Tori shogi
Encyclopedia
Tori shōgi is a variant
of shogi
(Japanese chess) attributed to Ōhashi Sōei in the late 18th century. The game is played on a 7×7 board and uses the drop rule; it's the only Japanese variant to do so. This is one of the more popular shogi variants.
Each player has a set of 16 wedge-shaped pieces, of slightly different sizes. From largest to smallest (or most to least powerful) they are:
In line with the bird theme, each piece is named after a different kind of bird.
Each piece has its name in the form of a kanji
written on its face. On the reverse side of some pieces is another character, often in a different color (commonly red instead of black) and are usually cursive; this reverse side is turned up to indicate that the piece has been promoted during play. (The quail are different: on one side is the character for "quail", while on the other is the character for left or right; some people will play with the "left"/"right" side up instead of the "quail" side up.)
The pieces of the two sides do not differ in color, but instead each piece is shaped like a wedge, and faces forward, toward the opposing side. This shows who controls the piece during play.
The first pronunciation of each piece is the Japanese pronunciation, while the second is the Sino-Japanese pronunciation. The promoted pieces (*) are usually called eagle and goose in English.
Each piece on the game moves in a characteristic pattern. Pieces move either orthogonally (that is, forward, backward, left, or right, in the direction of one of the arms of a plus sign, +), or diagonally (in the direction of one of the arms of a multiplication sign, ×).
Many pieces are capable of several kinds of movement, with the type of movement most often depending on the direction in which they move. The movement categories are:
The step movers are the phoenix, falcon, crane, and the 8 swallows on each side.
Promoting a piece has the effect of changing how that piece moves until it is removed from the board (see above). Only two pieces promote, as follows:
When captured, pieces lose their promoted status.
>>
A drop cannot capture a piece; that requires an additional move.
Pieces that are dropped in the promotion zone do not promote as a result: Promotion requires that piece make a normal movement on a subsequent turn, as detailed under "Promotion", above. Pieces that are promoted when captured lose that promotion; they are unpromoted when dropped back on the board.
There are three restrictions when dropping swallows:
A swallow may not be dropped on the furthest rank, since it would have no legal move on subsequent turns.
A swallow cannot be dropped into the same file (vertical column) as two other unpromoted swallows controlled by the same player. (A goose, or promoted swallow, does not count as a swallow when considering this drop restriction.)
A swallow cannot be dropped where the opponent would have no way to prevent his phoenix being captured on the next move. In other words, a swallow cannot be dropped to give immediate mate.
, and effectively wins the game.
A player is not allowed to give perpetual check
. This is not a rule in itself, but arises from the repetition rule.
A player who makes an illegal move loses immediately. (This rule may be relaxed in casual games.)
Another possible (but fairly uncommon) way for a game to end is impasse (持将棋 jishōgi).
The rules for impasse and tournaments are of modern origin and may be ignored for traditional game play.
The game reaches an impasse if both phoenixes have advanced into their respective promotion zones and neither player can hope to mate the other or to gain any further material. If this happens then the winner is decided as follows: each falcon scores 5 points for the owning player, and all other pieces (except phoenixes) score 1 point each. Promotions are ignored for the purposes of scoring. A player scoring less than 17 points loses. If both players have at least 17 points, then the game is no contest
.
Games which are no contest are usually counted as draws in amateur tournaments, but in professional style tournaments the rules may require the game to be replayed with colors reversed (possibly with reduced time limits).
Common handicaps, in increasing order of size, are as follows:
Other handicaps are also occasionally used. The relationship between handicaps and differences in rank is not universally agreed upon.
, but differs in several respects. Modifications have been made for tori shogi.
A typical example is Sw-6d.
The first letter represents the piece moved: Sw = swallow, Q = quail, Pt = pheasant, Cr = crane, Fa = falcon, Ph = phoenix.
Promoted pieces have a + added in front of the letter, as +Sw for a goose (promoted swallow).
The designation of the piece is followed by a symbol indicating the type of move: - for an ordinary move, x for a capture, or * for a drop.
Next is the designation for the square on which the piece lands.
This consists of a number representing the file and a lowercase letter representing the rank, with 1a being the top right corner (as seen from Black's point of view) and 7g being the bottom left corner.
