Womyn-born womyn
Encyclopedia
Womyn
-born womyn (an alternative spelling of women-born women) is a term that describes women who were born with typically female-appearing external genitalia, as opposed to trans women
.
to designate spaces for, by, and about women who were identified as female at birth, then raised as girls, and then who chose to live as women. Though transgender and intersex people have been present in women's only spaces
for decades (often in the closet
), the term garnered wider attention in response to the exclusion of trans women
from womyn-born womyn the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival
. There may exist other such places that explicitly forbid trans women from entering, but they have not publicized their restrictions as has the Womyn's Music Festival.
The controversy has sparked scholarly discussion.
are unique, learned, and transformative. Repeating Judith Butler's assertions that gender is a performance, proponents of "womyn-born womyn" spaces seek to create spaces wherein the enforced and policed performances of "girl" in patriarchy can be reshaped outside of the presence of those not subjected to those limitations. Transgender women are excluded because they have not lived under the strictures of the enforced performance of "girl", aside from their entire lives during and post transition, having instead been subjected to the performance of "boy". Advocates of womyn-born womyn spaces argue that the experience of having been born and raised as a "girl" under patriarchy is not one that transgender women share with womyn-born womyn.
Law can affect the question of what spaces can be womyn-born-womyn only spaces. One example of this is the Canadian case Vancouver Rape Relief Society v. Nixon 2005 BCCA 601, where the judgment allows any group protected by section 41 of the Canadian Human Rights Code to restrict its work to a sub-group of the group it was created to serve. In this case, it means that a women's charity may limit its services to only women that it decides represent "true women", rather than serving all women.
However, critics of such policies argue that:
Womyn
"Womyn" is one of a number of alternative spellings of the word "women" used by some feminist writers. There are many alternative spellings, including "wimmin", "womban", "wom!n"...
-born womyn (an alternative spelling of women-born women) is a term that describes women who were born with typically female-appearing external genitalia, as opposed to trans women
Trans woman
A trans woman is a male-to-female transsexual or transgender person and the term trans woman is preferred by some individuals over various medical terms. Other non-medical terms include t-girl, tg-girl and ts-girl...
.
History
The term was developed during second-wave feminismSecond-wave feminism
The Feminist Movement, or the Women's Liberation Movement in the United States refers to a period of feminist activity which began during the early 1960s and lasted through the early 1990s....
to designate spaces for, by, and about women who were identified as female at birth, then raised as girls, and then who chose to live as women. Though transgender and intersex people have been present in women's only spaces
Women only space
A women only space is a space set-up for women only. The term is generally used in radical, activist, lesbian and feminist settings. The notion of a women only space is to provide a place where women do not have to worry about men....
for decades (often in the closet
The Closet
The Closet may refer to:* The Closet , Chinese film* The Closet , French film* The closet, referring to undisclosed homosexuality- See also :* Closet* Closet * In the closet...
), the term garnered wider attention in response to the exclusion of trans women
Trans woman
A trans woman is a male-to-female transsexual or transgender person and the term trans woman is preferred by some individuals over various medical terms. Other non-medical terms include t-girl, tg-girl and ts-girl...
from womyn-born womyn the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival
Michigan Womyn's Music Festival
The Michigan Womyn's Music Festival, called "the Original Womyn's Woodstock" and often referred to as MWMF or Michfest, is an international feminist music festival occurring every August since 1976 near Hart, Michigan...
. There may exist other such places that explicitly forbid trans women from entering, but they have not publicized their restrictions as has the Womyn's Music Festival.
The controversy has sparked scholarly discussion.
Scope
Womyn-born womyn policies center around the idea that women's experiences under patriarchyPatriarchy
Patriarchy is a social system in which the role of the male as the primary authority figure is central to social organization, and where fathers hold authority over women, children, and property. It implies the institutions of male rule and privilege, and entails female subordination...
are unique, learned, and transformative. Repeating Judith Butler's assertions that gender is a performance, proponents of "womyn-born womyn" spaces seek to create spaces wherein the enforced and policed performances of "girl" in patriarchy can be reshaped outside of the presence of those not subjected to those limitations. Transgender women are excluded because they have not lived under the strictures of the enforced performance of "girl", aside from their entire lives during and post transition, having instead been subjected to the performance of "boy". Advocates of womyn-born womyn spaces argue that the experience of having been born and raised as a "girl" under patriarchy is not one that transgender women share with womyn-born womyn.
