Vera Nazarian
Encyclopedia
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
writer of fantasy, science fiction and other "wonder fiction" including Mythpunk, an artist
Artist
An artist is a person engaged in one or more of any of a broad spectrum of activities related to creating art, practicing the arts and/or demonstrating an art. The common usage in both everyday speech and academic discourse is a practitioner in the visual arts only...
, and the publisher of Norilana Books
Norilana Books
Norilana Books is an independent publishing company, founded in August 2006 and based in Los Angeles, California. It is operated and owned by Vera Nazarian. Norilana publishes reprints of previously published Science Fiction and Fantasy works, including the novels of Modean Moon...
. She is an active member of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America
Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America
Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, or SFWA is a nonprofit association of professional science fiction and fantasy writers. It was founded in 1965 by Damon Knight under the name Science Fiction Writers of America, Inc. and it retains the acronym SFWA after a very brief use of the SFFWA...
(SFWA
SFWA
SFWA may refer to:*Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America*Scottish Football Writers' Association...
) and the author of two novels, Dreams of the Compass Rose, a "collage" novel structured as a series of related and interlinked stories similar in arabesque flavor to The One Thousand and One Nights, and Lords of Rainbow, a standalone epic fantasy about a world without color.
She lives in Los Angeles
Los Ángeles
Los Ángeles is the capital of the province of Biobío, in the commune of the same name, in Region VIII , in the center-south of Chile. It is located between the Laja and Biobío rivers. The population is 123,445 inhabitants...
, California
California
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...
.
Novels
- Dreams of the Compass Rose ("collage" novel), Wildside PressWildside PressWildside Press is an independent publishing company located in Maryland, USA. It was founded in 1989 by John Gregory and Kim Betancourt. While the press was originally conceived as a publisher of speculative fiction in both trade and limited editions, it has broadened out somewhat since then, both...
, May 2002. Nebula AwardNebula AwardThe Nebula Award is given each year by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America , for the best science fiction/fantasy fiction published in the United States during the previous year...
Preliminary Ballot 2002 nominee. - Lords of Rainbow, or, The Book of Fulfillment, Betancourt & Company, an imprint of Wildside PressWildside PressWildside Press is an independent publishing company located in Maryland, USA. It was founded in 1989 by John Gregory and Kim Betancourt. While the press was originally conceived as a publisher of speculative fiction in both trade and limited editions, it has broadened out somewhat since then, both...
, March 2003. - Mansfield Park and Mummies: Monster Mayhem, Matrimony, Ancient Curses, True Love, and Other Dire Delights, Curiosities, an imprint of Norilana BooksNorilana BooksNorilana Books is an independent publishing company, founded in August 2006 and based in Los Angeles, California. It is operated and owned by Vera Nazarian. Norilana publishes reprints of previously published Science Fiction and Fantasy works, including the novels of Modean Moon...
, November 2009.
Novellas
- The Clock King and the Queen of the Hourglass, PS PublishingPS PublishingPS Publishing is a Hornsea based publisher founded in 1999 by Peter Crowther. They specialise in novella length fiction from the fantasy, science fiction and horror genres. It has quickly become established as one of Britain's premier small presses...
, UK, October 2005, with an introduction by Charles de LintCharles de LintCharles de Lint is a Canadian fantasy author and folk musician. He is also the chief book critic for The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction....
, on the LocusLocus (magazine)Locus, subtitled "The Magazine Of The Science Fiction & Fantasy Field", is published monthly in Oakland, California. It reports on the science fiction and fantasy publishing field, including comprehensive listings of all new books published in the genre. It is considered the news organ and trade...
Recommended Reading List 2005. - The Duke in His Castle, Norilana BooksNorilana BooksNorilana Books is an independent publishing company, founded in August 2006 and based in Los Angeles, California. It is operated and owned by Vera Nazarian. Norilana publishes reprints of previously published Science Fiction and Fantasy works, including the novels of Modean Moon...
, June 2008. Nebula AwardNebula AwardThe Nebula Award is given each year by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America , for the best science fiction/fantasy fiction published in the United States during the previous year...
