Saul KassinSaul Kassin
Saul Kassin is a Distinguished Professor of Psychology at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York.- Biography :Dr. Saul Kassin is an American psychologist. He has participated in contributing to many books which have helped to explain different aspects in the field of psychology. He...
, Steven Fein and Hazel Rose Markus
Hazel Rose Markus
Hazel Markus is a prominent social psychologist. In 1975, she received her PhD from the University of Michigan, and later became one of the university’s faculty members. During her time at the University of Michigan, she was a research scientist at the Institute for Social Research...
; Anthony Greenwald, Mahzarin Banaji
Mahzarin Banaji
Mahzarin Rustum Banaji was born and raised in India, in the town of Secunderabad, where she attended St. Ann's High School. Her B.A. is from and her M.A. in Psychology from Osmania University in Hyderabad. In 1986, Banaji received a Ph.D. from Ohio State University, and was an NIH postdoctoral...
, Brian Nosek and others have done extensive research on cognition and have collaborated to create the Implicit Association Test
Implicit Association Test
The Implicit Association Test is a measure within social psychology designed to detect the strength of a person's automatic association between mental representations of objects in memory. The IAT was introduced in the scientific literature in 1998 by Anthony Greenwald, Debbie McGee, and Jordan...
(2008, p. 163). This test measures the extent to which an individual will associate two individual concepts. This test has been very successful in determining implicit racism. Between October 1998 and October 2006, more than 4.5 million IAT tests were completed on the IAT website (2008, p. 163).
This test explains, “All sorts of implicit attitudes that we cannot self-report in questionnaires because we are not aware of having them” (2008, p. 184). However, Greenwald has made great strides to improve his research. Even as other questions his own findings, he questions them himself. In one of his articles, Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method Variable and Construction Validity, he mentions that by questioning a number of things, including how to maximize the effectiveness of the IAT design, it will help the advancement of the test to stretch across various studies and laboratories (Banaji, Greenwald, & Nosek, 2005, p. 166).
Greenwald has studied and advanced the theory of Central Route to Persuasion
Persuasion
Persuasion is a form of social influence. It is the process of guiding or bringing oneself or another toward the adoption of an idea, attitude, or action by rational and symbolic means.- Methods :...
; he and his colleagues agree a third step of elaboration is needed. The concept of elaboration allows the argument to be extended and for the receiver of the conversation to better process the information that he or she is being given. This helps individuals to determine the strength of the contents in the article and gives way to the idea that “strong arguments are persuasive, and weak arguments are not” (Fein, Kassin & Markus, 2008, p. 191).
One of Greenwald’s observations is of autobiographies. He mentions that since autobiographies are links to the past, these memories are vital in shaping our identities. It can motivate individuals to distort the past so that behaviors and events are well received by others (2008, p. 64). Greenwald can be quoted saying in 1980, “The past is remembered as if it were a drama in which the self was the leading player” (p. 64).
Sources
- Banaji, M.R., Greenwald, A.G., & Nosek, B.A. (2005). Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method Variables and Construct Validity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 166-180. Retrieved April 18, 2008, from faculty.washington.edu.
- Fein, S., Kassin, S., & Markus, H.R. (2008). Social Psychology with Study Guide. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
- Dr. Anthony Greenwald, Ph.D. Homepage. (2008, March 28). Selected Articles & Chapters, By Topic. Retrieved April 22, 2008, from faculty.washington.edu.