(This method of designating squares is based on Japanese convention, which, however, uses Japanese numerals
instead of letters. For example, the square 2c is denoted by 2三 in Japanese.)
If a move requires the player to promote the piece, then a + is added to the end to signify that the promotion was taken. For example, SWx4a+ indicates a swallow capturing on 4a and promoting.
In cases where the above notation would be ambiguous, the designation of the start square is added after the designation for the piece in order to make clear which piece is meant. For example, if Black has a crane at both 3c and 5c, which can be moved to the square 4b in front of the phoenix, then these are distinguished as Cr5c-4b (moving the left one) and Cr3c-4b (moving the right one). Optionally, a prefix may be added to the quail to distinguish the left quail from the right quail, LQ and RQ, when the left quail appears to the right of the right quail.
Moves are commonly numbered as in chess. For example, the start of a game might look like this:
In handicap games White plays first, so Black's move 1 is replaced by an ellipsis
.
Shogi variant
Many variants of shogi have been developed over the centuries, ranging from some of the largest chess-type games ever played to some of the smallest...
of shogi
Shogi
, also known as Japanese chess, is a two-player board game in the same family as Western chess, chaturanga, and Chinese Xiangqi, and is the most popular of a family of chess variants native to Japan...
(Japanese chess) attributed to Ōhashi Sōei in the late 18th century. The game is played on a 7×7 board and uses the drop rule; it's the only Japanese variant to do so. This is one of the more popular shogi variants.
Game equipment
Two players, Black and White (or 先手 sente and 後手 gote), play on a board ruled into a grid of 7 ranks (rows) by 7 files (columns). The squares are undifferentiated by marking or color.Each player has a set of 16 wedge-shaped pieces, of slightly different sizes. From largest to smallest (or most to least powerful) they are:
- 1 phoenix
- 1 falcon
- 2 cranes
- 2 pheasants
- 2 quails (a left and a right)
- 8 swallows
In line with the bird theme, each piece is named after a different kind of bird.
Each piece has its name in the form of a kanji
Kanji
Kanji are the adopted logographic Chinese characters hanzi that are used in the modern Japanese writing system along with hiragana , katakana , Indo Arabic numerals, and the occasional use of the Latin alphabet...
written on its face. On the reverse side of some pieces is another character, often in a different color (commonly red instead of black) and are usually cursive; this reverse side is turned up to indicate that the piece has been promoted during play. (The quail are different: on one side is the character for "quail", while on the other is the character for left or right; some people will play with the "left"/"right" side up instead of the "quail" side up.)
The pieces of the two sides do not differ in color, but instead each piece is shaped like a wedge, and faces forward, toward the opposing side. This shows who controls the piece during play.
Table of pieces
Listed here are the pieces of the game in English and Japanese:| Piece | Kanji Kanji Kanji are the adopted logographic Chinese characters hanzi that are used in the modern Japanese writing system along with hiragana , katakana , Indo Arabic numerals, and the occasional use of the Latin alphabet... |
Romaji | Abbreviation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phoenix | 鵬 | ootori, hō | Ph |
| Falcon | 鷹 | taka, ō | Fa |
| *Mountain Hawk Eagle | 鵰 | kumataka, shū | +Fa |
| Crane | 鶴 | tsuru, kaku | Cr |
| Pheasant | 雉 | kiji, chi | Pt |
| Quail (right and left) | 鶉 | uzura, jun | Q (RQ & LQ) |
| Swallow | 燕 | tsubame, en | Sw |
| *Wild goose | 鴈 | kari, gan | +Sw |
The first pronunciation of each piece is the Japanese pronunciation, while the second is the Sino-Japanese pronunciation. The promoted pieces (*) are usually called eagle and goose in English.
