Weighting - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

The process of weighting involves emphasizing the contribution of some aspects of a phenomenon (or of a set of data) to a final effect or result — giving them 'more weight' in the analysis. That is, rather than each variable in the data contributing equally to the final result, some data are adjusted to contribute more than others. It is analogous to the practice of adding extra weight to one side of a pair of scales to favour a buyer or seller.

While weighting may be applied to a set of data, for example epidemiological data, it is more commonly applied to measurements of light, heat, sound, gamma radiation, in fact any stimulus that is spread over a spectrum

Spectrum

A spectrum is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary infinitely within a continuum. The word saw its first scientific use within the field of optics to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light when separated using a prism; it has since been applied by...

of frequencies.

Weighting and loudness

In the measurement of loudness

Loudness

Loudness is the quality of a sound that is primarily a psychological correlate of physical strength . More formally, it is defined as "that attribute of auditory sensation in terms of which sounds can be ordered on a scale extending from quiet to loud."Loudness, a subjective measure, is often...

, for example, a weighting filter

Weighting filter

A weighting filter is used to emphasise or suppress some aspects of a phenomenon compared to others, for measurement or other purposes.- Audio applications :...

is commonly used to emphasise frequencies around 3 to 6 kHz where the human ear is most sensitive, while attenuating very high and very low frequencies to which the ear is insensitive. A commonly used weighting is the A-weighting

A-weighting

A Weighting curve is a graph of a set of factors, that are used to 'weight' measured values of a variable according to their importance in relation to some outcome. The most commonly known example is frequency weighting in sound level measurement where a specific set of weighting curves known as A,...

curve, which results in units of dBA sound pressure level. Because the frequency response of human hearing varies with loudness, the A-weighting curve is only correct at a level of 40-phon

Phon

The phon was proposed in DIN 45631 and ISO 532 B as a unit of perceived loudness level LN for pure tones by S. S. Stevens.-Definition:The purpose of the phon scale is to compensate for the effect of frequency on the perceived loudness of tones...

and other curves known as B, C and D weighting are also used, the latter being particularly intended for the measurement of aircraft noise.

Weighting in audio measurement

In broadcasting and audio equipment measurements 468-weighting is the preferred weighting to use because it was specifically devised to allow subjectively valid measurements on noise, rather than pure tones. It is often not realised that equal loudness curves, and hence A-weighting, only really apply to tones, as tests with noise bands show increased sensitivity in the 5 to 7 kHz region on noise compared to tones.

Other weighting curves are used in rumble measurement and flutter measurement to properly assess subjective effect.

Weighting and gamma rays

In the measurement of gamma rays or other ionising radiation, a radiation monitor or dosimeter will commonly use a filter to attenuate those energy levels or wavelengths that cause the least damage to the human body, while letting through those that do the most damage, so that any source of radiation may be measured in terms of its true danger rather than just its 'strength'. The resulting unit is the sievert

Sievert

The sievert is the International System of Units SI derived unit of dose equivalent radiation. It attempts to quantitatively evaluate the biological effects of ionizing radiation as opposed to just the absorbed dose of radiation energy, which is measured in gray...

or microsievert.

Weighting and television colour components

Another use of weighting is in television, where the red, green and blue components of the signal are weighted according to their perceived brightness. This ensures compatibility with black and white receivers, and also benefits noise performance and allows separation into meaningful luminance and chrominance

Chrominance

Chrominance is the signal used in video systems to convey the color information of the picture, separately from the accompanying luma signal . Chrominance is usually represented as two color-difference components: U = B' − Y' and V = R' − Y'...

signals for transmission.

Weighting and UV factor derivation for sun-exposure

Skin damage due to sun exposure is very wavelength dependent over the UV range 295 to 325 nm, with power at the shorter wavelength causing around 30 times as much damage as the longer one. In the calculation of UV Index

UV index

The ultraviolet index or UV Index is an international standard measurement of the strength of the ultraviolet radiation from the sun at a particular place on a particular day...

, a weighting curve is used which is known as the McKinlay-Diffey Erythema action spectrum http://serc.si.edu/labs/photobiology/UVIndex_calculation.aspx

In each field of measurement, special units are used to indicate a weighted measurement as opposed to a basic physical measurement of energy level. For sound, the unit is the phon

Phon

(1 kHz equivalent level).

In the field of acoustics, and audio engineering, it is common to use a standard curve referred to as A-weighting

A-weighting

, one of a set that are said to be derived from equal-loudness contours.

Weighting in 3D Modeling and Animation

Weighting in the context of 3D modeling and animation refers to how closely the components of a soft body follow their "target," "guide," "goal," or "controller." Components (usually vertices) with higher weights follow (or "conform" to) their guide quite closely, while those with lower weights do not. Take the following instances for example:

Skeleton Structure

Often, when an object is rigged with a skeleton, weights are applied to the vertices near the joints. The vertices closer to the joint will usually have a lower weight assigned; the reason for this is so that during deformation, the geometry of the skin does not fold in on itself. Weighting in this situation will most of the time be done automatically using skinning techniques, but is often done by hand in order to fine-tune the skeleton's deformation effects.

Another example of using weights with a skeleton structure would be to actually apply weights to vertices that are not part of a character's skin. An appropriate situation for this method would be the case when an elephant's trunk dangles freely as it walks. The elephant's trunk is rigged with a skeleton and inverse-kinematic (IK) curve. Then a goal curve is created so that the IK curve has something to "aim for" and thus the trunk has a certain shape to which it conforms. Closer to the end of the trunk, the vertices of the IK curve are given lower weights. This way, say if the goal curve was parented to the elephant and a gravity field was in effect, if the elephant stopped walking, the end of the IK curve and thus the end of the trunk would continue to move, dangle back and forth, and ultimately come to a rest in the position determined by the goal curve.

Cloth

Weights are used with cloth as well. Say for instance a character was being outfitted with a dress. Around the waist, the cloth should stay attached to the character, but farther down, its movements should be governed more by effects directly induced by the neighboring cloth vertices rather than the hip movements of the character. In this situation, higher weights are applied to the cloth vertices close to the hip so that they hug the character quite closely compared to the cloth farther down the dress. In order to make the dress more realistic, it is even possible to assign cloth weights of 0 to much of the dress because springs hold the cloth together; one must keep in mind though that doing this for the entire dress would effectively cancel the attachment of the dress to the character.

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