ARM9E
Encyclopedia
ARM9 is an ARM architecture
32-bit
RISC
CPU
family. With this design generation, ARM moved from a von Neumann architecture
(Princeton architecture) to a Harvard architecture
with separate instruction and data buses (and caches), significantly increasing its potential speed. Most silicon chips integrating these cores will package them as modified Harvard architecture
chips, combining the two address buses on the other side of separated CPU caches and tightly coupled memories.
There are two subfamilies, implementing different ARM architecture versions.
Additionally, some ARM9 cores incorporate "Enhanced DSP" instructions, such as a multiply-accumulate, to support more efficient implementations of digital signal processing
algorithms.
Switching to a Harvard architecture entailed a non-unified cache, so that instruction fetches do not evict data (and vice versa). ARM9 cores have separate data and address bus signals, which chip designers use in various ways. In most cases they connect at least part of the address space in von Neumann style, used for both instructions and data, usually to an AHB interconnect connecting to a DRAM
interface and an External Bus Interface
usable with NOR flash memory. Such hybrids are no longer pure Harvard architecture processors.
ARM architecture
ARM is a 32-bit reduced instruction set computer instruction set architecture developed by ARM Holdings. It was named the Advanced RISC Machine, and before that, the Acorn RISC Machine. The ARM architecture is the most widely used 32-bit ISA in numbers produced...
32-bit
32-bit
The range of integer values that can be stored in 32 bits is 0 through 4,294,967,295. Hence, a processor with 32-bit memory addresses can directly access 4 GB of byte-addressable memory....
RISC
Reduced instruction set computer
Reduced instruction set computing, or RISC , is a CPU design strategy based on the insight that simplified instructions can provide higher performance if this simplicity enables much faster execution of each instruction. A computer based on this strategy is a reduced instruction set computer...
CPU
Central processing unit
The central processing unit is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program, to perform the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. The CPU plays a role somewhat analogous to the brain in the computer. The term has been in...
family. With this design generation, ARM moved from a von Neumann architecture
Von Neumann architecture
The term Von Neumann architecture, aka the Von Neumann model, derives from a computer architecture proposal by the mathematician and early computer scientist John von Neumann and others, dated June 30, 1945, entitled First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC...
(Princeton architecture) to a Harvard architecture
Harvard architecture
The Harvard architecture is a computer architecture with physically separate storage and signal pathways for instructions and data. The term originated from the Harvard Mark I relay-based computer, which stored instructions on punched tape and data in electro-mechanical counters...
with separate instruction and data buses (and caches), significantly increasing its potential speed. Most silicon chips integrating these cores will package them as modified Harvard architecture
Modified Harvard architecture
The Modified Harvard Architecture is a variation of the Harvard computer architecture that allows the contents of the instruction memory to be accessed as if it were data...
chips, combining the two address buses on the other side of separated CPU caches and tightly coupled memories.
There are two subfamilies, implementing different ARM architecture versions.
ARM9TDMI-based cores
ARM9TDMI is a successor to the popular ARM7TDMI core, and is also based on the ARMv4T architecture. Cores based on it support both 32-bit ARM and 16-bit Thumb instruction sets include:- ARM920T with 16 KB each of I/D cache and an MMUMemory management unitA memory management unit , sometimes called paged memory management unit , is a computer hardware component responsible for handling accesses to memory requested by the CPU...
- ARM922T with 8 KB each of I/D cache and an MMU
- ARM940T with cache and a Memory Protection Unit (MPU)
Differences from ARM7 cores
Key improvements over ARM7 cores, enabled by spending more transistors, include:- Decreased heat production and lower overheating risk.
- Clock frequency improvements. Shifting from a three stage pipeline to a five stage one lets the clock speed be approximately doubled, on the same silicon fabrication process.
- Cycle count improvements. Many unmodified ARM7 binaries were measured as taking about 30% fewer cycles to execute on ARM9 cores. Key improvements include
- Faster loads and stores; many instructions now cost just one cycle. This is helped by both the modified Harvard architecture (reducing bus and cache contention) and the new pipeline stages.
- Exposing pipeline interlocks, enabling compiler optimizations to reduce blockage between stages.
