Thecodont
Encyclopedia
Thecodont now considered an obsolete term, was formerly used to describe a diverse range of early archosaur
s that first appeared in the Latest Permian
and flourished until the end of the Triassic
period. The group includes the ancestors of dinosaur
s, bird
s, pterosaur
s, and crocodilia
ns, as well as a number of extinct forms that did not give rise to any descendants.
(an opening on each side of the skull between the eye sockets and the nostrils) and teeth in sockets. The name "thecodont" is Greek for "socket-tooth," referring to the fact that thecodont teeth were set in sockets in the jawbones; an archosaurian characteristic that was inherited by the dinosaurs.
They constitute an evolutionary grade of animals, a "wastebasket taxon" for any archosaur that wasn't a crocodilian, a pterosaur, or a dinosaur (i.e. any basal
archosaur). Because the cladistic paradigm
only recognises monophyletic taxa as natural groups, and because thecodonts are a paraphyletic group (i.e. they include among their descendants animals that are not thecodonts), the term is no longer used by most paleontologists, although it can still be found in older (and even fairly recent) books as a convenient shorthand for the basal archosaurs.
, 1859 was divided into four suborders, the Proterosuchia
(early primitive forms, another paraphyletic assemblage), Phytosaur
ia (large crocodile-like semi-aquatic animals), the Aetosaur
ia (armoured herbivores), and the Pseudosuchia
(see e.g. Alfred Sherwood Romer's Vertebrate Paleontology
and Edwin H. Colbert's Evolution of the Vertebrates
). Of these, only phytosaurs and aetosaurs constitute monophyletic groups, and the term Pseudosuchia was simply a catch-all term for any species that didn't fit in one of the other three sub-orders.
Robert Carroll
in his book Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution
(1988) replaces Pseudosuchia with Rauisuchia
, Ornithosuchia
, and the traditional category incertae sedis
(of uncertain placement), while retaining the other three suborders. This is the last major textbook that still recognises the taxon Thecodontia, as it uses a traditional Linnaean based taxonomy
.
Brian Gardiner
(1982) attempted to define Thecodontia within a cladistic framework, thus giving the old name to a new concept. All recent cladistic studies (e.g. Jacques Gauthier
1986) have confirmed that the traditional Thecodontia is indeed a paraphyletic taxon, the members of which are not united by any shared derived characteristics
. As the association of the name with the outdated concept proved to be very strong, it is now considered a historical term only, and its current usage has been abandoned.
All current vertebrate paleontology
textbooks, (e.g. Michael Benton
's Vertebrate Palaeontology
(first ed. 1990, 2nd ed. 1997), follow the cladistic approach, and so the name Archosaur
ia is used instead. This includes both the thecodonts and all their descendants.
Archosaur
Archosaurs are a group of diapsid amniotes whose living representatives consist of modern birds and crocodilians. This group also includes all extinct non-avian dinosaurs, many extinct crocodilian relatives, and pterosaurs. Archosauria, the archosaur clade, is a crown group that includes the most...
s that first appeared in the Latest Permian
Permian
The PermianThe term "Permian" was introduced into geology in 1841 by Sir Sir R. I. Murchison, president of the Geological Society of London, who identified typical strata in extensive Russian explorations undertaken with Edouard de Verneuil; Murchison asserted in 1841 that he named his "Permian...
and flourished until the end of the Triassic
Triassic
The Triassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about 250 to 200 Mya . As the first period of the Mesozoic Era, the Triassic follows the Permian and is followed by the Jurassic. Both the start and end of the Triassic are marked by major extinction events...
period. The group includes the ancestors of dinosaur
Dinosaur
Dinosaurs are a diverse group of animals of the clade and superorder Dinosauria. They were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period until the end of the Cretaceous , when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of...
s, bird
Bird
Birds are feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic , egg-laying, vertebrate animals. Around 10,000 living species and 188 families makes them the most speciose class of tetrapod vertebrates. They inhabit ecosystems across the globe, from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Extant birds range in size from...
s, pterosaur
Pterosaur
Pterosaurs were flying reptiles of the clade or order Pterosauria. They existed from the late Triassic to the end of the Cretaceous Period . Pterosaurs are the earliest vertebrates known to have evolved powered flight...
s, and crocodilia
Crocodilia
Crocodilia is an order of large reptiles that appeared about 84 million years ago in the late Cretaceous Period . They are the closest living relatives of birds, as the two groups are the only known survivors of the Archosauria...
ns, as well as a number of extinct forms that did not give rise to any descendants.