Setup
Below is a diagram showing the setup of the pieces. Black pieces are in bold face in the first diagram, and bigger in the second, and move first:| RQ | Pt | Cr | Ph | Cr | Pt | LQ |
| Fa | ||||||
| Sw | Sw | Sw | Sw | Sw | Sw | Sw |
| Sw | Sw | |||||
| Sw | Sw | Sw | Sw | Sw | Sw | Sw |
| Fa | ||||||
| LQ | Pt | Cr | Ph | Cr | Pt | RQ |
| 7 | | 6 | | 5 | | 4 | | 3 | | 2 | | 1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鶉 | 雉 | 鶴 | 鵬 | 鶴 | 雉 | 鶉 | 一 |
| 鷹 | 二 |
||||||
| 燕 | 燕 | 燕 | 燕 | 燕 | 燕 | 燕 | 三 |
| 燕 | 燕 | 四 |
|||||
| 燕 | 燕 | 燕 | 燕 | 燕 | 燕 | 燕 | 五 |
| 鷹 | 六 |
||||||
| 鶉 | 雉 | 鶴 | 鵬 | 鶴 | 雉 | 鶉 | 七 |
Game play
The players alternate making a move, with Black moving first. (The traditional terms 'black' and 'white' are used to differentiate the sides during discussion of the game, but are no longer literally descriptive.) A move consists of moving a single piece on the board and potentially promoting that piece, displacing (capturing) an opposing piece or dropping a captured piece onto an empty square of the board. Each of these options is detailed below.Movement and capture
An opposing piece is captured by displacement: That is, if a piece moves to a square occupied by an opposing piece, the opposing piece is displaced and removed from the board. A piece cannot move to a square occupied by a friendly piece (meaning another piece controlled by the moving player).Each piece on the game moves in a characteristic pattern. Pieces move either orthogonally (that is, forward, backward, left, or right, in the direction of one of the arms of a plus sign, +), or diagonally (in the direction of one of the arms of a multiplication sign, ×).
Many pieces are capable of several kinds of movement, with the type of movement most often depending on the direction in which they move. The movement categories are:
Step movers
Some pieces move only one square at a time. (If a friendly piece occupies an adjacent square, the moving piece may not move in that direction; if an opposing piece is there, it may be displaced and captured.)The step movers are the phoenix, falcon, crane, and the 8 swallows on each side.
Limited ranging piece
The eagle can move along a limited number (2) of free (empty) squares along a straight line in certain directions. Other than the limited distance, it moves like ranging pieces (see below).Jumping pieces
The pheasant and goose can jump, that is, they can pass over any intervening piece, whether friend or foe, with no effect on either.Ranging pieces
The quail and eagle can move any number of empty squares along a straight line, limited only by the edge of the board. If an opposing piece intervenes, it may be captured by moving to that square and removing it from the board. A ranging piece must stop where it captures, and cannot bypass a piece that is in its way. If a friendly piece intervenes, the moving piece is limited to a distance that stops short of the intervening piece; if the friendly piece is adjacent, it cannot move in that direction at all.Promotion
A player's promotion zone consists of the two farthest ranks, at the original line of the opponent's falcon and beyond. If a piece crosses the board within the promotion zone, including moves into, out of, or wholly within the zone, but not including drops (see below), then that player must promote the piece at the end of the turn. Promotion is effected by turning the piece over after it moves, revealing the name of its promoted rank.Promoting a piece has the effect of changing how that piece moves until it is removed from the board (see above). Only two pieces promote, as follows:
- A falcon promotes to an eagle.
- A swallow promotes to a goose.
When captured, pieces lose their promoted status.
Individual pieces
Below are diagrams indicating each piece's movement. Pieces with a grey heading start out in the game; those with a blue heading only appear on the board after promotion.| Notation | |
| ○ | Steps to an adjacent square or has a limited range |
| ☆ | Jumps to a non-adjacent square, bypassing any intervening piece |
| │ | Ranges along a straight line, crossing any number of empty squares |
| ＼ | |
| ／ | |
| Phoenix | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Step: The phoenix can step one square in any direction, orthogonal or diagonal. | EWLINE
|
The phoenix is the "royal" or "objective" piece. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Falcon | Eagle | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Step: The falcon can step one square in any direction, orthogonal or diagonal except directly backwards. | EWLINE
|
Range: The eagle can move any number of free squares diagonally forward or directly backward; or, Limited range: It can move one or two squares diagonally backward; or, Step: It can step one square directly forward or sideways. |
EWLINE
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crane | Pheasant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Step: The crane can move one square in the four diagonal directions; or, It can move one square orthogonally forward or backward. That is, it can move to any of the six adjacent squares ahead or behind it, but not directly to the side. |
EWLINE
|
Jump: The pheasant can jump to the second square directly forward; or, Step: It can move one square diagonally backward.
