Torneyamen
Encyclopedia
A torneyamen or certamen was a lyric
genre
of the troubadour
s of the thirteenth century. Closely related to the tenso
, a debate between two poets, and the partimen
, a question posed by one poet and another's response, the torneyamen took place between several poets, originally usually three. The first three-way tenso was initiated by Raimbaut de Vaqueiras
with Ademar de Peiteus and Perdigon
. These wider tensos only became known as torneyamens later. A tenso or partimen that was submitted to another troubadour for adjudication may have a poetic jutjamen (judgement) attached to it and so may be considered as a torneyamen between three. The torneyamen, like the related debate forms, was probably especially common at contests, such as floral games
and puys
. Many such tensos and partimens come with attached jutjamens rendered in verse, as in the example Senyer Bernatz, dues puncelhas say cited below.
Lyric poetry
Lyric poetry is a genre of poetry that expresses personal and emotional feelings. In the ancient world, lyric poems were those which were sung to the lyre. Lyric poems do not have to rhyme, and today do not need to be set to music or a beat...
genre
Genre
Genre , Greek: genos, γένος) is the term for any category of literature or other forms of art or culture, e.g. music, and in general, any type of discourse, whether written or spoken, audial or visual, based on some set of stylistic criteria. Genres are formed by conventions that change over time...
of the troubadour
Troubadour
A troubadour was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages . Since the word "troubadour" is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is usually called a trobairitz....
s of the thirteenth century. Closely related to the tenso
Tenso
A tenso is a style of Occitan song favoured by the troubadours. It takes the form of a debate in which each voice defends a position on a topic relating to love or ethics. Closely related genres include the partimen and the cobla exchange...
, a debate between two poets, and the partimen
Partimen
The partimen is a genre of Occitan lyric poetry composed between two troubadours, a subgenre of the tenso or cobla exchange in which one poet presents a dilemma in the form of a question and the two debate the answer, each taking up a different side. It was especially popular in poetic contests....
, a question posed by one poet and another's response, the torneyamen took place between several poets, originally usually three. The first three-way tenso was initiated by Raimbaut de Vaqueiras
Raimbaut de Vaqueiras
Raimbaut de Vaqueiras was a Provençal troubadour and, later in his life, knight. His life was spent mainly in Italian courts until 1203, when he joined the Fourth Crusade....
with Ademar de Peiteus and Perdigon
Perdigon
Perdigon or Perdigo was a troubadour from Lespéron in the Gabales, diocese of Gévaudan, modern Lozère. Fourteen of his works survive, including three cansos with melodies...
. These wider tensos only became known as torneyamens later. A tenso or partimen that was submitted to another troubadour for adjudication may have a poetic jutjamen (judgement) attached to it and so may be considered as a torneyamen between three. The torneyamen, like the related debate forms, was probably especially common at contests, such as floral games
Floral Games
Floral Games were any of a series historically related poetry contests with floral prizes. In Occitan, their original language, and Catalan they are known as Jocs florals . In French they became the Jeux floraux...
and puys
Puy (society)
A puy or pui was a society, often organised as a guild or confraternity, sometimes along religious lines, for the patronisation of music and poetry, typically through the holding of competitions...
. Many such tensos and partimens come with attached jutjamens rendered in verse, as in the example Senyer Bernatz, dues puncelhas say cited below.
Examples
- Senher n'Aymar, chauzes de tres baros between Raimbaut de VaqueirasRaimbaut de VaqueirasRaimbaut de Vaqueiras was a Provençal troubadour and, later in his life, knight. His life was spent mainly in Italian courts until 1203, when he joined the Fourth Crusade....
, PerdigonPerdigonPerdigon or Perdigo was a troubadour from Lespéron in the Gabales, diocese of Gévaudan, modern Lozère. Fourteen of his works survive, including three cansos with melodies...
, and Ademar de Peiteus - Senhe n'Enric, us reys un ric avar between Guiraut RiquierGuiraut RiquierGuiraut Riquier is among the last of the Provençal troubadours. He is well known because of his great care in writing out his works and keeping them together—the New Grove Encyclopedia considers him an "anthologist" of his own works....
