Active Hexose Correlated Compound
Encyclopedia
Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC) is an alpha-glucan rich nutritional supplement produced from the mycelia of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) of the basidiomycete family of mushrooms, and is not an approved drug. AHCC was originally designed to lower high-blood pressure. However, researchers at Tokyo University found AHCC's influence upon the innate immune system
highly beneficial and published the results in 1992, though not in the commonly indexed scientific literature. In this study, researchers found that AHCC significantly increased natural killer
(NK) cell activity in cancer patients, and also enhanced the effects of killer T-cells, and cytokines (interferon, IL-12, TNF-alpha).
One cohort study published in 2003 reported improved survival associated with AHCC in primary liver cancer
patients after surgical resection of the primary tumor.
The immunological effect of AHCC has been studied in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 21 healthy volunteers. The AHCC group showed a significantly higher number of total dendritic cells compared with baseline, a significantly higher number of DC1 cells compared with baseline, a significantly higher number of DC2 cells compared with controls, and a significantly increased mixed-leukocyte reaction compared with controls. There was no significant difference in cytokine production, NK cell activity or other immune function parameters between the two groups.
Safety studies have been conducted according to GLP standards. The LD50 according to tests with SD rats is > 12,500 mg/kg by oral administration. Toxic activity was not seen even in intra-peritoneal administration of AHCC: Male: LD50 = 8,490 mg/kg, estimated intraperitoneal fatal dose =7,430 mg/kg Female: LD50 = 9,849 mg/kg and estimated fatal dose = 8,340 mg/kg
In Japan, AHCC is the 2nd most popular complementary and alternative medicine used by cancer patients. Agaricus blazei
supplements are the most popular, outpacing AHCC use by a factor of 7:1.
s, which directly attack abnormal cells, virus-infected cells or external viral and bacterial pathogens that enter the body.
Some research shows that the fundamental mechanism of how AHCC activates immunity is by means of stimulating the number of dendritic cells. Dendritic cells capture and process antigens (disease-causing proteins) and carry them to the lymphoid organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes, and secrete cytokines to induce an immune response. B cells and T cells (B and T lymphocytes) are the mediators of immunity, but their function is under the control of dendritic cells. AHCC clearly stimulated an increase in the number of dendritic cells compared to a placebo group. The stimulatory activity of the dendritic cells was also increased. These results strongly suggest that AHCC is useful in increasing immune competence. AHCC also protects the thymus gland, improves the immune system’s ability to recognize tumors, and strengthens cellular immunity in healthy human volunteers.
A study published in the Journal of Hepatology compared the outcomes of 113 post-operative liver cancer patients taking AHCC with 156 patients in the control group. The results showed the rate of recurrence of malignant tumors was significantly lower (34% versus 66%) and patient survival was significantly higher in the AHCC group (80% vs. 52%). The level of speculation was low because actual survival figures were recorded and the patients had all been carefully observed internally at the time of surgery with photographs of tumors and lesions.
In Japan, AHCC is the 2nd most popular complementary and alternative medicine used by cancer patients. Agaricus blazei
supplements are the most popular, outpacing AHCC use by a factor of 7:1.
Another study that showed improvement of quality of life with cancer patients was carried out in China. There was an 84% improvement in the quality of life in 100 patients undergoing treatment for a variety of types of cancer with chemotherapy and radiation measured according to indices such as side effects, and mood. There was no obvious improvement in 16%.
Numerous doctors in Japan have reported no loss of hair (alopecia) during radiation and chemotherapy in cancer patients taking AHCC. This was obviously a set of anecdotal observations, but heard frequently enough to justify further investigation. In a study with mice published in the Japanese Journal of Cancer Research, a chemotherapy drug (cytosine arabinoside) was used to induce hair loss in rats. The rats who also received AHCC had a significantly lower rate and less severity of hair loss.
