Swadesh list of Slavic languages
Encyclopedia
Once it split off from Proto-Indo-European
, the proto-Slavic period probably encompassed a period of stability lasting 2000 years. Following this period of stability, a small period of time—only several centuries—of rapid change occurred before the breakup of Slavic linguistic unity. Slavic migrations in the early sixth century are the most likely catalyst of subsequent dialectal differentiation. Proto-Slavic and its development into today's Slavic languages
have been reconstructed using the comparative method
(which has also been used to reconstruct its mother tongue, Proto-Indo-European).
The Swadesh word list
, developed by the linguist Morris Swadesh
, is used as a tool to study the evolution of languages via comparison. It contains a set of 207 basic words which can be found in every language and are rarely borrowed. The list here is given both in the orthography of each language and in IPA. In actual comparative techniques, orthography is never used unless there is no phonetic data.
|рука||[ruˈka]
|ръка||[rɤˈka]
|ruka||[rʊka]
|ręka||[ˈrɛ̃ka]
|рака||[raka]
|- align=center
!wing
|
|крыло||[krɨˈlo]
|крило||[kriˈlɔ]
|křídlo ||[kr̝̊ɪːdlo]
|skrzydło||[ˈskʂɨdwɔ]
|крило||[krilɔ]
|- align=center
!belly
|
|живот, брюхо||[ʐɨˈvot], [ˈbrʲuxə]
|корем, стомах||[kʊˈrɛm], [stʊˈmax]
|břicho||[br̝ɪxo]
|brzuch||[bʐux]
|стомак||[stɔmak]
|- align=center
!guts
|
|внутренности, кишки||[ˈvnutrʲɪnəsʲtʲɪ], [kʲɪˈʂkʲi]
|вътрешности, черва ||[ˈvɤ̞trɛʃnʊsti], [t͡ʃɛˈrva]
|vnitřnosti, střeva ||[vɲɪtr̝̊noscɪ], [str̝̊ɛva]
|wnętrzności||[vnɛ̃ˈtʂnɔɕt͡ɕi]
|црева||[tsreva]
|- align=center
!neck
|
|шея||[ˈʂejə]
|врат, шия||[vrat], [ˈʃijɐ]
|krk ||[kr̩k]
|szyja||[ˈʂɨja]
|врат||[vrat]
|- align=center
!back
|
|спина||[spʲɪˈna]
|гръб ||[ɡrɤ̞p]
|záda ||[zaːda]
|plecy||[ˈplɛt͡sɨ]
|грб||[gr̩p]
|- align=center
!breast
|
|грудь||[ɡrutʲ]
|гръд||[ˈɡrɤ̞t]
|prsa, hruď||[pr̩sa, hrʊc]
|pierś||[pʲɛrɕ]
|гради||[gradi]
|- align=center
!heart
|
|сердце||[ˈsʲɛrtt͡sɨ]
|сърце||[sɤˈrt͡sɛ]
|srdce ||[sr̩tsɛ]
|serce||[ˈsɛrt͡sɛ]
|срце||[sr̩tse]
|- align=center
!liver
|
|печень||[ˈpʲet͡ɕɪnʲ]
|черен дроб||[ˈtʃɛrɛn drɔp]
|játra||[jaːtra]
|wątroba||[vɔ̃ˈtrɔba]
|црн дроб||[tsr̩n drɔp]
|- align=center
!to drink
|
|пить||[pʲitʲ]
|пия||[ˈpijɐ]
|pít||[piːt]
|pić||[pʲit͡ɕ]
|пие||[pie]
|- align=center
!to eat
|
|есть||[jesʲtʲ]
|ям ||[jam]
|jíst ||[jiːst]
|jeść||[jɛɕt͡ɕ]
|јаде||[jade]
|- align=center
!to bite
|
|грызть, кусать||[ɡrɨsʲtʲ], [kuˈsatʲ]
|хапя||[ˈxapjɐ]
|kousat||[koʊ̯sat]
|gryźć||[ɡrɨɕt͡ɕ]
|каса||[kasa]
|- align=center
!to suck
|
|сосать||[sɐˈsatʲ]
|суча||[ˈsut͡ʃɐ]
|sát||[saːt]
|ssać||[ˈssat͡ɕ]
|цица||[tsitsa]
|- align=center
!to spit
|
|плевать||[plʲɪˈvatʲ]
|плюя||[ˈpʎʲujɐ]
|plivat ||[plɪvat]
|pluć||[ˈplut͡ɕ]
|плука||[pluka]
|- align=center
!to vomit
|
|рвать, блевать||[rvatʲ], [blʲɪˈvatʲ]
|повръщам||[pʊˈvrɤ̞ʃtɐm]
|zvracet ||[zvratsɛt]