Additionally, some ARM9 cores incorporate "Enhanced DSP" instructions, such as a multiply-accumulate, to support more efficient implementations of digital signal processing
Digital signal processing
Digital signal processing is concerned with the representation of discrete time signals by a sequence of numbers or symbols and the processing of these signals. Digital signal processing and analog signal processing are subfields of signal processing...
algorithms.
Switching to a Harvard architecture entailed a non-unified cache, so that instruction fetches do not evict data (and vice versa). ARM9 cores have separate data and address bus signals, which chip designers use in various ways. In most cases they connect at least part of the address space in von Neumann style, used for both instructions and data, usually to an AHB interconnect connecting to a DRAM
Dram
Dram or DRAM may refer to:As a unit of measure:* Dram , an imperial unit of mass and volume* Armenian dram, a monetary unit* Dirham, a unit of currency in several Arab nationsOther uses:...
interface and an External Bus Interface
External Bus Interface
The External Bus Interface, usually shortened to EBI, is a computer bus for interfacing small peripheral devices like flash memory with the processor. It is used to expand the internal bus of the processor to enable connection with external memories or other peripherals...
usable with NOR flash memory. Such hybrids are no longer pure Harvard architecture processors.
ARM9E-based cores
ARM9E, and its ARM9EJ sibling, implement the basic ARM9TDMI pipeline, but add support the ARMv5TE architecture, which includes some DSP-ish instruction set extensions. In addition, the multiplier unit width has been doubled, halving the time required for most multiplication operations. They support 32-bit, 16-bit, and sometimes 8-bit instruction sets.- ARM926EJ-S (includes ARM JazelleJazelleJazelle DBX allows some ARM processors to execute Java bytecode in hardware as a third execution state alongside the existing ARM and Thumb modes. Jazelle functionality was specified in the ARMv5TEJ architecture and the first processor with Jazelle technology was the ARM926EJ-S...
technology which enables the direct execution of 8-bit Java bytecodeJava bytecodeJava bytecode is the form of instructions that the Java virtual machine executes. Each bytecode opcode is one byte in length, although some require parameters, resulting in some multi-byte instructions. Not all of the possible 256 opcodes are used. 51 are reserved for future use...
in hardware), and an MMU - ARM946
- ARM966
- ARM968
Applications
- Excito Bubba B1 Server (ARM9 200MHZ)
- Buffalo network-attached storage seriesBuffalo network-attached storage seriesThe Buffalo network-attached storage series are network-attached storage devices.They can be modified into miniature general purpose Linux-based computers...
Linkstation Pro and KuroBox Pro - Canon EOS 5D Mark IICanon EOS 5D Mark IIThe Canon EOS 5D Mark II is a 21.1-megapixel full-frame CMOS digital single-lens reflex camera made by Canon. It succeeds the EOS 5D and was announced on September 17, 2008.-Improvements compared to original EOS 5D:...
digital SLR camera - ChumbyChumbyThe Chumby is a consumer electronics product made by Chumby Industries, Inc.. It is an embedded computer which provides Internet and LAN access via a Wi-Fi connection. Through this connection, the Chumby runs various software widgets....
- ConexantConexantConexant Systems, Inc. is an American semiconductor company, formerly the semiconductor division of Rockwell International. Currently it's privately owned by Golden Gate Capital, an equity firm headquartered in San Francisco.-History:...
802.11 products - Data Robotics DroboFS, NAS
- D-LinkD-LinkD-Link Corporation was founded in June 1986 in Taipei as Datex Systems Inc. It began as a network adapter vendor and has gone on to become a designer, developer, and manufacturer of networking solutions for both the consumer and business markets.In 2007, it was the leading networking company in...
DNS-321 NAS (ARM926EJ-S) - FiatFiatFIAT, an acronym for Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino , is an Italian automobile manufacturer, engine manufacturer, financial, and industrial group based in Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont. Fiat was founded in 1899 by a group of investors including Giovanni Agnelli...
Blue&MeBlue&MeBlue&Me is an infotainment system for Fiat Group cars based on Microsoft Auto and developed in a partnership between Magneti Marelli and Microsoft Corporation. The system is based on modular structure which allows installation and use of arbitrary services. The system offers Bluetooth and USB... - FreecomFreecomFreecom is a German manufacturer of computer peripherals. Its products include USB hard disks , USB flash drives, USB DVB-T television receivers and data recovery service. The company was founded in 1989. The President and CEO is Dick C. Hoogerdijk, Managing Director is Axel Lucassen.-External...