A study on avian flu was conducted at the College of Veterinary Medicine at the South China Agricultural University. The H5N1 virus was administered nasally to two groups of mice, one group pre-treated with AHCC. The death rate was recorded from 14 days after infection and the post-infection survival rates were compared between the two groups. All mice in the untreated control group were dead by the 11th day post-infection. In the AHCC-treated group 20% of the mice were still alive 21 days post-infection. In the control group 50% were dead at the end of 8 days. In the AHCC group the 50% mark was the 11th day. AHCC significantly raised the survival rate, and even after re-infection with the virus on the 21st and 28th days after treatment the survival rate stayed at 20-30%.
AHCC also has measurable anti-inflammatory properties. A study carried out in Thailand with liver cancer patients used C-reactive protein (CRP) as a marker of inflammation. Inflammation drives the cancer process, and hepatitis is well known to be a precursor of liver cancer. Thailand has the highest rate of liver cancer in the world. Terminal liver cancer patients were given 3 grams a day of AHCC. After 6 months of taking AHCC, liver function tests returned to normal. The levels of CRP also returned to normal and rose again if the AHCC dosage was stopped in all 28 of the tested patients. C-reactive protein (CRP) is high when there is hepatitis and other infections, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis and some cancers. There is a strong relationship between circulating CRP with heart attacks and strokes. It is possible that the anti-inflammatory properties of AHCC can prevent disorders caused by an unresolved inflammatory process.
Animal studies show the potential of AHCC to prevent opportunistic infections chronically ill or hospitalized patients. Opportunistic infections occur in weakened patients: patients who are immune compromised, patients who are traumatized or enfeebled by chronic disease. “Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus” (MRSA) is a well known example. MRSA runs rampant in many hospitals. Klebsiella pneumoniae is also a problem in hospitals particularly in weak and compromised patients. Neither of these infections is responsive to treatment with antibiotics. The key factor that leads to opportunistic infections is a loss of immunity rather than an exposure to a disease-causing germ. Japanese researchers at Teikyo University investigated the potential of AHCC to prevent opportunistic infections.
They chose to research infections from Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which cause staphylococcal skin infections. These infections generally start as small red bumps, boils or spider bites. They can quickly deteriorate into deep, painful abscesses that require surgical draining. Sometimes the bacteria can penetrate into the body, causing potentially life-threatening infections in bones, joints, the bloodstream, heart valves and lungs) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which can cause urinary tract infections, pneumonia, chronic lung infections, skin, heart and joint infections. Mice were pre-treated with a chemotherapy drug to lower their resistance and white cell counts. Then high doses of Candida albicans were inoculated into the abdomen. Within 7 days the entire control group died of infection. A group that was given AHCC for four days from the day the drug was administered prevented the death of most of the mice. Even after 28 days, 80% were alive.
Using the same model testing mice with impaired immunity because of the effect of the chemotherapy drug lowering resistance and the white cell count, the researchers investigated the protective effect of AHCC for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Within 3 days all of the controls were dead. In the AHCC-treated group, 6 out of 8 were still alive after 14 days. The effects on MRSA were less pronounced. Half on the mice in the control group were dead 6 days after inoculation with MRSA and almost all of them dead by the 28th day. There was a significant extension of longevity in the mice treated with a high dose of AHCC injected directly into the abdomen, but there was no significant effect from taking AHCC orally. The research team was not willing to speculate on the mechanism of action of AHCC in its preventive effect on infections, but their conclusion was that AHCC is able to protect patients with lowered immunity from fungal and bacterial opportunistic infections.
Innate immune system
The innate immune system, also known as non-specific immune system and secondary line of defence, comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms in a non-specific manner...
highly beneficial and published the results in 1992, though not in the commonly indexed scientific literature. In this study, researchers found that AHCC significantly increased natural killer
Natural killer cell
Natural killer cells are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the innate immune system. NK cells play a major role in the rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses...
(NK) cell activity in cancer patients, and also enhanced the effects of killer T-cells, and cytokines (interferon, IL-12, TNF-alpha).
One cohort study published in 2003 reported improved survival associated with AHCC in primary liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common type of liver cancer. Most cases of HCC are secondary to either a viral hepatitide infection or cirrhosis .Compared to other cancers, HCC is quite a rare tumor in the United States...
patients after surgical resection of the primary tumor.
