Vardun
Encyclopedia
Vardun is a village in Targovishte Municipality
, Targovishte Province
, Bulgaria
.
Until the eighties of the past century Vardun had over 300 Bulgarian dwellings and only several gipsy’s (separated outside of the village towards Cherkovna). There were not any Turks living in Vardun as yet. Later on urbanization processes incited movements toward chief Bulgarian towns. Gradually gypsies began to settle in Vardun and nowadays they form majority of the population.
Vardun survived as a Bulgarian settlement (without other nationalities) during the several waves of prosecutions against Bulgarians. After the disastrous Tarnovo rebellions (1593 and 1680) Turks converted many villages in the region to mohammedanism, many people from Vardun were killed or banished. Despite all Vardun survived. All that period the Turk empire was moving Muslim nomad tribes from Asia to this region trying to change its Bulgarian face. Thanks to their statute of "voynugans"(also known as Войнуци), Vardunians had a privilege – they could possess land. During the Turk yoke the land belonging to Vardunians was more than the land of all its neighbor Muslim villages taken together and the Muslims there were working as farm-hands on the Vardun's land.
About the "voynugans" statute of Vardunians writes Boris Stanimirov in his "History of Gabrovo as a settlement with a special martial statute (XII-XIX century)". The author points on how freedom-loving and confident Vardun Bulgarians were. Having such virtues they put fear on Deliorman and Gerlovo Turks, demonstrating superiority to them.
Some sources hint about the noble line of Varduns: In an Ottoman tax register from 16th century some men from Vardun were written down with their titles. One of them was logotur (logotet) Bahno. With regard to this is the interpretation of Stefan Chureshki in his publication "The list of Bulgarian princes", where he talks about a tzar’s inscription from 1281 found near Vardun. Two bolyars were mentioned there – Pagan (or Gagan after another reading) and Hinto - according to their rule over "the mountain" (it is supposed to be the near Preslavska mountain).
Vardun is positioned in the north part of Gerlovo area which is a valley enclosed by the Balkan from the south and by the Preslavska mountain from the northeast. Westward is the hilly Tozluk area and the Lisa mountain. Gerlovo is one of the most guarded regions in the medieval Bulgaria: in the Preslavska mountain alone (about 20 km distance) are found remains of more than 10 strongholds. Right next to Vardun there were two strongholds: "Kaleto" (1,5 km from Vardun) and "Erpeka" (about 2,5 km from Vardun) – this was built on an upland and had at least two fortified belts. Between both strongholds is situated a place named Holuma which was settled and part of Vardun before the Turkish invasion.
There were several other strongholds near to Vardun: the big stronghold "Gradishteto" within 5 km from Vardun before Prolaz, "Hisarlaka" stronghold near Paidushko village (within 7 km from Vardun) and "Krumovo kale" stronghold (or "Misionis" as it is claimed after some recent investigations) – this is the only excavated stronghold in the region because it is within 8 km from the chief town of Targovishte (as far as it is from Vardun). These three strongholds were keeping guard over the Boaza passage. Eastwards there were: the big stronghold "Tepeto" (within 4 km from Vardun) near Cherkovna, "Chanakkale" stronghold (within 9 km from Vardun) near Tarnovca and "Kaleto" stronghold (within 6 km from Vardun) near Koprec. Other strongholds (poorly examined as well) in the Preslavska mountain were "Beloto gradishte" in the Dervishki passage, the strongholds near villages Ovcharovo, Dolna Kabda and others inside the mountain.
In Gerlovo was so called Tsika (or Chika) (Τζίκας). A modern interpretation (based on unknown premises) claims that Tsika was the capital of the tribe of Severs. The chronicle of Theophanes Confessor from 9th century says that Tsika was the capital (if a settlement is meant) or the inner (metropolitan) region of the Bulgarian state where the palaces (αυλὴν) were.
Targovishte Municipality
Targovishte Municipality is a municipality in Targovishte Province, Northeastern Bulgaria, located in the transition between the Danubian Plain and the area of the so called Fore-Balkan...
