Trench map
Encyclopedia
A Trench map shows the trenches of the Great War, 1914-1918. Whilst all of the belligerents made or used maps of the trenches, this article refers mainly to those produced by the British Army.
For much of the Great War, trench warfare
was almost static, giving rise to the need for detailed large scale maps for both attack and defence. Initially, British trench maps showed the German trench systems in detail but only the British Front line
. Later in the war, more and more of the British trenches were shown. The only maps that showed full detail of both sides were the secret editions, usually marked "Not to be taken beyond Brigade HQ" for fear of them falling into enemy hands.
.
At the start of the war there were no trench maps, trench warfare had not developed nor had the technology to create them at the speed required. The British Army went to war with maps more suited to a "war of movement", i.e. small scale of a quality just about adequate for marching. Once the line had become static after the Battle of the Aisne
and the Race for the Sea, the need for accurate detailed maps became urgent.
The earliest trench maps date from 1915 and were often made from enlargements of French and Belgian maps of variable quality. Some re-surveying of the front was carried out when it was found that such enlargements were not sufficiently precise. This precision was paramount to the artillery, especially later in the war when techniques were developed to "shoot from the map".
The earliest trench maps, used in the first 6 months of 1915, also suffered from a lack of standardization. In the absence of a single, theater-wide format for trench maps, some rather idiosyncratic patterns came into being. For example, on the British 1st Army Front, troops used the notorious maps that the intelligence officer Col. Charteris favored, which actually printed the North on the bottom and the East on the left-hand side of the map! In addition, the inverted Charteris maps lacked an over-printed grid with hash-marks, so that individual targets required individual target reference numbers. The British Army had to fight two of the largest early battles of the war, those of Aubers Ridge and Festubert, using these wholly unsatisfactory maps.
Partly in response to the evident deficiencies of such maps, the British Army put into use, starting in July of 1915, the "Regular Series" trench map. These Regular Series maps, printed in Britain, did much to improve the situation (all 1:10,000 scale maps in this series, printed by the Geographical Section of the General Staff, bear the GSGS number 3062; 1:20,000 scale maps of this series bear the GSGS number 2742; maps of this series were almost invariably backed with linen, greatly improving their durability). Even after the Regular Series came into use in the Summer of 1915, however, local editions of maps, of different formats and printed at the front, remained in use, and did so throughout the war.
Trench maps were updated from aerial photographs and intelligence reports although sometimes captured German maps were used as a source of detail. The use of aerial photography in cartography developed to an enormous degree during the Great War. Before 1914, experiments had been made and papers written on the subject but little was available to the Army for actual use. By the end of the war, it was possible to produce accurate photographs and to transcribe detail to accurate maps as well as the assessment of height of the land forms.
on large presses by very skilled printers. Some of these maps were printed from zinc plates but many were printed from lithographic limestone
plates.
An estimated 32 million maps were printed in the Great War but most have been destroyed. Many are in private hands but important collections are available for public viewing at the Imperial War Museum
in London and The National Archive (TNA) at Kew
. Digital versions are also becoming available as interest in the Great War increases.
For much of the Great War, trench warfare
Trench warfare
Trench warfare is a form of occupied fighting lines, consisting largely of trenches, in which troops are largely immune to the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery...
was almost static, giving rise to the need for detailed large scale maps for both attack and defence. Initially, British trench maps showed the German trench systems in detail but only the British Front line
Front line
A front line is the farthest-most forward position of an armed force's personnel and equipment - generally in respect of maritime or land forces. Forward Line of Own Troops , or Forward Edge of Battle Area are technical terms used by all branches of the armed services...
. Later in the war, more and more of the British trenches were shown. The only maps that showed full detail of both sides were the secret editions, usually marked "Not to be taken beyond Brigade HQ" for fear of them falling into enemy hands.
Scale and availability
The majority of trench maps were to a scale of 1:10,000 or 1:20,000 but maps of 1:40,000, 1:80,000 and smaller were printed. In addition, trench maps were frequently printed on a scale of 1:5,000--maps printed on such a large scale, which showed a small area in great detail, were generally meant for use in assaults. Certain of the 1:40,000 maps show trenches but were of little use to front line troops. The infantry preferred 1:10,000 and the artillery, mainly 1:20,000, but 1:40,000 were used by the heavy artillery. In the 'Report on Survey on the Western Front 1914-1918', published in 1920, Colonel E.M. Jack wrote "The 1:20,000 was the map commonly used by the Artillery, and as trenches could be shown on it in sufficient detail to be of use to the infantry it was the most useful scale of all, and the one that could least easily be dispensed with." Colonel Jack was a key figure in Great War cartographyCartography
Cartography is the study and practice of making maps. Combining science, aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively.The fundamental problems of traditional cartography are to:*Set the map's...