|
EWLINE
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Left Quail | Right Quail | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Range: The left quail can move any number of free squares directly forward or diagonally backward to the right; or,
Step: It can move one square diagonally backward to the left. |
EWLINE
|
Range: The right quail can move any number of free squares directly forward or diagonally backward to the left; or, Step: It can move one square diagonally backward to the right. |
EWLINE
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Swallow | Goose | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Step: The swallow can step one square forward. | EWLINE
|
Jump: The goose can jump to the second square directly backward or diagonally forward. | EWLINE
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Drops
Captured pieces are truly captured in tori shogi. They are retained "in hand", and can be brought back into play under the capturing player's control. On any turn, instead of moving a piece across the board, a player can take a piece he has previously captured and place it on any empty square, facing the opponent. The piece is now part of the forces controlled by that player. This is termed dropping the piece, or just a drop.A drop cannot capture a piece; that requires an additional move.
Pieces that are dropped in the promotion zone do not promote as a result: Promotion requires that piece make a normal movement on a subsequent turn, as detailed under "Promotion", above. Pieces that are promoted when captured lose that promotion; they are unpromoted when dropped back on the board.
There are three restrictions when dropping swallows:
A swallow may not be dropped on the furthest rank, since it would have no legal move on subsequent turns.
A swallow cannot be dropped into the same file (vertical column) as two other unpromoted swallows controlled by the same player. (A goose, or promoted swallow, does not count as a swallow when considering this drop restriction.)
A swallow cannot be dropped where the opponent would have no way to prevent his phoenix being captured on the next move. In other words, a swallow cannot be dropped to give immediate mate.
Check and mate
When a player makes a move such that the opponent's phoenix could be captured on the following move, the move is said to give check to the phoenix; the phoenix is said to be in check. If a player's phoenix is in check and no legal move by that player will get the phoenix out of check, the checking move is also mateCheckmate
Checkmate is a situation in chess in which one player's king is threatened with capture and there is no way to meet that threat. Or, simply put, the king is under direct attack and cannot avoid being captured...
, and effectively wins the game.
A player is not allowed to give perpetual check
Perpetual check
In the game of chess, perpetual check is a situation in which one player can force a draw by an unending series of checks. Such a situation typically arises when the player who is checking cannot deliver checkmate; while failing to continue the series of checks gives the opponent at least a chance...
. This is not a rule in itself, but arises from the repetition rule.
Repetition
The rule for repetition (千日手 sennichite) in tori shogi is that if the same position occurs three times with the same player to play by repetition of moves, the player starting the sequence must vary the move. For two positions to be considered the same, the pieces in hand must be the same, as well as the position on the board.Game end
A player who captures the opponent's phoenix wins the game. In practice this rarely happens, as a player will resign when checkmated, as otherwise when loss is inevitable.A player who makes an illegal move loses immediately. (This rule may be relaxed in casual games.)
Another possible (but fairly uncommon) way for a game to end is impasse (持将棋 jishōgi).
The rules for impasse and tournaments are of modern origin and may be ignored for traditional game play.
The game reaches an impasse if both phoenixes have advanced into their respective promotion zones and neither player can hope to mate the other or to gain any further material. If this happens then the winner is decided as follows: each falcon scores 5 points for the owning player, and all other pieces (except phoenixes) score 1 point each. Promotions are ignored for the purposes of scoring. A player scoring less than 17 points loses. If both players have at least 17 points, then the game is no contest
No contest (boxing)
No contest is a technical term used in some combat sports to describe a fight that ends for reasons outside the fighters' hands.-Boxing:...
.
Games which are no contest are usually counted as draws in amateur tournaments, but in professional style tournaments the rules may require the game to be replayed with colors reversed (possibly with reduced time limits).
Handicaps
Games between players of disparate strength are often played with handicaps. In a handicap game, one or more of White's pieces is removed before the start of play, and White plays the first move of the game. Note that the pieces removed at the beginning play no further part in the game—they are not available for drops. The imbalance created by this method of handicapping is not as strong as it is in chess, because material advantage is not as powerful in tori shogi as in chess.Common handicaps, in increasing order of size, are as follows:
- Remove White's left quail
- Remove White's falcon
- Two pieces: remove White's falcon and left quail
- Three pieces: remove White's falcon and both quails
Other handicaps are also occasionally used. The relationship between handicaps and differences in rank is not universally agreed upon.