|wymiotować, zwracać||[vɨmʲɔˈtɔvat͡ɕ], [ˈzvrat͡sat͡ɕ]
|повраќа||[povraca]
|- align=center
!to blow
|
|дуть||[dutʲ]
|духам||[ˈduxɐm]
|foukat ||[foʊ̯kat]
|dmuchać||[ˈdmuxat͡ɕ]
|дува||[duva]
|- align=center
!to breathe
|
|дышать||[dɨˈʂatʲ]
|дишам ||[ˈdiʃɐm]
|dýchat ||[diːxat]
|oddychać||[ɔdˈdɨxat͡ɕ]
|дише||[diʃe]
|- align=center
!to laugh
|
|смеяться||[sʲmʲɪˈjæt͡st͡sə]
|смея се||[ˈsmɛjɐ sɛ]
|smát se||[smaːt sɛ]
|śmiać się||[ɕmʲat͡ɕ ɕɛ]
|смее||[smee]
|- align=center
!to see
|
|видеть||[ˈvʲidʲɪtʲ]
|виждам||[ˈviʒdɐm]
|vidět||[vɪɟɛt]
|widzieć||[ˈvʲid͡ʑɛt͡ɕ];
|гледа||[gleda]
|- align=center
!to hear
|
|слышать||[ˈslɨʂɨtʲ]
|слушам, чувам ||[ˈsluʃɐm], [ˈt͡ʃuvɐm]
|slyšet||[slɪʃɛt]
|słyszeć||[ˈswɨʂɛt͡ɕ]
|слуша||[sluʃa]
|- align=center
!to know
|
|знать||[znatʲ]
|зная (знам)||[ˈznajɐ]
|vědět, znát ||[vjɛɟɛt], [znaːt]
|wiedzieć, znać||[ˈvʲɛd͡ʑɛt͡ɕ], [znat͡ɕ]
|знае||[znae]
|- align=center
!to think
|
|мыслить||[ˈmɨsʲlʲɪtʲ]
|мисля||[ˈmisljɐ]
|myslet||[mɪslɛt]
|myśleć||[ˈmɨɕlɛt͡ɕ]
|мисли||[misli]
|- align=center
!to smell
|
|нюхать, чуять||[ˈnʲuxətʲ], [ˈt͡ɕuɪtʲ]
|мириша, душа||[miˈriʃɐ], [ˈduʃɐ]
|vonět, čichat ||[voɲɛt, tʃɪxat]
|czuć||[t͡ʂut͡ɕ]
|мириса||[mirisa]
|- align=center
!to fear
|
|бояться||[bɐˈjæt͡st͡sə]
|страхувам се||[strɐˈxuvɐm sɛ]
|bát se ||[baːt se]
|bać się||[ˈbat͡ɕ ɕɛ̃]
|плаши||[plaʃi]
|- align=center
!to sleep
|
|спать||[spatʲ]
|спя||[spjɐ]
|spát ||[spaːt]
|spać||[spat͡ɕ]
|спие||[spie]
|- align=center
!to live
|
|жить||[ʐɨtʲ]
|живея||[ʒiˈvɛjɐ]
|žít||[ʒiːt]
|żyć||[ʐɨt͡ɕ]
|живее||[ʒivee]
|- align=center
!to die
|
|умирать||[umʲɪˈratʲ]
|умирам||[oˈmirɐm]
|umírat||[ʊmiːrat]
|umierać||[uˈmʲɛrat͡ɕ]
|умира||[umira]
|- align=center
!to kill
|
|убивать||[ubʲɪˈvatʲ]
|убивам||[oˈbivɐm]
|zabíjet||[zabiːjɛt]
|zabijać||[zaˈbʲijat͡ɕ]
|убива||[ubiva]
|- align=center
!to fight
|
|бороться||[bɐˈrot͡st͡sə]
|боря се, бия се||[ˈbɔrjɐ sɛ], [ˈbijɐ sɛ]
|bojovat||[bojovat]
|walczyć||[ˈvalt͡ʂɨt͡ɕ]
|бори, тепа||[bɔri], [tepa]
|- align=center
!to hunt
|
|охотиться||[ɐˈxotʲɪt͡st͡sə]
|ловувам||[loˈvuvɐm]
|lovit||[lovɪt]
|polować||[pɔˈlɔvat͡ɕ]
|лови||[lɔvi]
|- align=center
!to hit
|
|ударять||[udɐˈrʲætʲ]
|удрям||[ˈudrjɐm]
|udeřit||[ʊdɛr̝ɪt]
|uderzać||[uˈdɛʐat͡ɕ]
|удира||[udira]
|- align=center
!to cut
|
|резать, рубить||[ˈrʲezətʲ], [ruˈbʲitʲ]
|режа, сека||[ˈrɛʒɐ], [sɛˈkɐ]
|řezat||[r̝ɛzat]
|ciąć||[t͡ɕɔ̃t͡ɕ]
|сече||[setʃe]
|- align=center
!to split
|
|разделять||[rəzʲdʲɪˈlʲætʲ]
|разделям||[rɐzˈdɛljɐm]
|rozdělit||[rozɟɛlɪt]
|podzielić||[pɔˈd͡ʑɛʎit͡ɕ]
|раздели||[razdeli]
|- align=center
!to stab
|
|колоть||[kɐˈlotʲ]
|буча, промушвам, пробождам||[buˈt͡ʃɐ], [proˈmuʃvɐm], [proˈbɔʒdɐm]
|píchnout||[piːxnoʊ̯t]
|pchnąć||[pxnɔ̃t͡ɕ]
|убоде||[ubɔde]
|- align=center
!to scratch
|
|царапать||[t͡͡sɐˈrapətʲ]
|чеша, драскам||[ˈt͡ʃɛʃɐ], [ˈdraskɐm]
|škrábat||[ʃkraːbat]
|skrobać||[ˈskrɔbat͡ɕ]
|чеша||[tʃeʃa]
|- align=center
!to dig
|
|копать||[kɐˈpatʲ]
|копая||[koˈpajɐ]
|kopat||[kopat]