Musicpal internet radio (ARM926EJ) - GP2X WizGP2X WizThe GP2X Wiz is an open-source, Linux-based handheld video game console and portable media player developed by South Korean company GamePark Holdings. It was released on May 12, 2009, and was also the first console from both Game Park and Game Park Holdings to be also released outside South Korea...
- Hanlin eReaderHanlin eReaderThe Hanlin is an e-Reader, an electronic book reading device. The device, Hanlin v3, features a 6" , 4-level grayscale electrophoretic display with a resolution of 600×800 pixels . The Hanlin v5 Mini, features a 5" , 8-level grayscale electrophoretic display with a resolution of 600×800 pixels...
- Sun Service Processor running the ILOM Java stack
- Hewlett Packard Hp 50g @ 75 MHz
- LacieLaCieLaCie is a computer hardware company specializing in external hard drives, RAID arrays, optical drives, Flash Drives, and computer monitors. The company markets several lines of hard drives with a capacity of up to many terabytes of data, with a choice of interfaces...
EtherDisk - LivescribeLivescribeThe Livescribe paper-based computing platform consists of a digital pen, digital paper, software applications, and developer tools.Central to the Livescribe platform is the smartpen, a ballpoint pen with an embedded computer and digital audio recorder...
Pulse and Echo Smartpens - LogitechLogitechLogitech International S.A. is a global provider of personal peripherals for computers and other digital platforms headquartered in Romanel-sur-Morges, Switzerland. The company develops and markets products like peripheral devices for PCs, including keyboards, mice, microphones, game controllers...
Squeezebox (network music player) Radio (ARM926EJ) - Nintendo DSNintendo DSThe is a portable game console produced by Nintendo, first released on November 21, 2004. A distinctive feature of the system is the presence of two separate LCD screens, the lower of which is a touchscreen, encompassed within a clamshell design, similar to the Game Boy Advance SP...
- Nintendo DSiNintendo DSiThe is a handheld game system created by Nintendo and launched in 2008 and 2009 in Japan, North America, PAL territories, and other regions. It is the third iteration of the Nintendo DS, and its primary market rival is Sony's PlayStation Portable...
- NintendoNintendois a multinational corporation located in Kyoto, Japan. Founded on September 23, 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi, it produced handmade hanafuda cards. By 1963, the company had tried several small niche businesses, such as a cab company and a love hotel....
WiiWiiThe Wii is a home video game console released by Nintendo on November 19, 2006. As a seventh-generation console, the Wii primarily competes with Microsoft's Xbox 360 and Sony's PlayStation 3. Nintendo states that its console targets a broader demographic than that of the two others...
's ATI HollywoodHollywood (graphics chip)Hollywood is the name of the graphics processing unit used in Nintendo's Wii video game console. It was designed by AMD's graphics product division and is manufactured using the same 90 nm CMOS process as the "Broadway" processor. Very few official details have been released to the public by...
graphic chip (security coprocessor) - OYO4FFF N6184FFF N618 is an electronic-book reader developed by an Indian Company, , and based on a Linux platform. The device may be sold under various brand names worldwide.- Features :...
eBook-reader from Condor Technology/MedionMedionMedion AG is a German consumer electronics company. It operates in Europe, the United States, and the Asia-Pacific region. The main products are computers and notebooks, but also TVs, refrigerators, toasters, and fitness equipment. The company is becoming popular in Europe but has had mixed success... - PlayStation PortablePlayStation PortableThe is a handheld game console manufactured and marketed by Sony Corporation Development of the console was announced during E3 2003, and it was unveiled on , 2004, at a Sony press conference before E3 2004...
's WLAN chip. http://www.arm.com/markets/home_solutions/armpp/8732.html - SATELSATELSATEL is Finnish radio modem manufacturer specialising in design and manufacture of radio modems for land survey, SCADA, traffic control and telemetry applications.- About the Company :...
