Vistarband
Encyclopedia
The Icelandic vistarband was a requirement that all landless people be employed on a farm. A man or woman who did not own or lease property had to find a position as a laborer (vinnuhjú) in the home of a farmer. The custom was for landless people to contract themselves to a farmer for one year at a time.
The minimum farm size, according to the Píningsdómur of 1490, was equal to the value of three cows. An individual who did not control property of at least this value had to become a farm laborer. These laws were still in place in the eighteenth century and in fact long into the nineteenth century.
If a farmer did not fulfill his responsibilities to a laborer, the laborer could appeal to the local district head (hreppstjóri), but a laborer could not leave the farm without the farmer's permission.
It was sometimes possible to escape the vistarband by becoming a free worker (lausamaður). Free workers could sell their labor to employers on their own terms. Until 1783 property of the value of at least ten cows was required to become a free worker. Becoming a free worker was banned from 1783 to 1863. When it was permitted again after 1863 it was only under strictly limited conditions. After the growth of small-scale fishing in Iceland in the late nineteenth century the laws were changed in 1894, and free worker status became accessible for most propertyless Icelanders.
Iceland is special in having had an unusually large percentage of the population in this kind of bondage -- generally about 25% of the population during the nineteenth century, which was the highest percentage in Europe.
It was common for Icelanders to work as farm laborers when they were young, and then, if they were able to rent land, to start their own farm and marry. But lifelong servitude was the fate of many, especially women. Most Icelandic farms were leased, and farmers were not required to reside there for more than one year at a time. The same applied to the vistarband; no laborer was required to stay with the same farmer for more than one year at a time.
The minimum farm size, according to the Píningsdómur of 1490, was equal to the value of three cows. An individual who did not control property of at least this value had to become a farm laborer. These laws were still in place in the eighteenth century and in fact long into the nineteenth century.
If a farmer did not fulfill his responsibilities to a laborer, the laborer could appeal to the local district head (hreppstjóri), but a laborer could not leave the farm without the farmer's permission.
It was sometimes possible to escape the vistarband by becoming a free worker (lausamaður). Free workers could sell their labor to employers on their own terms. Until 1783 property of the value of at least ten cows was required to become a free worker. Becoming a free worker was banned from 1783 to 1863. When it was permitted again after 1863 it was only under strictly limited conditions. After the growth of small-scale fishing in Iceland in the late nineteenth century the laws were changed in 1894, and free worker status became accessible for most propertyless Icelanders.
Iceland is special in having had an unusually large percentage of the population in this kind of bondage -- generally about 25% of the population during the nineteenth century, which was the highest percentage in Europe.
It was common for Icelanders to work as farm laborers when they were young, and then, if they were able to rent land, to start their own farm and marry. But lifelong servitude was the fate of many, especially women. Most Icelandic farms were leased, and farmers were not required to reside there for more than one year at a time. The same applied to the vistarband; no laborer was required to stay with the same farmer for more than one year at a time.
Heimild
- http://visindavefur.hi.is/svar.asp?id=2377
- Guðmundur Jónsson, Vinnuhjú á 19. öld (Reykjavík, 1981).