|kopać||[ˈkɔpat͡ɕ]
|копа||[kɔpa]
|- align=center
!to swim
|
|плавать||[ˈplavətʲ]
|плувам||[ˈpluvɐm]
|plavat||[plavat]
|pływać||[ˈpwɨvat͡ɕ]
|плива||[pliva]
|- align=center
!to fly
|
|летать||[lʲɪˈtatʲ]
|летя||[lɛˈtjɐ]
|létat||[lɛːtat]
|latać||[ˈlatat͡ɕ]
|лета||[leta]
|- align=center
!to walk
|
|ходить, идти||[xɐˈdʲitʲ], [ɪtʲˈtʲi]
|вървя, ходя||[vɐrˈvjɐ], [ˈxɔdjɐ]
|chodit, jít||[xoɟɪt], [jiːt]
|chodzić, iść||[ˈxɔd͡ʑit͡ɕ], [iɕt͡ɕ]
|оди, чекори||[ɔdi], [tʃekɔri]
|- align=center
!to come
|
|приходить, прийти||[prʲɪxɐˈdʲitʲ], [prʲɪjˈtʲi]
|идвам||[ˈidvɐm]
|přicházet, přijít||[pr̝̊ɪxazɛt, pr̝̊ɪjiːt]
|przychodzić, przyjść||[pʂɨˈxɔd͡ʑit͡ɕ], [pʂɨjɕt͡ɕ]
|доаѓа||[dɔaɟa]
|- align=center
!to lie (as in a bed)
|
|лежать||[lʲɪˈʐatʲ]
|лежа||[lɛˈʒɐ]
|ležet||[lɛʒɛt]
|leżeć||[ˈlɛʐɛt͡ɕ]
|лежи||[leʒi]
|- align=center
!to sit
|*sěsti
|сидеть||[sʲɪˈdʲetʲ]
|седя||[sɛˈdjɐ]
|sedět||[sɛɟɛt]
|siedzieć||[ˈɕɛd͡ʑɛt͡ɕ]
|седи||[sedi]
|- align=center
!to stand
|
|стоять||[stɐˈjætʲ]
|стоя||[stoˈjɐ]
|stát||[staːt]
|stać||[stat͡ɕ]
|стои||[stɔi]
|- align=center
!to turn (intransitive)
|
|вращать, вертеть||[vrɐˈɕɕætʲ], [vʲɪˈrtʲetʲ]
|завивам, въртя се||[zɐˈvivɐm], [vɤ̞rˈtjɐ sɛ]
|točit||[totʃɪt]
|skręcać||[ˈskrɛ̃t͡sat͡ɕ]
|заврти||[zavr̩ti]
|- align=center
!to fall
|
|падать||[ˈpadətʲ]
|падам||[ˈpadɐm]
|padat||[padat]
|padać, spadać||[ˈpadat͡ɕ], [ˈspadat͡ɕ]
|паѓа||[paɟa]
|- align=center
!to give
|
|давать||[dɐˈvatʲ]
|давам||[ˈdavɐm]
|dávat||[daːvat]
|dawać||[ˈdavat͡ɕ]
|дава||[dava]
|- align=center
!to hold
|
|держать||[dʲɪˈrʐatʲ]
|държа||[dɤ̞rˈʒɐ]
|držet||[dr̩ʒɛt]
|trzymać||[ˈtʂɨmat͡ɕ]
|држи||[dr̩ʒi]
|- align=center
!to squeeze
|
|сжимать||[ʐʐɨˈmatʲ]
|стискам, мачкам||[ˈstiskɐm], [ˈmat͡ʃkɐm]
|mačkat||[matʃkat]
|ściskać||[ˈɕt͡ɕiskat͡ɕ]
|стиска||[stiska]
|- align=center
!to rub
|
|тереть||[tʲɪˈrʲetʲ]
|трия, търкам||[ˈtrijɐ], [ˈtɤ̞rkɐm]
|třít||[tr̝̊iːt]
|trzeć||[ˈtʂɛt͡ɕ]
|трие||[trie]
|- align=center
!to wash
|
|мыть||[mɨtʲ]
|мия, пера||[ˈmijɐ], [pɛˈrɐ]
|mýt||[miːt]
|myć||[mɨt͡ɕ]
|мие||[mie]
|- align=center
!to wipe
|
|вытирать||[vɨtʲɪˈratʲ]
|бърша, трия||[ˈbɤ̞rʃɐ], [ˈtrijɐ]
|vytírat||[vɪciːrat]
|wycierać||[vɨˈt͡ɕɛrat͡ɕ]
|брише||[briʃe]
|- align=center
!to pull
|
|тянуть||[tʲɪˈnutʲ]
|дърпам, тегля, влача||[ˈdɤ̞rpɐm], [ˈtɛɡljɐ], [ˈvlatʃɐ]
|táhnout||[taːɦnoʊ̯t]
|ciągnąć||[ˈt͡ɕɔ̃ɡnɔ̃t͡ɕ]
|влече||[vletʃe]
|- align=center
!to push
|
|толкать, пихать||[tɐˈlkatʲ], [pʲɪˈxatʲ]
|натискам, бутам||[nɐˈtiskɐm], [ˈbutɐm]
|tlačit||[tlatʃɪt]
|pchać||[pxat͡ɕ]
|турка||[turka]
|- align=center
!to throw
|
|бросать, кидать||[brɐˈsatʲ], [kʲɪˈdatʲ]
|хвърлям||[ˈxvɤ̞rljɐm]
|házet||[ɦaːzɛt]
|rzucać||[ˈʐut͡sat͡ɕ]
|фрла||[fr̩la]
|- align=center
!to tie
|
|вязать||[vʲɪˈzatʲ]
|връзвам||[ˈvrɤ̞zvɐm]
|vázat||[vaːzat]
|wiązać||[ˈvʲɔ̃zat͡ɕ]
|врзува||[vr̩zuva]
|- align=center
!to sew
|
|шить||[ʂɨtʲ]
|шия||[ˈʃijɐ]
|šít||[ʃiːt]
|szyć||[ʂɨt͡ɕ]
|шие||[ʃie]
|- align=center
!to count
|
|считать||[ɕɕɪˈtatʲ]