SATELLAR Digital System radio modem http://www.satel.com - Seagate FreeAgentSeagate FreeAgentFreeAgent is a line of external hard drives manufactured by Seagate. They include FreeAgent Pro, FreeAgent Desktop, and FreeAgent Go. They range in size from 60 GB to 3 TB....
DockStar STDSD10G-RK (ARM926EJ-S rev 1 (v5l)) - Seagate BlackArmor NASBlackArmor (ARM926EJ-S rev 1 (v5l))
- SynologySynologyFor information of Sinology, Chinese Studies, see here.Synology Inc , founded in April 2000, is a Taiwanese company that produces network attached storage appliances for the SOHO and SMB/SME...
's Disk Station (models DS-x07+), Cube Station CS-407, and Rack Station RS-407 http://oinkzwurgl.org/diskstation_hardware - Texas InstrumentsTexas InstrumentsTexas Instruments Inc. , widely known as TI, is an American company based in Dallas, Texas, United States, which develops and commercializes semiconductor and computer technology...
TI-Nspire graphing calculator @ 90/150 MHz - VTechVTechVTech is the common name of Video Technology Ltd. , a Hong Kong-based manufacturer of consumer electronics...
V.FlashV.FlashV.Flash is a spinoff from the Vtech V.Smile series of educational game consoles. Unlike the V.Smile, this game console uses 3D graphics.- CDs:...
educational consoles - Western Digital My Book series NAS devices
- many mobile phones from
- HTCHTC-Companies:*HTC Corporation, a Taiwanese manufacturer of handheld devices*Harrisonville Telephone Company, a telephone company in Waterloo, Illinois*Horry Telephone Cooperative, a telephone cooperative in Horry County, South Carolina...
(e.g. HTC WizardHTC WizardThe HTC Wizard is an Internet-enabled Windows Mobile Pocket PC smartphone designed by High Tech Computer Corporation of Taiwan. It has a touchscreen with a left-side slide-out QWERTY keyboard. The Wizard's functions include those of a camera phone and a portable media player in addition to text...
) - LGLGLG may refer to:*LG Corp., a South Korean electronics and petrochemicals conglomerate*LG Electronics, an affiliate of the South Korean LG Group which produces electronic products* Lawrence Graham, a London headquartered firm of business lawyers...
(LG Cookie (KP500)LG Cookie (KP500)The KP500 is a touchscreen mobile smartphone. LG targeted the entry-level touchscreen market keeping the cost of the KP500 as low as possible by omitting some of the features found on high-end products, such as GPS, 3G or Wi-Fi...
at 175 MHz) - NokiaNokiaNokia Corporation is a Finnish multinational communications corporation that is headquartered in Keilaniemi, Espoo, a city neighbouring Finland's capital Helsinki...
(like Nokia 5220Nokia 5220The Nokia 5220 XpressMusic is a mobile telephone handset Nokia released in Q3 2008. Its design features an unusual asymmetric shape.- Specifications :- External links :* *...
XpressMusicXpressMusicXpressMusic is a brand name for a line of Nokia phones that are specially designed for music playback.All of Nokia's XpressMusic come with expandable MicroSD memory slots, so these phones can also be used as MP3 players....
, Nokia N-GageN-GageThe N-Gage is a mobile telephone and handheld game system by Nokia, based on the Nokia Series 60 platform, released in October 2003. It began sales on October 7, 2003. The N-Gage QD replaced the original N-Gage in 2004....
and almost all N-Series Smartphones at 100-330 MHz) - PhilipsPhilipsKoninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. , more commonly known as Philips, is a multinational Dutch electronics company....
- SiemensSiemensSiemens may refer toSiemens, a German family name carried by generations of telecommunications industrialists, including:* Werner von Siemens , inventor, founder of Siemens AG...
/BenQBenQBenQ Corporation is a Taiwanese multi-national company that sells and markets consumer electronics, computing and communications devices under the "BenQ" brand name, which stands for the company slogan Bringing Enjoyment and Quality to life .- Company :BenQ sells and markets technology products,...
(x65 series and newer) - Sony EricssonSony EricssonSony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB is a joint venture established on October 1, 2001 by the Japanese consumer electronics company Sony Corporation and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson to manufacture mobile phones....
(K, M and W series, usually at 206 MHz) - G-Tide G70 (200MHz with coprocessor for TV)
- HTC