, Enric de Rodez, and Peire PeletPeire PeletPeire Pelet was the conseigneur of Alès in the Languedoc. He was married to Delfina , a sister of Henry II of Rodez. He is the senher d'Alest referred to as a participant in the torneyamen Senhe n'Enric, us reys un ric avar along with his brother-in-law Henry and the troubadour Guiraut... - Senhe n'Austorc d'Alboy, lo coms plazens between Guiraut RiquierGuiraut RiquierGuiraut Riquier is among the last of the Provençal troubadours. He is well known because of his great care in writing out his works and keeping them together—the New Grove Encyclopedia considers him an "anthologist" of his own works....
, Austorc d'Alboy, and Enric de Rodez - A·n Miquel de Castilho between Guiraut RiquierGuiraut RiquierGuiraut Riquier is among the last of the Provençal troubadours. He is well known because of his great care in writing out his works and keeping them together—the New Grove Encyclopedia considers him an "anthologist" of his own works....
, Miquel de Castilho, and Codolet - De so don yeu soy doptos between Guillem de Mur, Guiraut RiquierGuiraut RiquierGuiraut Riquier is among the last of the Provençal troubadours. He is well known because of his great care in writing out his works and keeping them together—the New Grove Encyclopedia considers him an "anthologist" of his own works....
, Enric de Rodez, and Marques de Canillac - Guiraut Riquier, segon vostr'essien between Guillem de Mur and Guiraut RiquierGuiraut RiquierGuiraut Riquier is among the last of the Provençal troubadours. He is well known because of his great care in writing out his works and keeping them together—the New Grove Encyclopedia considers him an "anthologist" of his own works....
, judged by Enric de Rodez - Senh'en Jorda, sie·us manda Livernos between Guiraut RiquierGuiraut RiquierGuiraut Riquier is among the last of the Provençal troubadours. He is well known because of his great care in writing out his works and keeping them together—the New Grove Encyclopedia considers him an "anthologist" of his own works....
, Jordan IV of L'Isle-JourdainJordan IV of L'Isle-JourdainJordan IV was the Lord of L'Isle-Jourdain and a vassal of Alfonso of Poitou. He was a crusader during the Italian crusades of Guelph against Ghibelline...
, Raimon Izarn, and Paulet de Marseilla - Senhe n'Enric, a vos don avantatje between Guiraut RiquierGuiraut RiquierGuiraut Riquier is among the last of the Provençal troubadours. He is well known because of his great care in writing out his works and keeping them together—the New Grove Encyclopedia considers him an "anthologist" of his own works....
, Enric de Rodez, and Marques de Canillac, judged by Peire d'Estanh - Gaucelm, tres jocs enamoratz between Gaucelm FaiditGaucelm FaiditGaucelm Faidit was a troubadour, born in Uzerche, in the Limousin, from a family of knights in service of the count of Turenne. He travelled widely in France, Spain, and Hungary...
, Uc de la BacalariaUc de la BacalariaUc de la Bacalaria was a Limousin troubadour from La Bachellerie near Uzerche, the home town of Gaucelm Faidit. According to his vida, he was a jongleur who travelled infrequently and was hardly known. He composed cansos, tensos, one alba, and one descort...
, and Savaric de Malleo - Senyer Bernatz, dues puncelhas say between Jacme RoviraJacme RoviraJacme Rovira was a Catalan poet who wrote in Occitan and competed within the Consistori del Gay Saber.On 3 May 1386 Jacme participated in a partimen with Bernat de Palaol before the judges Ramon Galbarra and Germà de Gontaut...
and Bernat de PalaolBernat de PalaolBernat de Palaol or de Mallorques was a Catalan troubadour and merchant from Majorca. He was sometimes called lo mercader mallorquí ....
, judged by Germà de GontautGermà de GontautGermà de Gontaut was an Occitan poet and merchant.Germà is mentioned as a mercadier in the prologue to the final version of the Leys d'amor of Joan de Castellnou...
and Ramon Galbarra