|броя||[broˈjɐ]
|počítat||[potʃiːtat]
|liczyć||[ˈʎit͡ʂɨt͡ɕ]
|брои||[brɔi]
|- align=center
!to say
|
|говорить, сказать||[ɡəvɐˈrʲitʲ], [skɐˈzatʲ]
|казвам||[ˈkazvɐm]
|říkat||[r̝iːkat]
|mówić||[ˈmuvit͡ɕ]
|вели, кажува||[veli], [kaʒuva]
|- align=center
!to sing
|
|петь||[pʲetʲ]
|пея||[ˈpɛjɐ]
|zpívat||[spiːvat]
|śpiewać||[ˈɕpʲɛvat͡ɕ]
|пее||[pee]
|- align=center
!to play
|
|играть||[ɪˈɡratʲ]
|играя||[iˈɡrajɐ]
|hrát||[ɦraːt]
|grać||[ɡrat͡ɕ]
|игра||[igra]
|- align=center
!to float
|
|плыть||[plɨtʲ]
|плавам||[ˈplavɐm]
|plout||[ploʊ̯t]
|płynąć||[ˈpwɨnɔ̃t͡ɕ]
|плови||[plɔvi]
|- align=center
!to flow
|
|течь||[tʲet͡ɕ]
|тека||[tɛˈkɐ]
|téct||[tɛːtst]
|ciec||[t͡ɕɛt͡s]
|тече||[tetʃe]
|- align=center
!to freeze
|
|замерзaть||[zəmʲɪˈrzatʲ]
|замръзвам||[zɐˈmrɤ̞zvɐm]
|zamrznout||[zamr̩znoʊ̯t]
|marznąć||[ˈmarznɔ̃t͡ɕ]
|смрзнува, замрзнува||[smr̩znuva], [zamr̩znuva]
|- align=center
!to swell
|
|пухнуть||[ˈpuxnutʲ]
|подпухвам, отичам, подувам се||[poˈdpuxvɐm], [oˈtit͡ʃɐm], [poˈduvɐm sɛ]
|opuchnout, otéct||[opʊxnoʊ̯t], [otɛːtst]
|puchnąć||[ˈpuxnɔ̃t͡ɕ]
|отекува||[ɔtekuva]
|- align=center
!sun
|
|солнце||[ˈsont͡sɨ]
|слънце||[ˈslɤ̞nt͡sɛ]
|slunce||[slʊntsɛ]
|słońce||[ˈswɔɲt͡sɛ]
|сонце||[sɔntse]
|- align=center
!moon
|
|луна, месяц||[luˈna], [ˈmʲesʲɪt͡s]
|луна ||[luˈna]
|měsíc||[mɲɛsiːts]
|księżyc||[ˈkɕɛ̃ʐɨt͡s]
|месечина||[mesetʃina]
|- align=center
!star
|
|звезда||[zʲvʲɪˈzda]
|звезда||[zvɛzˈda]
|hvězda||[ɦvjɛzda]
|gwiazda||[ˈɡvʲazda]
|ѕвезда||[dzvezda]
|- align=center
!water
|
|вода||[vɐˈda]
|вода||[voˈda]
|voda||[voda]
|woda||[ˈvɔda]
|вода||[vɔda]
|- align=center
!rain
|
|дождь||[doɕɕ], [doʂtʲ]
|дъжд||[ˈdɤ̞ʃt]
|déšť||[dɛːʃtʲ]
|deszcz||[dɛʂt͡ʂ]
|дожд||[dɔʒd]
|- align=center
!river
|
|река||[rʲɪˈka]
|река||[rɛˈka]
|řeka||[r̝ɛka]
|rzeka||[ˈʐɛka]
|река||[reka]
|- align=center
!lake
|
|озеро||[ˈozʲɛrə]
|езеро||[ˈɛzɛrɔ]
|jezero||[jɛzɛro]
|jezioro||[jɛˈʑɔrɔ]
|езеро||[ezerɔ]
|- align=center
!sea
|
|море||[ˈmorʲɪ]
|море||[moˈrɛ]
|moře||[mor̝ɛ]
|morze||[ˈmɔʐɛ]
|море||[мɔre]
|- align=center
!salt
|
|соль||[solʲ]
|сол||[sɔl]
|sůl||[suːl]
|sól||[sul]
|сол||[sɔl]
|- align=center
!stone
|
|камень||[ˈkamʲɪnʲ]
|камък||[ˈkamɤk]
|kámen||[kaːmɛn]
|kamień||[ˈkamʲɛɲ]
|камен||[kamen]
|- align=center
!sand
|
|песок||[pʲɪˈsok]
|пясък||[ˈpjasɤk]
|písek||[piːsɛk]
|piasek||[ˈpʲasɛk]
|песок||[pesɔk]
|- align=center
!dust
|
|пыль||[pɨlʲ]
|прах||[prax]
|prach||[prax]
|pył, kurz||[pɨw], [kuʂ]
|прашина||[praʃina]
|- align=center
!earth
|
|земля||[zʲɪˈmlʲa]
|земя||[zɛˈmja]
|země||[zɛmɲɛ]
|ziemia||[ˈʑɛmʲa]
|земја||[zemja]
|- align=center
!cloud
|
|туча, облако||[ˈtut͡ɕə], [ˈobləkə]
|облак||[ˈɔblɐk]
|oblak||[oblak]
|chmura||[ˈxmura]
|облак||[ɔblak]
|- align=center
!fog
|
|мгла||[mɡla]
|мъгла||[mɤˈɡla]
|mlha||[ml̩ɦa]
|mgła||[mɡwa]
|магла||[magla]
|- align=center
!sky
|*nebo
|небо||[ˈnʲɛbə]
|небе||[nɛˈbɛ]
|nebe||[nɛbɛ]
|niebo||[ˈɲɛbɔ]
|небо||[nebɔ]
|- align=center
!wind
|
|ветер||[ˈvʲetʲɪr]