2008 Finalist.
Collections
- Salt of the Air, Prime BooksPrime BooksEdited by two-time Hugo-nominee and 2006 World Fantasy-winner Sean Wallace, Prime Books is an award-winning independent publishing house, specializing in a mix of literary/commercial anthologies, collections, novels, and two magazines: Fantasy Magazine and Lightspeed Magazine. Some of its...
, September 2006, with an introduction by Gene WolfeGene WolfeGene Wolfe is an American science fiction and fantasy writer. He is noted for his dense, allusive prose as well as the strong influence of his Catholic faith, to which he converted after marrying into the religion. He is a prolific short story writer and a novelist, and has won many awards in the...
. Debut collection of author's fantasy short fiction, spanning 20 years of her career, including works from 1985 to 2005. Expanded and reissued definitive edition, Norilana BooksNorilana BooksNorilana Books is an independent publishing company, founded in August 2006 and based in Los Angeles, California. It is operated and owned by Vera Nazarian. Norilana publishes reprints of previously published Science Fiction and Fantasy works, including the novels of Modean Moon...
, April 2009. - After the Sundial, Norilana BooksNorilana BooksNorilana Books is an independent publishing company, founded in August 2006 and based in Los Angeles, California. It is operated and owned by Vera Nazarian. Norilana publishes reprints of previously published Science Fiction and Fantasy works, including the novels of Modean Moon...
, August 2010.
Short Stories
- "The Story of Love," Best New Romantic Fantasy #2, edited by Paula Guran, Juno Books, June 2007. Nebula AwardNebula AwardThe Nebula Award is given each year by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America , for the best science fiction/fantasy fiction published in the United States during the previous year...
2007 Finalist. - "Three Names of the Hidden God," Heroes In Training, edited by Martin H. GreenbergMartin H. GreenbergMartin Harry Greenberg was an American speculative fiction anthologist and writer.-Biography:Dr. Martin H. Greenberg was born March 1, 1941, to Max and Mae Greenberg in South Miami Beach, Florida...
and Jim C. HinesJim C. HinesJim C. Hines is an American fantasy writer. He was a first-place winner of the L. Ron Hubbard Writers of the Future Award in 1998 with his story "Blade of the Bunny". He is the author of the Goblin Quest fantasy trilogy, comprising Goblin Quest, Goblin Hero and Goblin War. He also edited the...
, DAW BooksDAW BooksDAW Books is an American science fiction and fantasy publisher, founded by Donald A. Wollheim following his departure from Ace Books in 1971. The company therefore claims to be "the first publishing company ever devoted exclusively to science fiction and fantasy." The first DAW Book published was...
, September 2007 - "The Ballad of Universal Jack," New Writings in the Fantastic, edited by John Grant, Pendragon PressPendragon pressThere are three unrelated publishers with the name Pendragon Press. One is a British small press based in Maesteg in Wales and specialising in science fiction, fantasy, horror and weird fiction. It is run by Christopher Teague. In 2005 the press was nominated for a British Fantasy Award for best...
, September 2007. - "Port Custodial Blues," HelixHelixA helix is a type of smooth space curve, i.e. a curve in three-dimensional space. It has the property that the tangent line at any point makes a constant angle with a fixed line called the axis. Examples of helixes are coil springs and the handrails of spiral staircases. A "filled-in" helix – for...
#2, October 2006, edited by William SandersWilliam Sanders (writer)William Sanders is an American science fiction writer, primarily of short fiction, and was the senior editor of the now defunct online science fiction magazine Helix SF....
and Lawrence Watt-EvansLawrence Watt-EvansLawrence Watt-Evans is one of the pseudonyms of American science fiction and fantasy author Lawrence Watt Evans...
. - "Mount Dragon," Khimaira #6, reprint translated into French, April/June 2006.
- "I Want To Paint The Sky," Bli Panika, reprint translated into Hebrew, December 2005.
- Sun, In Its Copper Season," Fantasy MagazineFantasy MagazineFantasy Magazine is a U.S.-based online fantasy and science fiction magazine. It was launched as a print edition at the 2005 World Fantasy Convention in Madison, Wisconsin. It continued in this format for six more issues, but in mid-October 2007, it moved online, with daily content, and spun off...
