Xylariales
Encyclopedia
Xylariales is an order
of fungi within the class
Sordariomycetes
(also known as Pyrenomycetes), subphylum Pezizomycotina
, phylum
Ascomycota
. It is the only order of the subclass
Xylariomycetidae.
Xylariales Nannf., Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsal. Ser. IV. 8(2): 66 (1932) is characterised by the possession of well-developed stromata, perithecial ascomata that are mainly globose, superficial or immersed in a stroma, cylindrical asci with amyloid apical apparatus ranging in form from a simple disk to complex ring systems, typically brown ascospores with germ pores or slits, and hyphomycetous holoblastic anamorphs (Table 1.1) (Barr, 1990; Whalley, 1996; Thienhirun & Whalley, 2004). Members of this Order are mostly wood inhabitants but they also occur on animal dung, fruits, leaves, litter, seeds, soil or are associated with insects (Rogers, 1979, 1985, 2000; Whalley, 1985). Their distribution, although cosmopolitan, is very well represented in tropical host plants and many occur as endophytes (Petrini & Petrini, 1985; Davis et al., 2003; Thienhirun & Whalley, 2004).
Nannfeldt
(1932) was the first taxonomist to provide a well-defined classification system for taxonomy. He included six families within the Xylariales — the Diatrypaceae, Hypocreaceae, Hyponectriaceae, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Polystigmataceae (Phyllachoraceae) and Xylariaceae, with the last family designated as the type family. Since the work of Nannfeldt (1932), there have been different views regarding the placement of families within the Xylariales, mainly due to emphasis of different morphological and developmental characters (Miller, 1949; Gäumann, 1952). Luttrell (1951) restricted the Xylariales to those taxa with a Xylaria-type centrum and provided a broad definition of the Order. He included six families, the Chaetomiaceae, Clavicipitaceae, Diatrypaceae, Phyllachoraceae, Pyrenulaceae, and Xylariaceae. Later, Wehmeyer (1975) provided a much clearer definition of Xylariaceae which was more in line with current concepts. Unfortunately, delimitation of families within Xylariales was still far from the current classification scheme. Barr (1990), in her Prodomus to nonlichenized pyrenomycetous members of Class Hymenoascomycetes, provided a very broad concept of the Xylariales, accepting 11 families — the Acrospermaceae, Amphisphaeriaceae, Boliniaceae, Clypeosphaeriaceae, Diatrypaceae, Hyponectriaceae, Melogrammataceae, Phyllachoraceae, Thyridiaceae, Trichosphaeriacae and Xylariaceae.
Since the introduction of molecular systematics, phylogenetically unrelated families were gradually removed from Xylariales to their respective Orders. However, there has been little progress for the delimitation of families in the 1990s since none of the molecular studies have focused on Xylariales (Berbee & Taylor, 1992; Rehner & Samuels, 1995; Spatafora et al., 1998). It was not until Kang et al. (1998, 1999a,b,c,d, 2002) and Jeewon (2002), focused on Amphisphaeriaceae and the related families, the phylogeny of Xylariales has been effectively reviewed. The recent study conducted by Smith et al. (2003) shown that Xylariales consists of seven families: Amphisphaeriaceae, Apiosporaceae, Clypeosphaeriaceae, Diatrypaceae, Graphostomataceae, Hyponectriaceae and Xylariaceae.
Order (biology)
In scientific classification used in biology, the order is# a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, family, genus, and species, with order fitting in between class and family...
of fungi within the class
Class (biology)
In biological classification, class is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, order, family, genus, and species, with class fitting between phylum and order...
Sordariomycetes
Sordariomycetes
The Sordariomycetes are a class of fungi in the subdivision Pezizomycotina , consisting of 15 orders, 64 families, 1119 genera, and 10564 species.Sordariomycetes generally produce their asci in perithecial fruiting bodies....