Definition
Thecodonts are defined by certain shared primitive features, such as the antorbital fenestraAntorbital fenestra
An antorbital fenestra is an opening in the skull, in front of the eye sockets. This skull formation first appeared in archosaurs during the Triassic Period. Living birds today possess antorbital fenestrae, but the feature has been lost in modern crocodilians...
(an opening on each side of the skull between the eye sockets and the nostrils) and teeth in sockets. The name "thecodont" is Greek for "socket-tooth," referring to the fact that thecodont teeth were set in sockets in the jawbones; an archosaurian characteristic that was inherited by the dinosaurs.
They constitute an evolutionary grade of animals, a "wastebasket taxon" for any archosaur that wasn't a crocodilian, a pterosaur, or a dinosaur (i.e. any basal
Basal (phylogenetics)
In phylogenetics, a basal clade is the earliest clade to branch in a larger clade; it appears at the base of a cladogram.A basal group forms an outgroup to the rest of the clade, such as in the following example:...
archosaur). Because the cladistic paradigm
Clade
A clade is a group consisting of a species and all its descendants. In the terms of biological systematics, a clade is a single "branch" on the "tree of life". The idea that such a "natural group" of organisms should be grouped together and given a taxonomic name is central to biological...
only recognises monophyletic taxa as natural groups, and because thecodonts are a paraphyletic group (i.e. they include among their descendants animals that are not thecodonts), the term is no longer used by most paleontologists, although it can still be found in older (and even fairly recent) books as a convenient shorthand for the basal archosaurs.
Taxonomic History
Traditionally, the order Thecodontia OwenRichard Owen
Sir Richard Owen, FRS KCB was an English biologist, comparative anatomist and palaeontologist.Owen is probably best remembered today for coining the word Dinosauria and for his outspoken opposition to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection...
, 1859 was divided into four suborders, the Proterosuchia
Proterosuchia
Proterosuchia refers to one of the suborders of Thecodontia; specifically the most primitive and ancestral forms. These were primitive, vaguely crocodile-like, archosaurs that mostly lived during the Early Triassic period....
(early primitive forms, another paraphyletic assemblage), Phytosaur
Phytosaur
Phytosaurs are an extinct group of large semi-aquatic Late Triassic archosaurs. Phytosaurs belong to the family Phytosauridae and the order Phytosauria. They were long-snouted and heavily armoured, bearing a remarkable resemblance to modern crocodiles in size, appearance, and lifestyle, an example...
ia (large crocodile-like semi-aquatic animals), the Aetosaur
Aetosaur
Aetosaurs are an extinct order of heavily armoured, medium- to large-sized Late Triassic herbivorous archosaurs. They have small heads, upturned snouts, erect limbs, and a body covered by plate-like scutes. All aetosaurs belong to the family Stagonolepididae...
ia (armoured herbivores), and the Pseudosuchia
Pseudosuchia
Pseudosuchia is the name originally given to a group of prehistoric reptiles from the Triassic period. The name has been variously interpreted, and it is still sometimes, if infrequently, used in scientific literature today. A more commonly used name, Crurotarsi, is often substituted for...
(see e.g. Alfred Sherwood Romer's Vertebrate Paleontology
Vertebrate Paleontology (Romer)
Vertebrate Paleontology is an advanced textbook on vertebrate paleontology by Alfred Sherwood Romer, published by the University of Chicago Press. It went through three editions and for many years constituted a very authoritative work and the definitive coverage of the subject. A condensed...
and Edwin H. Colbert's Evolution of the Vertebrates
Evolution of the Vertebrates
Evolution of the Vertebrates, subtitled "A History of the Backboned Animals Through Time" is a basic paleontology textbook by Edwin H. Colbert, published by John Wiley & Sons.-Overview:...