|вятър||[ˈvjatɤr]
|vítr||[viːtr̩]
|wiatr||[vʲatr]
|ветер||[veter]
|- align=center
!snow
|
|снег||[snʲɛk]
|сняг||[ˈsnjak]
|sníh||[sniːx]
|śnieg||[ɕɲɛk]
|снег||[snek]
|- align=center
!ice
|
|лёд||[lʲot]
|лед||[lɛt]
|led||[lɛt]
|lód||[lut]
|мраз||[mras]
|- align=center
!smoke
|
|дым||[dɨm]
|дим, пушек||[dim], [ˈpuʃɛk]
|dým||[diːm]
|dym||[dɨm]
|пуши||[puʃi]
|- align=center
!fire
|
|огонь||[ɐˈɡonʲ]
|огън||[ˈɔɡɤn]
|oheň||[oɦɛɲ]
|ogień||[ˈɔɡʲɛɲ]
|оган||[ɔgan]
|- align=center
!ash
|
|пепел||[ˈpʲepʲɪl]
|пепел||[ˈpɛpɛl]
|popel||[popɛl]
|popiół||[ˈpɔpʲuw]
|пепел||[pepel]
|- align=center
!to burn
|
|гореть, пылать ||[ɡɐˈrʲetʲ], [pɨˈlatʲ]
|горя, паля||[ɡoˈrjɐ], [ˈpaljɐ]
|hořet||[hor̝ɛt]
|palić||[ˈpaʎit͡ɕ]
|пали||[pali]
|- align=center
!road
|
|путь||[putʲ]
|път||[pɤ̞t]
|cesta||[tsɛsta]
|droga||[ˈdrɔɡa]
|пат||[pat]
|- align=center
!mountain
|
|гора||[ɡɐˈra]
|планина||[plɐniˈna]
|hora||[ɦora]
|góra||[ˈɡura]
|планина||[planina]
|- align=center
!red
|
|красный||[ˈkrasnɨj]
|червен||[t͡ʃɛˈrvɛn]
|červený||[tʃɛrvɛniː]
|czerwony||[t͡ʂɛrˈvɔnɨ]
|црвен||[tsr̩ven]
|- align=center
!green
|
|зелёный||[zʲɪˈlʲonɨj]
|зелен||[zɛˈlɛn]
|zelený||[zɛlɛniː]
|zielony||[ʑɛˈlɔnɨ]
|зелен||[zelen]
|- align=center
!yellow
|
|жёлтый||[ˈʐoltɨj]
|жълт||[ʒɤ̞lt]
|žlutý||[ʒlʊtiː]
|żółty||[ˈʐuwtɨ]
|жолт||[ʒɔlt]
|- align=center
!white
|
|белый||[ˈbʲelɨj]
|бял||[bjal]
|bílý||[biːliː]
|biały||[ˈbʲawɨ]
|бел||[bel]
|- align=center
!black
|
|чёрный||[ˈt͡ɕornɨj]
|черен||[ˈt͡ʃɛrɛn]
|černý||[tʃɛrniː]
|czarny||[ˈt͡ʂarnɨ]
|црн||[tsr̩n]
|- align=center
!night
|
|ночь||[not͡ɕ]
|нощ||[nɔʃt]
|noc||[nots]
|noc||[nɔt͡s]
|ноќ||[nɔc]
|- align=center
!day
|
|день||[dʲenʲ]
|ден||[dɛn]
|den||[dɛn]
|dzień||[d͡ʑɛɲ]
|ден||[den]
|- align=center
!year
|
|год||[ɡot]
|година||[ɡoˈdinɐ]
|rok||[rok]
|rok||[rɔk]
|година||[gɔdina]
|- align=center
!warm
|
|тёплый||[ˈtʲoplɨj]
|топъл||[ˈtɔpɤl]
|teplý||[tɛpliː]
|ciepły||[ˈt͡ɕɛpwɨ]
|топло||[tɔplɔ]
|- align=center
!cold
|
|холодный||[xɐˈlodnɨj]
|хладен, студен||[ˈxladɛn], [stoˈdɛn]
|chladný, studený||[xladni], [stʊdɛni]
|zimny||[ˈʑimnɨ]
|ладен, студен||[laden], [studen]
|- align=center
!full
|
|полный||[ˈpolnɨj]
|пълен||[ˈpɤ̞lɛn]
|plný||[pl̩niː]
|pełny||[ˈpɛwnɨ]
|полн||[pɔln]
|- align=center
!new
|
|новый||[ˈnovɨj]
|нов||[nɔf]
|nový||[noviː]
|nowy||[ˈnɔvɨ]
|нов||[nɔf]
|- align=center
!old
|
|старый||[ˈstarɨj]
|стар||[star]
|starý||[stariː]
|stary||[ˈstarɨ]
|стар||[star]
|- align=center
!good
|
|хороший||[xɐˈ roʂɨj]
|добър||[doˈbɤ̞r]
|dobrý||[dobriː]
|dobry||[ˈdɔbrɨ]
|добар||[dɔbar]
|- align=center
!bad
|
|злой||[zloj]
|лош||[lɔʃ]
|zlý ||[zliː]
|zły||[zwɨ]
|- align=center
!rotten
|
|гнилой||[ɡnʲɪˈloj]
|гнил||[ɡnil]
|shnilý||[sxɲɪliː]
|zgniły||[ˈzɡɲiwɨ]
|скапан||[skapan]
|- align=center
!dirty
|
|грязный||[ˈɡrʲaznɨj]
|мръсен||[ˈmrɤ̞sɛn]
|špinavý||[ʃpɪnaviː]
|brudny||[ˈbrudnɨ]
|валкан||[valkan]
|- align=center
!straight
|
|прямой||[prʲɪˈmoj]
|прав||[praf]
|přímý||[pr̝̊iːmiː]