Law can affect the question of what spaces can be womyn-born-womyn only spaces. One example of this is the Canadian case Vancouver Rape Relief Society v. Nixon 2005 BCCA 601, where the judgment allows any group protected by section 41 of the Canadian Human Rights Code to restrict its work to a sub-group of the group it was created to serve. In this case, it means that a women's charity may limit its services to only women that it decides represent "true women", rather than serving all women.
Examples
There have been several instances where transgender women have been denied access to or even been evicted from women's spaces.- Michigan Womyn's Music FestivalMichigan Womyn's Music FestivalThe Michigan Womyn's Music Festival, called "the Original Womyn's Woodstock" and often referred to as MWMF or Michfest, is an international feminist music festival occurring every August since 1976 near Hart, Michigan...
- Vancouver Rape Relief and Women's Shelter
Arguments
Supporters of 'women-born women' policies make the following claims:- Most transgender women do not have the experience of growing up female in a sexist society and as such have no embodied experience of the culturally prescribed position of "girl", unless of course they witnessed the way society around them treated girls.
- All transgender women have received and, in some instances, benefited from male privilegeMale privilegeMale privilege is a sociological term that refers quite generally to the special rights or status granted to men in a society, on the basis of their sex or gender, but usually denied to women and/or transsexuals....
especially late transitioners. - All oppressed peoples should be allowed to make spaces aligned through a commonality of oppression to heal and recover without explanation and solely through the ease of lived experience.
- Policies that do not exclude transgender women would allow men to enter the space if they simply wear stereotypical women's clothes and claim a female gender identityGender identityA gender identity is the way in which an individual self-identifies with a gender category, for example, as being either a man or a woman, or in some cases being neither, which can be distinct from biological sex. Basic gender identity is usually formed by age three and is extremely difficult to...
. - Many women's only spaces provide a safe shelter for cisgender women who have been abused or sexually assaulted. Such cisgender women might feel threatened by the presence of transgender women, and some of them may feel that their comfort is more important than the safety of trans women.
However, critics of such policies argue that:
- While transgender women did not grow up with recognized as female or as girls, they did grow up with female gender identities and thus should not be considered 'second-class' women any more than would a woman who grew up with other physical differences.
- Having experienced privilege in the past, particularly unwanted privilege, does not excuse oppression in the present.
- Although transgender women did not experience sexist oppression growing up, they experienced other forms of repression which are its equal, viz. society's transphobiaTransphobiaTransphobia is a range of negative attitudes and feelings towards transsexualism and transsexual or transgender people, based on the expression of their internal gender...
- Many transgender women have experienced sexist oppression, even if not from the day of their birth.
- If exclusion of transgender women because of access to male privilege is appropriate, then banning female-bodied people who have not had access to male privilege but are gender variant is hypocritical.
- While transgender women may make others feel uncomfortable, the discomfort of the majority is not an acceptable reason to exclude minorities. An analogous situation is that of many workplaces prior to second wave feminism. Many men felt uncomfortable allowing women into places that had traditionally been open to men only; however, the discomfort of men was not adequate justification for denying rights to women.
- Many also state that there is no universal experience all cisgender women have that no man or trans women have also had. Since there are cisgender women who do not menstruate or have children and women of different cultures, religions, classes, etc. have very different experiences growing up.
Sex as a binary division
Establishing women-born-women policies results in other difficulties in addition to the problems faced by transgender women. Enforcement of such policies is not always straightforward. Some female-identified but gender variant women, such as butch lesbians, boidykes, etc have reported privacy invasions due to questions whether or not they were indeed 'women-born-women.' Paradoxically the major victims of such policies are less likely to be the small population of transgender women, but the far larger population of gender variant women such as butch lesbians.See also
- WomynWomyn"Womyn" is one of a number of alternative spellings of the word "women" used by some feminist writers. There are many alternative spellings, including "wimmin", "womban", "wom!n"...
- CisgenderCisgenderCisgender is an adjective used in the context of gender issues and counselling to refer to a class of gender identities formed by a match between an individual's gender identity and the behavior or role considered appropriate for one's sex.Kristen Schilt and Laurel Westbrook defined "cisgender"...
- CissexualCissexualCissexual is an adjective used in the context of gender issues to describe "people who are not transsexual and who have only ever experienced their mental and physical sexes as being aligned"...
- Radical feminismRadical feminismRadical feminism is a current theoretical perspective within feminism that focuses on the theory of patriarchy as a system of power that organizes society into a complex of relationships based on an assumption that "male supremacy" oppresses women...
- TransphobiaTransphobiaTransphobia is a range of negative attitudes and feelings towards transsexualism and transsexual or transgender people, based on the expression of their internal gender...
- List of transgender-related topics
- List of transgender-rights organizations