, November, 2005, edited by Sean WallaceSean WallaceSean A. Wallace is an American science fiction and fantasy editor and publisher.-Career:Wallace began publishing fiction in 1997, when he launched Cosmos Books, with Philip Harbottle. Their début title, Fantasy Annual, was an anthology of British authors including E.C. Tubb, John Russell Fearn,...
. - "Mount Dragon," audio podcast (EP flash) of story reprint at Escape PodEscape podAn escape pod is a capsule or craft used to escape a vessel in an emergency, usually only big enough for one person. An escape ship is a larger, more complete craft also used for the same purpose...
, October 31, 2005. - "Old Farts," original e-story at Amazon Shorts, October 25, 2005.
- "Revulsion and the Beast," Jabberwocky, Prime BooksPrime BooksEdited by two-time Hugo-nominee and 2006 World Fantasy-winner Sean Wallace, Prime Books is an award-winning independent publishing house, specializing in a mix of literary/commercial anthologies, collections, novels, and two magazines: Fantasy Magazine and Lightspeed Magazine. Some of its...
, July 2005, edited by Sean WallaceSean WallaceSean A. Wallace is an American science fiction and fantasy editor and publisher.-Career:Wallace began publishing fiction in 1997, when he launched Cosmos Books, with Philip Harbottle. Their début title, Fantasy Annual, was an anthology of British authors including E.C. Tubb, John Russell Fearn,...
. - "Demonkiller," Sages and Swords: Razor-Edged Arcanum, Pitch-Black Books, Summer 2006, edited by Daniel E. Blackston.
- Chapter 13 of the infamous hoax novel Atlanta NightsAtlanta NightsAtlanta Nights is a collaborative novel created in 2004 by a group of science fiction and fantasy authors, with the express purpose of producing a bad piece of work of unpublishable quality to test whether publishing firm PublishAmerica would still accept it...
by "Travis Tea," Lulu.com, Embiid.com, January 2005. - "The Slaying of Winter," Lords of Swords, Pitch-Black Books, December 2004, edited by Daniel E. Blackston.
- "Halloween at Grant-Williams High," Fictionwise.com, original novelette, July 2003.
- "The Young Woman in a House of Old," Strange Pleasures #2, Prime Books, June 2003, edited by John Grant and Dave Hutchinson.
- "Hell Week at Grant-Williams High," switch.blade: School's Out, original fiction Fictionwise e-anthology edited by Amy Sterling CasilAmy Sterling CasilAmy Sterling Casil is a Southern California science fiction writer. Her writing has often included Southern California themes...
, September 2002. - "Faces at the End of Time," Beyond the Last Star, SFF Net, August 2002, edited by Sherwood SmithSherwood SmithSherwood Smith writes fantasy and science fiction for young adult as well as adults. She has participated in and organized writing groups for many years.Smith's works include the YA novel Crown Duel...
. - "Swans," On SpecOn SpecOn Spec is a digest-sized, perfect-bound, Canadian quarterly magazine publishing stories and poetry in science fiction, fantasy, and allied genres broadly grouped under the "speculative ficton" umbrella. Based in Edmonton, Alberta, On Spec was founded in 1989 by a small group of Edmonton writers...
, "World Beat" Issue, Summer 2001, Volume 13, Number 2, #45. - "A Thing of Love," reprint in Outside the Box, Wildside PressWildside PressWildside Press is an independent publishing company located in Maryland, USA. It was founded in 1989 by John Gregory and Kim Betancourt. While the press was originally conceived as a publisher of speculative fiction in both trade and limited editions, it has broadened out somewhat since then, both...
, February 2001, edited by Lou AndersLou AndersLou Anders is an American editor, author and journalist, primarily of science fiction/fantasy novels, articles and short stories.-Biography and journalism:...
. - "A Time to Crawl," Bookface.com, August 2000.
- "I Want to Paint the Sky," Bookface.com, August 2000.
- "The Ice," Colonies #3, Regent Publications, UK, August 2000.
- "Absolute Receptiveness, the Princess, and the Pea," Bookface.com, July 2000.
- "A Thing of Love," a reprint at Bookface.com, July 2000.
- "Lady of the Castle," Bookface.com, July 2000.
- "Aliens in Wonderland," Bookface.com, July 2000.
