Symphypleona
Encyclopedia
The order
Symphypleona is one of the three main groups of springtail
s (Collembola), tiny hexapods
related to insect
s. When the springtails were still believed to be an order of insects, the Symphypleona were ranked as a suborder.
They can be best distinguished from the other springtail groups by their body shape. The Symphypleona are very round animals, almost spherical, and usually have long antenna
e. The Poduromorpha
, by contrast, always have short legs and a plump body, but more oval in shape than the Symphypleona. The Entomobryomorpha
contain the slimmest springtails, some with long and some with short legs and antennae, but always with a very slender body.
and Poduromorpha
which were in former times erroneously united in the paraphyletic "Arthropleona". However, occasionally the family
Neelidae was separated as an order Neelipleona; this may be in error too, as other studies found the Neelidae very apomorphic relatives of the Sminthuridae
, tiny, eyeless but with sensory fields all over their body instead. Consequently, the monotypic
Neelipleona are abolished and the Neelidae are included in the Sminthuroidea by many authors. Others, however, include them in the Entomobryomorpha
, while analysis of 18S and 28S rRNA sequence
data suggests that they form the most ancient lineage of springtails instead, which would explain their peculiar apomorphies and revalidate the Neelipleona.
Includes fossil
families.
Superfamily Sminthuridoidea
Superfamily Katiannoidea
Superfamily Sturmioidea
Superfamily Sminthuroidea
Superfamily Dicyrtomoidea
Order (biology)
In scientific classification used in biology, the order is# a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, family, genus, and species, with order fitting in between class and family...
Symphypleona is one of the three main groups of springtail
Springtail
Springtails form the largest of the three lineages of modern hexapods that are no longer considered insects...
s (Collembola), tiny hexapods
Hexapoda
The subphylum Hexapoda constitutes the largest grouping of arthropods and includes the insects as well as three much smaller groups of wingless arthropods: Collembola, Protura, and Diplura . The Collembola are very abundant in terrestrial environments...
related to insect
Insect
Insects are a class of living creatures within the arthropods that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body , three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes, and two antennae...
s. When the springtails were still believed to be an order of insects, the Symphypleona were ranked as a suborder.
They can be best distinguished from the other springtail groups by their body shape. The Symphypleona are very round animals, almost spherical, and usually have long antenna
Antenna (biology)
Antennae in biology have historically been paired appendages used for sensing in arthropods. More recently, the term has also been applied to cilium structures present in most cell types of eukaryotes....
e. The Poduromorpha
Poduromorpha
The order Poduromorpha is one of the three main groups of springtails , tiny hexapods related to insects. This group was formerly treated as a superfamily Poduroidea....
, by contrast, always have short legs and a plump body, but more oval in shape than the Symphypleona. The Entomobryomorpha
Entomobryomorpha
The order Entomobryomorpha are one of the three main groups of springtails , tiny hexapods related to insects. This group was formerly treated as a superfamily Entomobryoidea....
contain the slimmest springtails, some with long and some with short legs and antennae, but always with a very slender body.
Systematics
The Symphypleona were always considered a highly distinct group of springtails, unlike the EntomobryomorphaEntomobryomorpha
The order Entomobryomorpha are one of the three main groups of springtails , tiny hexapods related to insects. This group was formerly treated as a superfamily Entomobryoidea....
and Poduromorpha
Poduromorpha
The order Poduromorpha is one of the three main groups of springtails , tiny hexapods related to insects. This group was formerly treated as a superfamily Poduroidea....
which were in former times erroneously united in the paraphyletic "Arthropleona". However, occasionally the family
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
Neelidae was separated as an order Neelipleona; this may be in error too, as other studies found the Neelidae very apomorphic relatives of the Sminthuridae
Sminthuridae
Sminthuridae is a family of springtails of the order Symphypleona. Sminthurids are commonly referred to as globular springtails.- List of genera :There are ten genera within the Sminthuridae.* Arrhopalites Borner, 1906...
, tiny, eyeless but with sensory fields all over their body instead. Consequently, the monotypic
Monotypic
In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group with only one biological type. The term's usage differs slightly between botany and zoology. The term monotypic has a separate use in conservation biology, monotypic habitat, regarding species habitat conversion eliminating biodiversity and...
Neelipleona are abolished and the Neelidae are included in the Sminthuroidea by many authors. Others, however, include them in the Entomobryomorpha
Entomobryomorpha
The order Entomobryomorpha are one of the three main groups of springtails , tiny hexapods related to insects. This group was formerly treated as a superfamily Entomobryoidea....
, while analysis of 18S and 28S rRNA sequence
DNA sequence
The sequence or primary structure of a nucleic acid is the composition of atoms that make up the nucleic acid and the chemical bonds that bond those atoms. Because nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are unbranched polymers, this specification is equivalent to specifying the sequence of...
data suggests that they form the most ancient lineage of springtails instead, which would explain their peculiar apomorphies and revalidate the Neelipleona.
List of families
Fossil
Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of animals , plants, and other organisms from the remote past...
families.
Superfamily Sminthuridoidea
- Family Mackenziellidae
- Family SminthuridaeSminthuridaeSminthuridae is a family of springtails of the order Symphypleona. Sminthurids are commonly referred to as globular springtails.- List of genera :There are ten genera within the Sminthuridae.* Arrhopalites Borner, 1906...
Superfamily Katiannoidea
- Family Katiannidae
- Family Spinothecidae
- Family Arrhopalitidae
- Family Collophoridae
Superfamily Sturmioidea
- Family Sturmiidae
Superfamily Sminthuroidea
- Family Neelidae (disputed)
- Family SminthuridaeSminthuridaeSminthuridae is a family of springtails of the order Symphypleona. Sminthurids are commonly referred to as globular springtails.- List of genera :There are ten genera within the Sminthuridae.* Arrhopalites Borner, 1906...
- Family Bourletiellidae
Superfamily Dicyrtomoidea
- Family Dicyrtomidae