Writing Workshop is a method of writing instruction developed by Lucy Calkins and educators involved in the Reading and Writing Project at Columbia University

Columbia University

Columbia University in the City of New York is a private, Ivy League university in Manhattan, New York City. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the...

 in New York City, New York

New York City

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. (Calkins, L (2006). A Guide to The Writing Workshop, Grades 3-5. Portsmouth, NH: First Hand). This method of instruction focuses on the goal of fostering lifelong writers. It is based upon four principles; students will write about their own lives, they will use a consistent writing process

Writing process

The Writing process is both a key concept in the teaching of writing and an important research concept in the field of composition studies.Research on the writing process focuses on how writers draft, revise, and edit texts...

, they will work in authentic ways and it will foster independence.

Writing Workshop is designed for use in all grade level

Grade level

Often, people are educated through a series of educational stages, such as primary school and university. They vary around the world, and not every person will attend the same stages...

s. Each grade level has specific units of study tailored to meet developmental and curricular needs. Students have a large amount of choice in their topic and style of writing. The teacher acts as a mentor author, modeling writing techniques and conferring with students as they move through the writing process. Direct writing instruction takes place in the form of a mini-lesson at the beginning of each workshop and is followed by a minimum of 45 minutes of active writing time. Each workshop ends with a sharing of student work.

Process

Establishing a consistent writing process that the students work through is one of the main principles of the Writing Workshop. Each student will move through the process at their own rate, however it is best to set a deadline for each step so that each writing unit is completed in a timely manner. Each unit takes about 1 month to complete.

1. Generating Ideas (1–2 days)
2. Collecting writing entries (5–10 days)
3. Choosing a seed idea (2–3 days)
4. Planning the draft (1–2 days)
5. Revising to change the content and quality (1–3 days)
6. Editing to improve grammar (1–2 days)
7. Publishing the piece to share it with the world (1–3 days)
8. Writing Celebration (1 day)

Structure of the Writing Workshop

1. Signal the beginning of Writing Workshop

• Use a consistent signal to begin workshop. Some ideas are chimes, a bell, turning on small Christmas lights, signing a song or using a special clap.

2. Direct, explicit mini-lesson (See mini-lesson information below)

3. Writing time

• During this time the teacher guides the young authors through writing conferences, meets with small groups to teach specific writing techniques and/or works one-on-one with authors.

4. Sharing of student work

• Students that have tried out the concept from the mini-lesson are highlighted.

Mini-lessons

Mini-lessons should be about 10–15 minutes in length. They follow the same structure each time; Make a connection to a previous lesson, teach a new writing technique, and have the students practice the technique right there with your guidance.

Possible Mini-lesson topics are:

• using dialog to show an action
• stretching out actions
• adding internal thinking
• elaborating on physical descriptions
• starting a story with an action
• starting a story with dialog
• end with a sound
• using circular ending
• creating imagery through words
• narrowing a story, making it more focused

Conferring

Lucy Calkins (1994) has described conferring as, “the heart of our teaching” (p. 189) in the Writing Workshop. Conferring in the Writing Workshop takes place during the time when students are actively writing. The teacher circulates around the room, meeting with individual students or student groups to discuss their writing progress. The conferences are often short, typically lasting anywhere from two to seven minutes (Ray, 2001, p. 158). Calkins (1994) has described a three-step process for facilitating these conferences: “research, decide, teach” (p. 224). The teacher begins the conference by asking probing, open-ended questions to ascertain the student’s current focus in his/her writing work. Once the teacher has identified an area of need, the teaching can begin. The teaching often includes critical feedback for the student, a short time in which the student and teacher practice the new skill or strategy, and a link to how the new skill or strategy will improve the child’s future work as a writer (Anderson, 2000, p. 26). Another component of the conference is record keeping. The teacher, and sometimes also the student, can make anecdotal notes about the content of the conference. This will allow the teacher to refer back to previous notes and monitor students’ growth as writers.

“The interesting thing is that in teaching writing, we often unmask our own processes in readers and writers, thinking aloud in front of our kids so they can learn how good readers and writers think about texts (Calkins, Hartman, White, 2005, p.62). The teacher knows it is important while facilitating the start of the conference to begin with a positive comment about the student’s writing piece. Calkins believes that the instructor reads the student’s writing and then focuses on an area to give feedback about. One way to get better on forming instructional needs is to take time to look at “ student work outside of class time and thinking about the decision you might make for this student” (Calkins, Hartman, White, 2005, p.62).

Resources

Website for additional information: rwproject.tc.Columbia.edu

Books

• Anderson, C. (2000). How’s it going: A practical guide to conferring with student writers. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
• Calkins, L. (1994). The art of teaching writing (new ed.). Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
• Units of Study for Teaching Writing, Grades K-2,2006, FirstHand Press
• Units of Study for Teaching Writing, Grades 3-5, 2006, FirstHand Press
• How Writers Work, Ralph Fletcher, 2000, HarperCollins
  HarperCollins
  HarperCollins is a publishing company owned by News Corporation. It is the combination of the publishers William Collins, Sons and Co Ltd, a British company, and Harper & Row, an American company, itself the result of an earlier merger of Harper & Brothers and Row, Peterson & Company. The worldwide...
  
  
• Ray, K. W. (2001). The writing workshop: Working through the hard parts (and they’re all hard parts). Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English.
• Calkins, L., Hartman, A.,& White, Z. (2005). "One to One". Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.