(also known as Pyrenomycetes), subphylum Pezizomycotina
Pezizomycotina
Pezizomycotina contains the filamentous ascomycetes and is a subphylum of the Ascomycota . It is more or less synonymous with the older taxon Euascomycota...
, phylum
Phylum
In biology, a phylum The term was coined by Georges Cuvier from Greek φῦλον phylon, "race, stock," related to φυλή phyle, "tribe, clan." is a taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. "Phylum" is equivalent to the botanical term division....
Ascomycota
Ascomycota
The Ascomycota are a Division/Phylum of the kingdom Fungi, and subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the Sac fungi. They are the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species...
. It is the only order of the subclass
Class (biology)
In biological classification, class is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, order, family, genus, and species, with class fitting between phylum and order...
Xylariomycetidae.
Xylariales Nannf., Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsal. Ser. IV. 8(2): 66 (1932) is characterised by the possession of well-developed stromata, perithecial ascomata that are mainly globose, superficial or immersed in a stroma, cylindrical asci with amyloid apical apparatus ranging in form from a simple disk to complex ring systems, typically brown ascospores with germ pores or slits, and hyphomycetous holoblastic anamorphs (Table 1.1) (Barr, 1990; Whalley, 1996; Thienhirun & Whalley, 2004). Members of this Order are mostly wood inhabitants but they also occur on animal dung, fruits, leaves, litter, seeds, soil or are associated with insects (Rogers, 1979, 1985, 2000; Whalley, 1985). Their distribution, although cosmopolitan, is very well represented in tropical host plants and many occur as endophytes (Petrini & Petrini, 1985; Davis et al., 2003; Thienhirun & Whalley, 2004).
Nannfeldt
John Axel Nannfeldt
John-Axel Nannfeldt , born 18 January 1904 in Trelleborg and deceased 4 November 1985 in Uppsala, was a Swedish botanist and mycologist....
(1932) was the first taxonomist to provide a well-defined classification system for taxonomy. He included six families within the Xylariales — the Diatrypaceae, Hypocreaceae, Hyponectriaceae, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Polystigmataceae (Phyllachoraceae) and Xylariaceae, with the last family designated as the type family. Since the work of Nannfeldt (1932), there have been different views regarding the placement of families within the Xylariales, mainly due to emphasis of different morphological and developmental characters (Miller, 1949; Gäumann, 1952). Luttrell (1951) restricted the Xylariales to those taxa with a Xylaria-type centrum and provided a broad definition of the Order. He included six families, the Chaetomiaceae, Clavicipitaceae, Diatrypaceae, Phyllachoraceae, Pyrenulaceae, and Xylariaceae. Later, Wehmeyer (1975) provided a much clearer definition of Xylariaceae which was more in line with current concepts. Unfortunately, delimitation of families within Xylariales was still far from the current classification scheme. Barr (1990), in her Prodomus to nonlichenized pyrenomycetous members of Class Hymenoascomycetes, provided a very broad concept of the Xylariales, accepting 11 families — the Acrospermaceae, Amphisphaeriaceae, Boliniaceae, Clypeosphaeriaceae, Diatrypaceae, Hyponectriaceae, Melogrammataceae, Phyllachoraceae, Thyridiaceae, Trichosphaeriacae and Xylariaceae.
Since the introduction of molecular systematics, phylogenetically unrelated families were gradually removed from Xylariales to their respective Orders. However, there has been little progress for the delimitation of families in the 1990s since none of the molecular studies have focused on Xylariales (Berbee & Taylor, 1992; Rehner & Samuels, 1995; Spatafora et al., 1998). It was not until Kang et al. (1998, 1999a,b,c,d, 2002) and Jeewon (2002), focused on Amphisphaeriaceae and the related families, the phylogeny of Xylariales has been effectively reviewed. The recent study conducted by Smith et al. (2003) shown that Xylariales consists of seven families: Amphisphaeriaceae, Apiosporaceae, Clypeosphaeriaceae, Diatrypaceae, Graphostomataceae, Hyponectriaceae and Xylariaceae.