The immunological effect of AHCC has been studied in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 21 healthy volunteers. The AHCC group showed a significantly higher number of total dendritic cells compared with baseline, a significantly higher number of DC1 cells compared with baseline, a significantly higher number of DC2 cells compared with controls, and a significantly increased mixed-leukocyte reaction compared with controls. There was no significant difference in cytokine production, NK cell activity or other immune function parameters between the two groups.
AHCC – Active Hexose Correlated Compound
AHCC (Active Hexose Correlated Compound), a registered trademark of Amino Up Co. Ltd. is a functional food made from the hybridized mycelia of shiitake and other mushrooms fermented in rice bran. It was developed by Professor Toshihiko Okamoto, Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo University in conjunction with Amino Up Chemical Co. Ltd. of Sapporo, Japan. It was developed as a therapeutic aid for life-style related diseases, including liver diseases and diabetes. AHCC adheres to international quality and safety standards, including the HACCP9000 system. This system is a combination of HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) systems, which is an international level hygiene control system for foods and ISO9002 (International Organization for Standardization 9002), a quality assurance system.Manufacturing process of AHCC
AHCC is manufactured by culturing the mycelia of basidiomycetes (mushroom root threads) for a period of 45 –60 days in a large holding tank. Several types of mycelia are initially cultured to form a colony (a mass of mycelia). After the culture is completed, the product is subjected to enzyme reaction, sterilization, concentration and freeze drying.Chemical Composition
Polysaccharides comprise 40% of the composition of AHCC. These include beta-glucan (β-glucan) and acetylated α-glucan. Acetylated α-glucan, produced by culturing the mushroom mycelia, is unique to AHCC. Glucans are polysaccharides and these polysaccharides are known to have immune stimulating effects. The low molecular weight of acetylated α -glucan (around 5000 daltons) is easily absorbed into the system compared to the higher molecular weight of β-glucan, which is in the range of tens to hundreds of thousands of daltons.Safety of AHCC
AHCC has been studied for safety in human trials as well as safety with conventional chemotherapy.Safety studies have been conducted according to GLP standards. The LD50 according to tests with SD rats is > 12,500 mg/kg by oral administration. Toxic activity was not seen even in intra-peritoneal administration of AHCC: Male: LD50 = 8,490 mg/kg, estimated intraperitoneal fatal dose =7,430 mg/kg Female: LD50 = 9,849 mg/kg and estimated fatal dose = 8,340 mg/kg
Role of AHCC as a supplemental alternative medicine
AHCC is widely used in Japan and China. AHCC is used to protect the immune system of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and radiation in over 700 clinics and hospitals in Japan alone. It is available to the general public in Japan and China without a prescription and many people use it for general health maintenance and treatment of acute infections. Its legal status is that of a “functional food.” Research on AHCC has been carried out in Japan, China, Korea, Thailand, Spain and the United States. Results of research show that AHCC may work in the prevention and treatment of numerous diseases.In Japan, AHCC is the 2nd most popular complementary and alternative medicine used by cancer patients. Agaricus blazei
Agaricus blazei
Agaricus subrufescens is a species of mushroom, commonly known as almond mushroom, mushroom of the sun, God's mushroom, mushroom of life, royal sun agaricus, jisongrong or himematsutake and by a number of other...
supplements are the most popular, outpacing AHCC use by a factor of 7:1.
AHCC and cell-mediated immunity
AHCC stimulates cell-mediated immunity by activating the white blood cells, particularly natural killer cells (NK cells) and macrophageMacrophage
Macrophages are cells produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues. Human macrophages are about in diameter. Monocytes and macrophages are phagocytes. Macrophages function in both non-specific defense as well as help initiate specific defense mechanisms of vertebrate animals...
s, which directly attack abnormal cells, virus-infected cells or external viral and bacterial pathogens that enter the body.
Some research shows that the fundamental mechanism of how AHCC activates immunity is by means of stimulating the number of dendritic cells. Dendritic cells capture and process antigens (disease-causing proteins) and carry them to the lymphoid organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes, and secrete cytokines to induce an immune response. B cells and T cells (B and T lymphocytes) are the mediators of immunity, but their function is under the control of dendritic cells. AHCC clearly stimulated an increase in the number of dendritic cells compared to a placebo group. The stimulatory activity of the dendritic cells was also increased. These results strongly suggest that AHCC is useful in increasing immune competence. AHCC also protects the thymus gland, improves the immune system’s ability to recognize tumors, and strengthens cellular immunity in healthy human volunteers.