- "Caelqua's Spring," Sword and Sorceress #17Sword and Sorceress seriesThe Sword and Sorceress series is a series of fantasy anthologies edited by Marion Zimmer Bradley, and originally published by DAW Books. As she explained in the foreword to the first volume, she created the anthology to redress the lack of strong female protagonists in the sub-genre of sword and...
, DAW BooksDAW BooksDAW Books is an American science fiction and fantasy publisher, founded by Donald A. Wollheim following his departure from Ace Books in 1971. The company therefore claims to be "the first publishing company ever devoted exclusively to science fiction and fantasy." The first DAW Book published was...
, 2000. - "Rossia Moya," The Age of Reason, SFF Net, August 1999. (Nebula Awards Preliminary Ballot 2000)
- "Beauty and His Beast," Visionair SF, Issue #3, 1999. (reprint translated into Dutch).
- "City of No-Sleep," Sword and Sorceress #16Sword and Sorceress seriesThe Sword and Sorceress series is a series of fantasy anthologies edited by Marion Zimmer Bradley, and originally published by DAW Books. As she explained in the foreword to the first volume, she created the anthology to redress the lack of strong female protagonists in the sub-genre of sword and...
, DAW BooksDAW BooksDAW Books is an American science fiction and fantasy publisher, founded by Donald A. Wollheim following his departure from Ace Books in 1971. The company therefore claims to be "the first publishing company ever devoted exclusively to science fiction and fantasy." The first DAW Book published was...
, June 1999. - "Mount Dragon," Talebones, Issue #14, January 1999.
- "Sailing the Eye of Sun," Maelstrom SF, Issue #2, October, 1998
- "The Stone Face, the Giant, and the Paradox," Visionair SF, Summer 1998. (reprint translated into Dutch)
- "Shimmering Scythe," Sword and Sorceress #15Sword and Sorceress seriesThe Sword and Sorceress series is a series of fantasy anthologies edited by Marion Zimmer Bradley, and originally published by DAW Books. As she explained in the foreword to the first volume, she created the anthology to redress the lack of strong female protagonists in the sub-genre of sword and...
, DAW BooksDAW BooksDAW Books is an American science fiction and fantasy publisher, founded by Donald A. Wollheim following his departure from Ace Books in 1971. The company therefore claims to be "the first publishing company ever devoted exclusively to science fiction and fantasy." The first DAW Book published was...
1998. - "The Stone Face, the Giant, and the Paradox," Sword and Sorceress #12Sword and Sorceress seriesThe Sword and Sorceress series is a series of fantasy anthologies edited by Marion Zimmer Bradley, and originally published by DAW Books. As she explained in the foreword to the first volume, she created the anthology to redress the lack of strong female protagonists in the sub-genre of sword and...
, DAW BooksDAW BooksDAW Books is an American science fiction and fantasy publisher, founded by Donald A. Wollheim following his departure from Ace Books in 1971. The company therefore claims to be "the first publishing company ever devoted exclusively to science fiction and fantasy." The first DAW Book published was...
1995. - "Bonds of Light," Sword and Sorceress #10Sword and Sorceress seriesThe Sword and Sorceress series is a series of fantasy anthologies edited by Marion Zimmer Bradley, and originally published by DAW Books. As she explained in the foreword to the first volume, she created the anthology to redress the lack of strong female protagonists in the sub-genre of sword and...
, DAW BooksDAW BooksDAW Books is an American science fiction and fantasy publisher, founded by Donald A. Wollheim following his departure from Ace Books in 1971. The company therefore claims to be "the first publishing company ever devoted exclusively to science fiction and fantasy." The first DAW Book published was...
1993. - "A Dance for Darkover," Leroni of DarkoverLeroni of DarkoverLeroni of Darkover is an anthology of fantasy and science fiction short stories edited by Marion Zimmer Bradley. The stories are set in Bradley's world of Darkover. The book was first published by DAW Books in November, 1991.-Contents:...
, DAW BooksDAW BooksDAW Books is an American science fiction and fantasy publisher, founded by Donald A. Wollheim following his departure from Ace Books in 1971. The company therefore claims to be "the first publishing company ever devoted exclusively to science fiction and fantasy." The first DAW Book published was...