). Of these, only phytosaurs and aetosaurs constitute monophyletic groups, and the term Pseudosuchia was simply a catch-all term for any species that didn't fit in one of the other three sub-orders.
Robert Carroll
Robert L. Carroll
Robert Lynn Carroll is a vertebrate paleontologist who specialises in Paleozoic and Mesozoic amphibians and reptiles.Carroll was an only child and grew up on a farm near Lansing, Michigan...
in his book Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution
Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution
Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution is an advanced textbook on vertebrate paleontology by Robert L. Carroll, published by WH Freeman. It provides a very detailed technical account of various groups of living and fossil vertebrates....
(1988) replaces Pseudosuchia with Rauisuchia
Rauisuchia
Rauisuchia is a group of predatory and mostly large Triassic archosaurs. As a clade, Rauisuchia includes these Triassic forms and all crocodylomorphs, which are descendants of Triassic rauisuchians. The group in its traditional sense is paraphyletic, because it does not include crocodylomorph...
, Ornithosuchia
Ornithosuchidae
Ornithosuchidae is an extinct family of reptiles from the Triassic period that were distantly related to crocodilians. They are classified as crurotarsan archosaurs. Ornithosuchids were quadrupedal and facultatively bipedal, meaning they had the ability to walk on two legs for short periods of time...
, and the traditional category incertae sedis
Incertae sedis
, is a term used to define a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Uncertainty at specific taxonomic levels is attributed by , , and similar terms.-Examples:*The fossil plant Paradinandra suecica could not be assigned to any...
(of uncertain placement), while retaining the other three suborders. This is the last major textbook that still recognises the taxon Thecodontia, as it uses a traditional Linnaean based taxonomy
Linnaean taxonomy
Linnaean taxonomy can mean either of two related concepts:# the particular form of biological classification set up by Carl Linnaeus, as set forth in his Systema Naturæ and subsequent works...
.
Brian Gardiner
Brian Gardiner
Brian L. Gardiner was a member of the Canadian House of Commons from 1988 to 1993. His background included publishing, administration and management....
(1982) attempted to define Thecodontia within a cladistic framework, thus giving the old name to a new concept. All recent cladistic studies (e.g. Jacques Gauthier
Jacques Gauthier
Jacques Armand Gauthier is a vertebrate paleontologist, comparative morphologist, and systematist, and one of the founders of the use of cladistics in biology....
1986) have confirmed that the traditional Thecodontia is indeed a paraphyletic taxon, the members of which are not united by any shared derived characteristics
Synapomorphy
In cladistics, a synapomorphy or synapomorphic character is a trait that is shared by two or more taxa and their most recent common ancestor, whose ancestor in turn does not possess the trait. A synapomorphy is thus an apomorphy visible in multiple taxa, where the trait in question originates in...
. As the association of the name with the outdated concept proved to be very strong, it is now considered a historical term only, and its current usage has been abandoned.
All current vertebrate paleontology
Vertebrate paleontology
Vertebrate paleontology is a large subfield to paleontology seeking to discover the behavior, reproduction and appearance of extinct animals with vertebrae or a notochord, through the study of their fossilized remains...
textbooks, (e.g. Michael Benton
Michael J. Benton
Michael J. Benton is a British paleontologist, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and professor of vertebrate palaeontology in the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol....
's Vertebrate Palaeontology
Vertebrate Palaeontology (Benton)
Vertebrate Palaeontology is a basic textbook on vertebrate paleontology by Michael J. Benton, published by Blackwell's. It has so far appeared in three editions, published in 1990, 1997, and 2005...
(first ed. 1990, 2nd ed. 1997), follow the cladistic approach, and so the name Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaurs are a group of diapsid amniotes whose living representatives consist of modern birds and crocodilians. This group also includes all extinct non-avian dinosaurs, many extinct crocodilian relatives, and pterosaurs. Archosauria, the archosaur clade, is a crown group that includes the most...
ia is used instead. This includes both the thecodonts and all their descendants.