|prosty||[ˈprɔstɨ]
|прав||[praf]
|- align=center
!round
|
|круглый||[ˈkruɡlɨj]
|кръгъл||[ˈkrɤ̞ɡɤl]
|okrouhlý||[okroʊ̯ɦliː]
|okrągły||[ɔˈkrɔ̃ɡwɨ]
|кружен, тркалезен||[kruʒen], [tr̩kalezen]
|- align=center
!sharp
|
|острый||[ˈostrɨj]
|остър||[ˈɔstɤr]
|ostrý||[ostriː]
|ostry||[ˈɔstrɨ]
|остар||[ɔstar]
|- align=center
!dull
|
|тупой||[tuˈpoj]
|тъп||[tɤ̞p]
|tupý||[tʊpiː]
|tępy||[ˈtɛ̃pɨ]
|тап||[tap]
|- align=center
!smooth
|
|гладкий, ровный||[ˈɡlatkʲɪj], [ˈrovnɨj]
|гладък, равен||[ˈɡladɤk], [ˈravɛn]
|hladký||[ɦlatkiː]
|gładki||[ˈɡwatkɨ]
|мазен, рамен||[mazen], [ramen]
|- align=center
!wet
|
|мокрый||[ˈmokrɨj]
|мокър||[ˈmɔkɤr]
|mokrý||[mokriː]
|mokry||[ˈmɔkrɨ]
|влажен, мокар||[vlaʒen], [mɔkar]
|- align=center
!dry
|
|сухой||[suˈxoj]
|сух||[sux]
|suchý||[sʊxiː]
|suchy||[ˈsuxɨ]
|сув||[suv]
|- align=center
!correct
|
|правильный||[ˈpravʲɪlʲnɨj]
|правилен||[ˈpravilɛn]
|správný||[spraːvniː]
|poprawny||[pɔˈpravnɨ]
|точен, правилен||[tɔtʃen], [pravilen]
|- align=center
!near
|
|близкий||[ˈblʲizkʲɪj]
|близък||[ˈblizɤk]
|blízký||[bliːskiː]
|bliski||[ˈbʎiskɨ]
|блиску||[blisku]
|- align=center
!far
|
|далёкий||[dɐˈlʲɵkʲɪj]
|далечен||[dɐˈlɛt͡ʃɛn]
|daleký||[dalɛkiː]
|daleki||[daˈlɛkʲi]
|далеку||[daleku]
|- align=center
!right
|
|правый||[ˈpravɨj]
|десен||[ˈdɛsɛn]
|pravý||[praviː]
|prawy||[ˈpravɨ]
|десно||[desnɔ]
|- align=center
!left
|
|левый||[ˈlʲɛvɨj]
|ляв||[ljaf]
|levý||[lɛviː]
|lewy||[ˈlɛvɨ]
|лево||[levɔ]
|- align=center
!at
|
|при, у||[prʲi], [u]
|при, у, на||[pri], [u], [na]
|při, u||[pr̝̊ɪ, ʊ
|do, na,||[dɔ], [na]
|во, на||[vɔ], [na]
|- align=center
!in
|
|в||/v/
|в(във)||[v/f]([vɤ̞f])
|v||[v]
|w||[v]
|во||[vɔ]
|- align=center
!with
|
|с||/s/
|с(със)||[s]([sɤ̞s])
|s||[s]
|z||[z]
|со||[sɔ]
|- align=center
!and
|
|и, а||[i]
|и, а||[i], [ɐ]
|a, i||[a]
|i, a||[i, a]
|и||[i]
|- align=center
!if
|
|если||[ˈjesʲlʲɪ]
|ако||[ɐˈkɔ]
|jestli||[jɛstlɪ]
|jeśli, jeżeli||[ˈjɛɕʎi], [jɛˈʐɛʎi]
|ако||[akɔ]
|- align=center
!because
|
|потому что||[pətɐˈmu ʂtə]
|защото||[zɐˈʃtɔto]
|protože||[protoʒɛ]
|bo, dlatego że, ponieważ||[bɔ], [dlaˈtɛɡɔ ʐɛ], [pɔˈɲɛvaʂ]
|бидејќи, затоа што||[bidejci]. [zatɔa ʃto]
|- align=center
!name
|
|имя||[ˈimʲə]
|име||[ˈimɛ]
|jméno||[jmɛːno]
|imię||[ˈimʲɛ]
|име||[ime]
|}
Also, the realization of the palatalizations' sibilants varied a little amongst dialects. argues that the phonetic character of the palatalizations was uniform throughout Common Slavic and that West Slavic languages developed *š later on by analogy. In all dialects (except for Lechitic), [dz] was deaffricated to [z]:
The final cutoff point for the Proto-Slavic period was the change of *ě to *a after palatal consonants and *j, which then created *ča/*ka contrasts. This, and the shortening and elision of weak yer
s (*ь/ĭ and *ъ/ŭ) (see Havlík's law
) that created newly formed closed syllables ended the period of syllabic synharmony characteristic of Common Slavic.