Game notation
The method used in English-language texts to express shogi moves was established by George Hodges in 1976. It is derived from the algebraic notation used for chessAlgebraic chess notation
Algebraic notation is a method for recording and describing the moves in a game of chess. It is now standard among all chess organizations and most books, magazines, and newspapers...
, but differs in several respects. Modifications have been made for tori shogi.
A typical example is Sw-6d.
The first letter represents the piece moved: Sw = swallow, Q = quail, Pt = pheasant, Cr = crane, Fa = falcon, Ph = phoenix.
Promoted pieces have a + added in front of the letter, as +Sw for a goose (promoted swallow).
The designation of the piece is followed by a symbol indicating the type of move: - for an ordinary move, x for a capture, or * for a drop.
Next is the designation for the square on which the piece lands.
This consists of a number representing the file and a lowercase letter representing the rank, with 1a being the top right corner (as seen from Black's point of view) and 7g being the bottom left corner.
(This method of designating squares is based on Japanese convention, which, however, uses Japanese numerals
Japanese numerals
The system of Japanese numerals is the system of number names used in the Japanese language. The Japanese numerals in writing are entirely based on the Chinese numerals and the grouping of large numbers follow the Chinese tradition of grouping by 10,000...
instead of letters. For example, the square 2c is denoted by 2三 in Japanese.)
If a move requires the player to promote the piece, then a + is added to the end to signify that the promotion was taken. For example, SWx4a+ indicates a swallow capturing on 4a and promoting.
In cases where the above notation would be ambiguous, the designation of the start square is added after the designation for the piece in order to make clear which piece is meant. For example, if Black has a crane at both 3c and 5c, which can be moved to the square 4b in front of the phoenix, then these are distinguished as Cr5c-4b (moving the left one) and Cr3c-4b (moving the right one). Optionally, a prefix may be added to the quail to distinguish the left quail from the right quail, LQ and RQ, when the left quail appears to the right of the right quail.
Moves are commonly numbered as in chess. For example, the start of a game might look like this:
1. Swx3c Swx5e
2. Fax5e Fax3c
3. Cr-5f Q-1b
In handicap games White plays first, so Black's move 1 is replaced by an ellipsis
Ellipsis
Ellipsis is a series of marks that usually indicate an intentional omission of a word, sentence or whole section from the original text being quoted. An ellipsis can also be used to indicate an unfinished thought or, at the end of a sentence, a trailing off into silence...
.
See also
- Shogi variantShogi variantMany variants of shogi have been developed over the centuries, ranging from some of the largest chess-type games ever played to some of the smallest...
- MinishogiMinishogi|right|Minishogi board setupMinishogi is a modern variant of shogi . Shigenobu Kusumoto of Osaka, Japan, invented or rediscovered the game c. 1970...
- Judkins shogiJudkins shogiJudkins shogi is a modern variant of shogi , however it is not Japanese. Credit for its invention has been given to Paul Judkins of Norwich, UK, prior to April 1998.- Game equipment :...
- MicroshogiMicroshogiMicroshogi is a modern variant of shogi , with very different rules for promotion, and depromotion. Kerry Handscomb of NOST gave it this English name. Although not confirmed, he credits its invention to the late Oyama Yasuharu, a top level shogi player...
- Kyoto shogiKyoto shogiKyoto shogi is a modern variant of shogi . It was invented by Tamiya Katsuya c. 1976.Kyoto shogi is played like standard shogi, but with a reduced number of pieces on a 5×5 board...
- Cannon shogiCannon shogiCannon shogi is a modern variant of shogi . It was invented by Peter Michaelsen in February 1998.- Game equipment :Two players, Black and White , play on a board ruled into a grid of 9 ranks by 9 files...
- Yari shogiYari shogiYari shogi is a modern variant of shogi , however it is not Japanese. It was invented in 1981 by Christian Freeling of the Netherlands...
- Whale shogiWhale shogiWhale Shogi is a modern variant of shogi . It is not, however, Japanese: it was invented by R. Wayne Schmittberger of the United States in 1981...