AHCC and Cancer
There have been reports of tumor reduction and even cures of cancer using Reishi mushrooms and Chinese herbs. It has been observed that these traditional remedies may work by up-regulation of the immune system.A study published in the Journal of Hepatology compared the outcomes of 113 post-operative liver cancer patients taking AHCC with 156 patients in the control group. The results showed the rate of recurrence of malignant tumors was significantly lower (34% versus 66%) and patient survival was significantly higher in the AHCC group (80% vs. 52%). The level of speculation was low because actual survival figures were recorded and the patients had all been carefully observed internally at the time of surgery with photographs of tumors and lesions.
In Japan, AHCC is the 2nd most popular complementary and alternative medicine used by cancer patients. Agaricus blazei
Agaricus blazei
Agaricus subrufescens is a species of mushroom, commonly known as almond mushroom, mushroom of the sun, God's mushroom, mushroom of life, royal sun agaricus, jisongrong or himematsutake and by a number of other...
supplements are the most popular, outpacing AHCC use by a factor of 7:1.
Improves Quality of Life for Cancer Patients
Patients at Kansai Medical University in Osaka, Japan, who were treated for pancreatic or biliary tract cancer with gemcitabine were given AHCC and compared to a control group. The AHCC group showed no differences in leukocyte counts, platelet counts or liver function, but there was a significant difference in hemoglobin levels, thus preventing anemia, and c-reactive protein levels indicating an anti-inflammatory response.Another study that showed improvement of quality of life with cancer patients was carried out in China. There was an 84% improvement in the quality of life in 100 patients undergoing treatment for a variety of types of cancer with chemotherapy and radiation measured according to indices such as side effects, and mood. There was no obvious improvement in 16%.
Numerous doctors in Japan have reported no loss of hair (alopecia) during radiation and chemotherapy in cancer patients taking AHCC. This was obviously a set of anecdotal observations, but heard frequently enough to justify further investigation. In a study with mice published in the Japanese Journal of Cancer Research, a chemotherapy drug (cytosine arabinoside) was used to induce hair loss in rats. The rats who also received AHCC had a significantly lower rate and less severity of hair loss.
AHCC and Viral infections
Animal research suggests AHCC can help prevent influenza and the West Nile virus.A study on avian flu was conducted at the College of Veterinary Medicine at the South China Agricultural University. The H5N1 virus was administered nasally to two groups of mice, one group pre-treated with AHCC. The death rate was recorded from 14 days after infection and the post-infection survival rates were compared between the two groups. All mice in the untreated control group were dead by the 11th day post-infection. In the AHCC-treated group 20% of the mice were still alive 21 days post-infection. In the control group 50% were dead at the end of 8 days. In the AHCC group the 50% mark was the 11th day. AHCC significantly raised the survival rate, and even after re-infection with the virus on the 21st and 28th days after treatment the survival rate stayed at 20-30%.
AHCC and Prevention
Oxidative stress can cause tissue damage by creating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and accelerate the aging process. A study at Dokkyo University School of Medicine showed that AHCC protects rats from oxidative damaged caused by a powerful oxidant used in research to induce oxidative stress and ROS called Ferric nitrilotriacetate. This chemical can cause cancer and damage various organs, especially the kidney and liver. Pre-treatment with AHCC showed protective effects with (1) significantly lower urinary 8-OHdG: a marker of oxidative stress to DNA and a risk factor for cancer, atherosclerosis and diabetes; (2) a normalized level of creatinine, a marker of kidney damage; (3) significantly lower levels of serum AST and ALT, markers of liver damage; (4) and much lower level of thymic apoptosis, a marker for loss of immunity. These results suggest a wide-ranging, high level of protection from oxidative stress. The antioxidant property of AHCC protected thyroid and testosterone production from being lowered by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in another study using ferric nitrilotriacetate (FNT).AHCC also has measurable anti-inflammatory properties. A study carried out in Thailand with liver cancer patients used C-reactive protein (CRP) as a marker of inflammation. Inflammation drives the cancer process, and hepatitis is well known to be a precursor of liver cancer. Thailand has the highest rate of liver cancer in the world. Terminal liver cancer patients were given 3 grams a day of AHCC. After 6 months of taking AHCC, liver function tests returned to normal. The levels of CRP also returned to normal and rose again if the AHCC dosage was stopped in all 28 of the tested patients. C-reactive protein (CRP) is high when there is hepatitis and other infections, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis and some cancers. There is a strong relationship between circulating CRP with heart attacks and strokes. It is possible that the anti-inflammatory properties of AHCC can prevent disorders caused by an unresolved inflammatory process.