1991 (co-written with Diana Perry). - "Beauty and His Beast," Sword and Sorceress #8Sword and Sorceress seriesThe Sword and Sorceress series is a series of fantasy anthologies edited by Marion Zimmer Bradley, and originally published by DAW Books. As she explained in the foreword to the first volume, she created the anthology to redress the lack of strong female protagonists in the sub-genre of sword and...
, DAW BooksDAW BooksDAW Books is an American science fiction and fantasy publisher, founded by Donald A. Wollheim following his departure from Ace Books in 1971. The company therefore claims to be "the first publishing company ever devoted exclusively to science fiction and fantasy." The first DAW Book published was...
1991. - "The Balance," Marion Zimmer Bradley's Fantasy MagazineMarion Zimmer Bradley's Fantasy MagazineMarion Zimmer Bradley's Fantasy Magazine was a quarterly fantasy magazine founded and initially edited by fantasy and science fiction author Marion Zimmer Bradley. Fifty issues appeared from summer 1988 through December 2000. It was published by MZB Enterprises from 1988-1989, Marion Zimmer Bradley...
, Issue 9, Summer 1990. - "Danila's Song," Renunciates of DarkoverRenunciates of DarkoverRenunciates of Darkover is an anthology of fantasy and science fiction short stories edited by Marion Zimmer Bradley. The stories are set in Bradley's world of Darkover. The book was first published by DAW Books Renunciates of Darkover is an anthology of fantasy and science fiction short stories...
, DAW BooksDAW BooksDAW Books is an American science fiction and fantasy publisher, founded by Donald A. Wollheim following his departure from Ace Books in 1971. The company therefore claims to be "the first publishing company ever devoted exclusively to science fiction and fantasy." The first DAW Book published was...
1991. - "A Thing of Love," Sword and Sorceress #7Sword and Sorceress seriesThe Sword and Sorceress series is a series of fantasy anthologies edited by Marion Zimmer Bradley, and originally published by DAW Books. As she explained in the foreword to the first volume, she created the anthology to redress the lack of strong female protagonists in the sub-genre of sword and...
, DAW BooksDAW BooksDAW Books is an American science fiction and fantasy publisher, founded by Donald A. Wollheim following his departure from Ace Books in 1971. The company therefore claims to be "the first publishing company ever devoted exclusively to science fiction and fantasy." The first DAW Book published was...
1990. - "The Starry King," Sword and Sorceress #6Sword and Sorceress seriesThe Sword and Sorceress series is a series of fantasy anthologies edited by Marion Zimmer Bradley, and originally published by DAW Books. As she explained in the foreword to the first volume, she created the anthology to redress the lack of strong female protagonists in the sub-genre of sword and...
, DAW BooksDAW BooksDAW Books is an American science fiction and fantasy publisher, founded by Donald A. Wollheim following his departure from Ace Books in 1971. The company therefore claims to be "the first publishing company ever devoted exclusively to science fiction and fantasy." The first DAW Book published was...
1990. - "The Jackal," Four Moons of DarkoverFour Moons of DarkoverFour Moons of Darkover is an anthology of fantasy and science fiction short stories edited by Marion Zimmer Bradley. The stories are set in Bradley's world of Darkover. The book was first published by DAW Books Four Moons of Darkover is an anthology of fantasy and science fiction short stories...
, cover story, DAW BooksDAW BooksDAW Books is an American science fiction and fantasy publisher, founded by Donald A. Wollheim following his departure from Ace Books in 1971. The company therefore claims to be "the first publishing company ever devoted exclusively to science fiction and fantasy." The first DAW Book published was...
1988. - "Kihar," Red Sun of DarkoverRed Sun of DarkoverRed Sun of Darkover is an anthology of fantasy and science fiction short stories edited by Marion Zimmer Bradley. The stories are set in Bradley's world of Darkover. The book was first published by DAW Books in November, 1987.-Contents:...
, DAW BooksDAW BooksDAW Books is an American science fiction and fantasy publisher, founded by Donald A. Wollheim following his departure from Ace Books in 1971. The company therefore claims to be "the first publishing company ever devoted exclusively to science fiction and fantasy." The first DAW Book published was...