For many Common Slavic dialects—including most of West Slavic, all but the northernmost portions of East Slavic, and some western parts of South Slavic— *g lenited from a voiced velar plosive
to a voiced velar fricative
([ɡ] → [ɣ]). Because this change was not universal and because it did not occur in a number of East Slavic dialects (such as Belarussian and South Russian) until after the application of Havlík's law, calls into question early projections of this change and postulates three independent instigations of lenition, dating the earliest to before 900 AD and the latest to the early thirteenth century.
Because the reflexes for the nasal vowels *ę and } differ so widely, it's very likely that their phonetic value in Late Proto-Slavic was not uniform.
Proto-Indo-European language
The Proto-Indo-European language is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans...
, the proto-Slavic period probably encompassed a period of stability lasting 2000 years. Following this period of stability, a small period of time—only several centuries—of rapid change occurred before the breakup of Slavic linguistic unity. Slavic migrations in the early sixth century are the most likely catalyst of subsequent dialectal differentiation. Proto-Slavic and its development into today's Slavic languages
Slavic languages
The Slavic languages , a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages, have speakers in most of Eastern Europe, in much of the Balkans, in parts of Central Europe, and in the northern part of Asia.-Branches:Scholars traditionally divide Slavic...
have been reconstructed using the comparative method
Comparative method
In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor, as opposed to the method of internal reconstruction, which analyzes the internal...
(which has also been used to reconstruct its mother tongue, Proto-Indo-European).
The Swadesh word list
Swadesh list
A Swadesh list is one of several lists of vocabulary with basic meanings, developed by Morris Swadesh from 1940 onward, with the final, posthumously published version 1971 [1972], which is used in lexicostatistics and glottochronology .- Versions and authors :There are several versions of Swadesh...
, developed by the linguist Morris Swadesh
Morris Swadesh
Morris Swadesh was an influential and controversial American linguist. In his work, he applied basic concepts in historical linguistics to the Indigenous languages of the Americas...
, is used as a tool to study the evolution of languages via comparison. It contains a set of 207 basic words which can be found in every language and are rarely borrowed. The list here is given both in the orthography of each language and in IPA. In actual comparative techniques, orthography is never used unless there is no phonetic data.
Table
| Translation | Late Proto-Slavic | Russian Russian language Russian is a Slavic language used primarily in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Turkmenistan and Estonia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics... |
Bulgarian Bulgarian language Bulgarian is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group.Bulgarian, along with the closely related Macedonian language, demonstrates several linguistic characteristics that set it apart from all other Slavic languages such as the elimination of case declension, the... |
Czech Czech language Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers; it is the majority language in the Czech Republic and spoken by Czechs worldwide. The language was known as Bohemian in English until the late 19th century... |
Polish Polish language Polish is a language of the Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages, used throughout Poland and by Polish minorities in other countries... |
Macedonian Macedonian language Macedonian is a South Slavic language spoken as a first language by approximately 2–3 million people principally in the region of Macedonia but also in the Macedonian diaspora... |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| orthography Russian orthography Russian orthography is formally considered to encompass spelling and punctuation . Russian spelling, which is quite phonemic in practice, is a mix of the morphological and phonetic principles, with a few etymological or historic forms, and occasional grammatical differentiation... |
IPA | orthography | IPA | orthography Czech alphabet The Czech alphabet is a version of the Latin script, used when writing Czech. Its basic principles are "one sound, one letter" and the addition of diacritical marks above letters to represent sounds alien to Latin... |
