4-Nonanoylmorpholine
Encyclopedia
4-Nonanoylmorpholine is an amide
of pelargonic acid and morpholine
.
and chloroanhydride of pelargonic acid.
It is a liquid insoluble in water and soluble in polar organic solvents (e.g. acetone
, propanol
, and dimethyl formamide) and fats. Its volatility
is 27 mg/m3 at 20 °C and 43 mg/m3 at 35 °C.
or CS gas
. It is reported to be effective against dogs and starts being effective in concentrations of over 20–40 mg.min/m3. It is considered very safe, with high differences between effective and toxic concentrations. At one time it was reportedly used as food seasoning with no reported adverse effects. However, its effectiveness when used alone is rather low even in the highest permitted concentration, so it is almost always used in combination with CR gas or CS gas, commonly referred to as tear gas. In that combination, this blend is effective even against dogs and people under influence of alcohol or drugs. Its effect usually lasts for 15–30 minutes.
MPK blends with CR gas or CS gas are common personal self-defense
chemical agents in Russia
and Ukraine
, but is virtually unknown elsewhere.
4-Nonanoylmorpholine has been reported to have insect repellent
properties in Aedes aegypti
mosquitoes.
Amide
In chemistry, an amide is an organic compound that contains the functional group consisting of a carbonyl group linked to a nitrogen atom . The term refers both to a class of compounds and a functional group within those compounds. The term amide also refers to deprotonated form of ammonia or an...
of pelargonic acid and morpholine
Morpholine
Morpholine is an organic chemical compound having the chemical formula O2NH. This heterocycle, pictured at right, features both amine and ether functional groups. Because of the amine, morpholine is a base; its conjugate acid is called morpholinium...
.
Properties
4-Nonanoylmorpholine was first synthetized in 1954 by L.M. Rice, from morpholineMorpholine
Morpholine is an organic chemical compound having the chemical formula O2NH. This heterocycle, pictured at right, features both amine and ether functional groups. Because of the amine, morpholine is a base; its conjugate acid is called morpholinium...
and chloroanhydride of pelargonic acid.
It is a liquid insoluble in water and soluble in polar organic solvents (e.g. acetone
Acetone
Acetone is the organic compound with the formula 2CO, a colorless, mobile, flammable liquid, the simplest example of the ketones.Acetone is miscible with water and serves as an important solvent in its own right, typically as the solvent of choice for cleaning purposes in the laboratory...
, propanol
Propan-1-ol
1-Propanol is a primary alcohol with the molecular formula of C3H8O, and a structural formula of CH3CH2CH2OH. It is also known as propan-1-ol, 1-propyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, n-propanol, or simply propanol. It is an isomer of isopropanol . It is used as a solvent in the pharmaceutical...
, and dimethyl formamide) and fats. Its volatility
Volatility (chemistry)
In chemistry and physics, volatility is the tendency of a substance to vaporize. Volatility is directly related to a substance's vapor pressure. At a given temperature, a substance with higher vapor pressure vaporizes more readily than a substance with a lower vapor pressure.The term is primarily...
is 27 mg/m3 at 20 °C and 43 mg/m3 at 35 °C.
Uses
It is a used as a solvent in lachrymatory formulations containing CR gasCR gas
CR gas or dibenzoxazepine, chemically dibenz[b,f][1,4]oxazepine, is an incapacitating agent and a lachrymatory agent. CR was developed by the British Ministry of Defence as a riot control agent in the late 1950s and early 1960s....
or CS gas
CS gas
2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile is the defining component of a "tear gas" commonly referred to as CS gas, which is used as a riot control agent...
. It is reported to be effective against dogs and starts being effective in concentrations of over 20–40 mg.min/m3. It is considered very safe, with high differences between effective and toxic concentrations. At one time it was reportedly used as food seasoning with no reported adverse effects. However, its effectiveness when used alone is rather low even in the highest permitted concentration, so it is almost always used in combination with CR gas or CS gas, commonly referred to as tear gas. In that combination, this blend is effective even against dogs and people under influence of alcohol or drugs. Its effect usually lasts for 15–30 minutes.
MPK blends with CR gas or CS gas are common personal self-defense
Self-defense
Self-defense, self-defence or private defense is a countermeasure that involves defending oneself, one's property or the well-being of another from physical harm. The use of the right of self-defense as a legal justification for the use of force in times of danger is available in many...
chemical agents in Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
and Ukraine
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
, but is virtually unknown elsewhere.
4-Nonanoylmorpholine has been reported to have insect repellent
Insect repellent
An insect repellent is a substance applied to skin, clothing, or other surfaces which discourages insects from landing or climbing on that surface. There are also insect repellent products available based on sound production, particularly ultrasound...
properties in Aedes aegypti
Aedes aegypti
The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti is a mosquito that can spread the dengue fever, Chikungunya and yellow fever viruses, and other diseases. The mosquito can be recognized by white markings on legs and a marking in the form of a lyre on the thorax...
mosquitoes.