1987. - "Wound on the Moon," Sword and Sorceress #2Sword and Sorceress seriesThe Sword and Sorceress series is a series of fantasy anthologies edited by Marion Zimmer Bradley, and originally published by DAW Books. As she explained in the foreword to the first volume, she created the anthology to redress the lack of strong female protagonists in the sub-genre of sword and...
, DAW BooksDAW BooksDAW Books is an American science fiction and fantasy publisher, founded by Donald A. Wollheim following his departure from Ace Books in 1971. The company therefore claims to be "the first publishing company ever devoted exclusively to science fiction and fantasy." The first DAW Book published was...
1985.
Non-Fiction Articles
- "Home Improvement in Magic Land," pop culture essay appearing in the BenBella BooksBenBella BooksBenBella Books is an independent publishing house based in Dallas, Texas. Founded by Glenn Yeffeth in 2001, BenBella specializes in non-fiction books on popular culture, health, and nutrition, along with books on science, politics, psychology, and other topics....
SmartPop Series anthology Totally Charmed: Demons, Whitelighters and the Power of Three based on the TV show CharmedCharmedCharmed is an American television series that originally aired from October 7, 1998, until May 21, 2006, on the now defunct The WB Television Network. The series was created in 1998 by writer Constance M...
, edited by Jennifer CrusieJennifer CrusieJennifer Crusie is a pseudonym for Jennifer Smith, a bestselling and award winning author of contemporary romance novels. She has written over 15 novels, which have been published in 20 countries.-Biography:...
, November 2005. - "Publicity and Self-Promotion Nouveau: Doing It With Class," article on publicity and self-promotion for writers, appearing in SpeculationsSpeculationsSpeculations was a resource for writers within the science fiction, fantasy, and other speculative fiction subgenres. Started in 1994 as a print magazine, Speculations moved online in 1999, then ceased operations in 2008. Speculations was a Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine nominee seven times...
Issue Forty-Six, edited by Susan FrySusan FrySusan Fry is an American author and editor.During Fry's tenure as editor of Speculations, the magazine was twice nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine, in 2001 and 2002.Fry is a graduate of Clarion West Writers Workshop 1998....
, April 2002.
External links
- Vera Nazarian's Webpage - official author website.
- Mansfield Park and Mummies - Mansfield Park and Mummies official website.
Interviews
- The Virtuous Medlar Circle Interview conducted by Anna TambourAnna TambourAnna Tambour is an author of satire, fable and other strange and hard-to-categorize fiction and poetry.In 2009, her story "The Age of Fish, Post-flowers" was in the anthology Paper Cities: An Anthology of Urban Fantasy, Ekaterina Sedia, ed. that won the Anthology World Fantasy Award...
on 4-1-06. - The Dragon Page Radio Interview conducted by Michael R. MennengaMichael R. MennengaMichael R. Mennenga founded FarPoint Media in early 2006 and currently serves as its President, COO, and primary audio engineer. In addition, Michael is a co-host of the “Slice of SciFi” and “The Dragon Page Cover to Cover” podcasts, and contributor to many other Farpoint Programs.Michael’s...
and Evo TerraEvo TerraEvo Terra is an American podcaster, writer and businessman based in Arizona.Evo Terra founded Podiobooks.com in 2004, an audiobook service that uses podcasting technology to distribute serialized versions of novels, non-fiction books, anthologies and short story collections.In 2005, Terra was a...
on 8-1-05. - Walk the Plank Interview conducted by Jeff VanderMeerJeff VanderMeerJeffrey Scott VanderMeer is an American writer, editor and publisher.He is best known for his contributions to the New Weird and his stories about the city of Ambergris, in books like City of Saints and Madmen.-Biography:...
on 3-17-05. - SF Crowsnest Interview conducted by Donna JonesDonna JonesDonna M. Jones, 20th Idaho state controller, was elected on November 7, 2006 and sworn into office by long-time friend and Idaho State Supreme Court Justice Jim Jones on January 1, 2007...
on 5-1-04. - Infinity Plus Interview conducted by Nick GeversNick GeversNick Gevers is a South African science fiction editor and critic, whose work has appeared in The Washington Post Book World, Interzone, Scifi.com, SF Site, The New York Review of Science Fiction and Nova Express...
on 7-27-02. - Vision #8 Interview conducted by Lazette Gifford on 3-1-02.