Animal studies show the potential of AHCC to prevent opportunistic infections chronically ill or hospitalized patients. Opportunistic infections occur in weakened patients: patients who are immune compromised, patients who are traumatized or enfeebled by chronic disease. “Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus” (MRSA) is a well known example. MRSA runs rampant in many hospitals. Klebsiella pneumoniae is also a problem in hospitals particularly in weak and compromised patients. Neither of these infections is responsive to treatment with antibiotics. The key factor that leads to opportunistic infections is a loss of immunity rather than an exposure to a disease-causing germ. Japanese researchers at Teikyo University investigated the potential of AHCC to prevent opportunistic infections.
They chose to research infections from Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which cause staphylococcal skin infections. These infections generally start as small red bumps, boils or spider bites. They can quickly deteriorate into deep, painful abscesses that require surgical draining. Sometimes the bacteria can penetrate into the body, causing potentially life-threatening infections in bones, joints, the bloodstream, heart valves and lungs) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which can cause urinary tract infections, pneumonia, chronic lung infections, skin, heart and joint infections. Mice were pre-treated with a chemotherapy drug to lower their resistance and white cell counts. Then high doses of Candida albicans were inoculated into the abdomen. Within 7 days the entire control group died of infection. A group that was given AHCC for four days from the day the drug was administered prevented the death of most of the mice. Even after 28 days, 80% were alive.
Using the same model testing mice with impaired immunity because of the effect of the chemotherapy drug lowering resistance and the white cell count, the researchers investigated the protective effect of AHCC for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Within 3 days all of the controls were dead. In the AHCC-treated group, 6 out of 8 were still alive after 14 days. The effects on MRSA were less pronounced. Half on the mice in the control group were dead 6 days after inoculation with MRSA and almost all of them dead by the 28th day. There was a significant extension of longevity in the mice treated with a high dose of AHCC injected directly into the abdomen, but there was no significant effect from taking AHCC orally. The research team was not willing to speculate on the mechanism of action of AHCC in its preventive effect on infections, but their conclusion was that AHCC is able to protect patients with lowered immunity from fungal and bacterial opportunistic infections.
See also
- Agaricus blazeiAgaricus blazeiAgaricus subrufescens is a species of mushroom, commonly known as almond mushroom, mushroom of the sun, God's mushroom, mushroom of life, royal sun agaricus, jisongrong or himematsutake and by a number of other...
mushroom - Medicinal mushroomsMedicinal mushroomsMedicinal mushrooms are mushrooms, or mushroom extracts, that are used or studied as possible treatments for diseases. Lentinula edodes , Grifola frondosa , Ganoderma lucidum , and Cordyceps, have a history of medicinal use spanning millennia in parts of Asia...
- ShiitakeShiitakeThe Shiitake is an edible mushroom native to East Asia, which is cultivated and consumed in many Asian countries, as well as being dried and exported to many countries around the world. It is a feature of many Asian cuisines including Vietnamese, Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Thai...
- Smith JE, Rowan NJ, Sullivan R Medicinal Mushrooms: Their Therapeutic Properties and Current Medical Usage with Special Emphasis on Cancer Treatments Cancer Research UKCancer Research UKCancer Research UK is a cancer research and awareness charity in the United Kingdom, formed on 4 February 2002 by the merger of The Cancer Research Campaign and the Imperial Cancer Research Fund. Its aim is to reduce the number of deaths from cancer. As the world's largest independent cancer...
, 2001