AP2 adaptors
Encyclopedia
The AP2 adaptor complex is a multimeric protein
Protein
Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of...

 that works on the plasma membrane to internalize cargo in clathrin
Clathrin
Clathrin is a protein that plays a major role in the formation of coated vesicles. Clathrin was first isolated and named by Barbara Pearse in 1975. It forms a triskelion shape composed of three clathrin heavy chains and three light chains. When the triskelia interact they form a polyhedral lattice...

-mediated endocytosis
Endocytosis
Endocytosis is a process by which cells absorb molecules by engulfing them. It is used by all cells of the body because most substances important to them are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic plasma or cell membrane...

. It is a stable complex of four adaptin
Adaptin
Adaptins are proteins that mediate the formation of vesicles by clathrin-coated pits, through interaction with membrane-bound receptors. There are several types of adaptin, each related to a different group of such receptors....

s which give rise to a structure that has a core domain and two appendage domains attached to the core domain by polypeptide linkers. These appendage domains are sometimes called ears. The core domain binds to the membrane and to cargo destined for internalisation. The alpha and beta appendage domains bind to accessory proteins and to clathrin
Clathrin
Clathrin is a protein that plays a major role in the formation of coated vesicles. Clathrin was first isolated and named by Barbara Pearse in 1975. It forms a triskelion shape composed of three clathrin heavy chains and three light chains. When the triskelia interact they form a polyhedral lattice...

. Their interactions allow the temporal and spatial regulation of the assembly of clathrin-coated vesicles and their endocytosis
Endocytosis
Endocytosis is a process by which cells absorb molecules by engulfing them. It is used by all cells of the body because most substances important to them are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic plasma or cell membrane...

.
The AP-2 complex is a heterotetramer consisting of two large adaptins (alpha or beta), a medium adaptin (mu), and a small adaptin (sigma):
  • complex 2
    • AP2A1
      AP2A1
      AP-2 complex subunit alpha-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AP2A1 gene.-Interactions:Adaptor-related protein complex 2, alpha 1 has been shown to interact with DPYSL2 and NUMB.-Further reading:...

    • AP2A2
      AP2A2
      AP-2 complex subunit alpha-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AP2A2 gene.-Interactions:AP2A2 has been shown to interact with EPN1 and SHC1.-Further reading:...

    • AP2B1
      AP2B1
      AP-2 complex subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AP2B1 gene.-Interactions:AP2B1 has been shown to interact with TGF beta receptor 2, AP1M2, BUB1B, LDLRAP1 and Arrestin beta 2.-Further reading:...

    • AP2M1
      AP2M1
      AP-2 complex subunit mu is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AP2M1 gene.-Interactions:AP2M1 has been shown to interact with CTLA-4 and Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor.-Further reading:...

    • AP2S1
      AP2S1
      AP-2 complex subunit sigma is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AP2S1 gene.-Further reading:...



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