, Targovishte Province
Targovishte Province
Targovishte Province is a province in northeastern Bulgaria, named after its main city - Targovishte. As of December 2009, it has a population of 129,675 inhabitants.-Municipalities:...
, Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...
.
Until the eighties of the past century Vardun had over 300 Bulgarian dwellings and only several gipsy’s (separated outside of the village towards Cherkovna). There were not any Turks living in Vardun as yet. Later on urbanization processes incited movements toward chief Bulgarian towns. Gradually gypsies began to settle in Vardun and nowadays they form majority of the population.
Vardun survived as a Bulgarian settlement (without other nationalities) during the several waves of prosecutions against Bulgarians. After the disastrous Tarnovo rebellions (1593 and 1680) Turks converted many villages in the region to mohammedanism, many people from Vardun were killed or banished. Despite all Vardun survived. All that period the Turk empire was moving Muslim nomad tribes from Asia to this region trying to change its Bulgarian face. Thanks to their statute of "voynugans"(also known as Войнуци), Vardunians had a privilege – they could possess land. During the Turk yoke the land belonging to Vardunians was more than the land of all its neighbor Muslim villages taken together and the Muslims there were working as farm-hands on the Vardun's land.
About the "voynugans" statute of Vardunians writes Boris Stanimirov in his "History of Gabrovo as a settlement with a special martial statute (XII-XIX century)". The author points on how freedom-loving and confident Vardun Bulgarians were. Having such virtues they put fear on Deliorman and Gerlovo Turks, demonstrating superiority to them.
Some sources hint about the noble line of Varduns: In an Ottoman tax register from 16th century some men from Vardun were written down with their titles. One of them was logotur (logotet) Bahno. With regard to this is the interpretation of Stefan Chureshki in his publication "The list of Bulgarian princes", where he talks about a tzar’s inscription from 1281 found near Vardun. Two bolyars were mentioned there – Pagan (or Gagan after another reading) and Hinto - according to their rule over "the mountain" (it is supposed to be the near Preslavska mountain).
Vardun is positioned in the north part of Gerlovo area which is a valley enclosed by the Balkan from the south and by the Preslavska mountain from the northeast. Westward is the hilly Tozluk area and the Lisa mountain. Gerlovo is one of the most guarded regions in the medieval Bulgaria: in the Preslavska mountain alone (about 20 km distance) are found remains of more than 10 strongholds. Right next to Vardun there were two strongholds: "Kaleto" (1,5 km from Vardun) and "Erpeka" (about 2,5 km from Vardun) – this was built on an upland and had at least two fortified belts. Between both strongholds is situated a place named Holuma which was settled and part of Vardun before the Turkish invasion.
There were several other strongholds near to Vardun: the big stronghold "Gradishteto" within 5 km from Vardun before Prolaz, "Hisarlaka" stronghold near Paidushko village (within 7 km from Vardun) and "Krumovo kale" stronghold (or "Misionis" as it is claimed after some recent investigations) – this is the only excavated stronghold in the region because it is within 8 km from the chief town of Targovishte (as far as it is from Vardun). These three strongholds were keeping guard over the Boaza passage. Eastwards there were: the big stronghold "Tepeto" (within 4 km from Vardun) near Cherkovna, "Chanakkale" stronghold (within 9 km from Vardun) near Tarnovca and "Kaleto" stronghold (within 6 km from Vardun) near Koprec. Other strongholds (poorly examined as well) in the Preslavska mountain were "Beloto gradishte" in the Dervishki passage, the strongholds near villages Ovcharovo, Dolna Kabda and others inside the mountain.
In Gerlovo was so called Tsika (or Chika) (Τζίκας). A modern interpretation (based on unknown premises) claims that Tsika was the capital of the tribe of Severs. The chronicle of Theophanes Confessor from 9th century says that Tsika was the capital (if a settlement is meant) or the inner (metropolitan) region of the Bulgarian state where the palaces (αυλὴν) were.