.
At the start of the war there were no trench maps, trench warfare had not developed nor had the technology to create them at the speed required. The British Army went to war with maps more suited to a "war of movement", i.e. small scale of a quality just about adequate for marching. Once the line had become static after the Battle of the Aisne
Battle of the Aisne
The Battle of the Aisne is the name of three battles fought along the Aisne River in northern France during the First World War.*First Battle of the Aisne - Anglo-French counter-offensive following the First Battle of the Marne....
and the Race for the Sea, the need for accurate detailed maps became urgent.
The earliest trench maps date from 1915 and were often made from enlargements of French and Belgian maps of variable quality. Some re-surveying of the front was carried out when it was found that such enlargements were not sufficiently precise. This precision was paramount to the artillery, especially later in the war when techniques were developed to "shoot from the map".
The earliest trench maps, used in the first 6 months of 1915, also suffered from a lack of standardization. In the absence of a single, theater-wide format for trench maps, some rather idiosyncratic patterns came into being. For example, on the British 1st Army Front, troops used the notorious maps that the intelligence officer Col. Charteris favored, which actually printed the North on the bottom and the East on the left-hand side of the map! In addition, the inverted Charteris maps lacked an over-printed grid with hash-marks, so that individual targets required individual target reference numbers. The British Army had to fight two of the largest early battles of the war, those of Aubers Ridge and Festubert, using these wholly unsatisfactory maps.
Partly in response to the evident deficiencies of such maps, the British Army put into use, starting in July of 1915, the "Regular Series" trench map. These Regular Series maps, printed in Britain, did much to improve the situation (all 1:10,000 scale maps in this series, printed by the Geographical Section of the General Staff, bear the GSGS number 3062; 1:20,000 scale maps of this series bear the GSGS number 2742; maps of this series were almost invariably backed with linen, greatly improving their durability). Even after the Regular Series came into use in the Summer of 1915, however, local editions of maps, of different formats and printed at the front, remained in use, and did so throughout the war.
Confusion
A trench map consisted of a base map that showed roads, towns, rivers, forests and so on, over-printed with trenches; red for German, blue for British. Early in 1918 these colours were reversed to come into line with French practice. To add to the confusion, some trench maps were printed with all the trenches the same colour. A base map usually had an edition number followed by a letter, so a map marked 6C had an edition 6 base map and the trench over print of edition C. This system was not strictly adhered to, sometimes two maps with the same number and letter can be found but with different detail and dates. On many of the maps, the words "Trenches corrected to" are followed by either a single date or a separate date for British and German trenches.Trench maps were updated from aerial photographs and intelligence reports although sometimes captured German maps were used as a source of detail. The use of aerial photography in cartography developed to an enormous degree during the Great War. Before 1914, experiments had been made and papers written on the subject but little was available to the Army for actual use. By the end of the war, it was possible to produce accurate photographs and to transcribe detail to accurate maps as well as the assessment of height of the land forms.
Printing techniques
Most of the maps were printed in England or well behind the lines as the printing presses were not easy to move at short notice should an attack by the Germans be successful. Some small sheets were made nearer the front by other techniques but the regular series trench maps were printed using lithographyLithography
Lithography is a method for printing using a stone or a metal plate with a completely smooth surface...
on large presses by very skilled printers. Some of these maps were printed from zinc plates but many were printed from lithographic limestone
Lithographic Limestone
Lithographic limestone is hard limestone that is sufficiently fine-grained, homogeneous and defect free to be used for lithography. Geologists use the term lithographic texture to refer to a grain size under 1/250 mm...
plates.
An estimated 32 million maps were printed in the Great War but most have been destroyed. Many are in private hands but important collections are available for public viewing at the Imperial War Museum
Imperial War Museum
Imperial War Museum is a British national museum organisation with branches at five locations in England, three of which are in London. The museum was founded during the First World War in 1917 and intended as a record of the war effort and sacrifice of Britain and her Empire...
in London and The National Archive (TNA) at Kew
Kew
Kew is a place in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in South West London. Kew is best known for being the location of the Royal Botanic Gardens, now a World Heritage Site, which includes Kew Palace...
. Digital versions are also becoming available as interest in the Great War increases.
External links
- France, The Somme, Beaumont Hamel, Hawthorn Ridge, 2-Jun-1916 (trench map)
- Paths of Glory (Trench map extracts plus more)