IPA | orthography Polish alphabet The Polish alphabet is the script of the Polish language, the basis for the Polish system of orthography . It is based on the Latin alphabet, but includes certain letters with diacritics: the line or kreska, which is graphically similar to an acute accent ; the overdot or kropka ; the tail or... |
IPA | orthography Macedonian alphabet The orthography of Macedonian includes an alphabet , which is an adaptation of the Cyrillic script, as well as language-specific conventions of spelling and punctuation.... |
IPA | ||
| I | я | [ja] | аз | [as] | já | [jaː] | ja | [ja] | јас | [jas] | |
| thou | ты | [tɨ] | ти | [ti] | ty | [tɪ] | ty | [tɨ] | ти | [ti] | |
| he | он | [on] | той | [tɔj] | on | [on] | on | [ɔn] | тој | [tɔj] | |
| we | мы | [mɨ] | ние | [ˈniɛ] | my | [mɪ] | my | [mɨ] | ние | [nie] | |
| ye | вы | [vɨ] | вие | [ˈviɛ] | vy | [vɪ] | wy, państwo | [vɨ], [ˈpaɲstfɔ] | вие | [vie] | |
| they | они | [ɐˈnʲi] | те | [tɛ] | oni, ony, ona | [oɲɪ, onɪ, ona] | oni, one | [ˈɔɲi, ˈɔnɛ] | тие | [tie] | |
| this | это | [ˈɛtə] | това | [toˈva] | toto | [toto] | to | [tɔ] | ова | [ɔva] | |
| that | то | [to] | онова | [onoˈva] | tamto | [tamto] | tamto | [ˈtamtɔ] | она | [ɔna] | |
| here | здесь, тут | [zʲdʲesʲ], [tut] | тук | [tuk] | zde | [zdɛ] | tu, tutaj | [tu, tutaj] | тука | [tuka] | |
| there | там | [tam] | там | [tam] | tam | [tam] | tam | [tam] | таму | [tamu] | |
| who | кто | [kto] | кой | [kɔj] | kdo | [ɡdo] | kto | [ktɔ] | кој | [kɔj] | |
| what | что | [ʂto] | какво | [kɐkˈvɔ] | co | [tso] | co | [t͡sɔ] | што | [ʃtɔ] | |
| where | где | [ɡdʲɛ] | къде | [kɤˈdɛ] | kde | [ɡdɛ] | gdzie | [ɡd͡ʑɛ] | каде | [kade] | |
| when | когда | [kɐɡˈda] | кога | [koˈɡa] | kdy | [ɡdɪ] | kiedy | [ˈkʲɛdɨ] | кога | [kɔga] | |
| how | как | [kak] | как | [kak] | jak | [jak] | jak | [jak] | како | [kakɔ] | |
| not | не | [nʲɛ] | не | [nɛ] | ne– | [nɛ] | nie | [ɲɛ] | не | [ne] | |
| all | все | [fsʲe] | всички | [ˈfsit͡ʃki] | všichni | [fʃɪxɲɪ] | wszyscy | [ˈfʂɨst͡sɨ] | сите | [site] | |
| many | много | [ˈmnoɡə] | много | [ˈmnɔɡo] | mnoho | [mnoɦo] | dużo, bardzo | [ˈduʐɔ], [ˈbard͡zɔ] | многу | [mnɔgu] | |
| some | несколько | [ˈnʲɛskəlʲkə] | няколко | [ˈnʲakolko] | několik | [ɲɛkolɪk] | kilka | [ˈkʲilka] | неколку | [nekɔlku] | |
| few | мало | [ˈmalə] | малко | [ˈmalko] | málo | [maːlo] | mało | [ˈmawɔ] | малку | [malku] | |
| other | другой, иной | [druˈɡoj], [ɪˈnoj] | друг | [druk] | jiný | [jɪniː] | inny | [ˈinːɨ] | друг | [drug] | |
| one | один | [ɐˈdʲin] | един | [ɛˈdin] | jeden | [jɛdɛn] | jeden | [ˈjɛdɛn] | еден | [eden] | |
| two | два | [dva] | двa | [dva] | dva | [dva] | dwa | [dva] | два | [dva] | |
| three | три | [trʲi] | три | [tri] | tři | [tr̝̊ɪ] | trzy | [tʂɨ] | три | [tri] | |
| four | четыре | [t͡ɕɪˈtɨrʲɪ] | четири | [ˈt͡ʃɛtiri] | čtyři | [tʂtɪr̝ɪ] | cztery | [ˈt͡ʂtɛrɨ] | четири | [tʃetiri] | |
| five | пять | [pʲætʲ] | пет | [pɛt] | pět | [pjɛt] | pięć | [pʲɛ̃t͡ɕ] | пет | [pet] | |
| big | большой, великий | [bɐˈlʲʂoj], [vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj] | голям | [ɡoˈʎam] | velký | [vɛlkiː] | wielki | [ˈvʲɛlkʲi] | голем | [gɔlem] | |
| long | длинный, долгий | [ˈdlʲinnɨj], [ˈdolɡʲɪj] | дълъг | [ˈdɤ̞lɤk] | dlouhý | [dloʊ̯ɦiː] | długi | [ˈdwuɡi] | долг | [dɔlg] | |
| wide | широкий | [ʂɨˈrokʲɪj] | широк | [ʃiˈrɔk] | široký | [ʃɪrokiː] | szeroki | [ʂɛˈrɔki] | широк | [ʃirɔk] | |
| thick | толстый | [ˈtolstɨj] | тлъст, дебел | [ˈtlɤ̞st], [dɛˈbɛl] | tlustý | [tlʊstiː] | tłusty | [ˈtwustɨ] | дебел | [debel] | |
| heavy | тяжёлый | [tʲɪˈʐolɨj] | тежък | [ˈtɛʒɤk] | těžký | [cɛʃkiː] | ciężki | [ˈt͡ɕɛ̃ʂki] | тежок | [teʒɔk] | |
| small | маленький | [ˈmalʲɪnʲkʲɪj] | малък | [ˈmalɤk] | malý | [maliː] | mały | [ˈmawɨ] | мал | [mal] | |
| short | короткий | [kɐˈrotkʲɪj] | кратък, къс | [ˈkratɤk], [kɤ̞s] | krátký | [kraːtkiː] | krótki | [ˈkrutkʲi] | краток | [kratɔk] | |
| narrow | узкий | [ˈuskʲɪj] | тесен | [ˈtɛsɛn] | úzký | [uːskiː] | wąski | [ˈvɔ̃ski] | тесен | [tesen] | |
| thin | тонкий | [ˈtonkʲɪj] | тънък | [ˈtɤ̞nɤk] | tenký | [tɛŋkiː] | cienki | [ˈt͡ɕɛ̃nkʲi] | тенок | [tenɔk] | |
| woman | женщина | [ˈʐɛnɕɕɪnə] | жена | [ʒɛˈna] | žena | [ʒɛna] | kobieta | [kɔˈbʲɛta] | жена | [ʒena] | |
| man (male) | мужчина | [muˈɕɕinə] | мъж | [ˈmɤ̞ʃ] | muž | [mʊʃ] | mężczyzna | [mɛ̃ˈʂt͡ʂɨzna] | маж | [maʃ] | |
| man (human) | человек | [t͡ɕɪlɐˈvʲɛk] | човек | [t͡ʃoˈvɛk] | člověk | [tʃlovjɛk] | człowiek | [ˈt͡ʂwɔvʲɛk] | човек | [tʃɔvek] | |
| child | дитя | [dʲɪˈtʲa] | дете | [dɛˈtɛ] | dítě | [ɟiːcɛ] | dziecko | [ˈd͡ʑɛt͡skɔ] | дете | [dete] | |
| wife | жена | [ʐɨˈna] | жена, съпруга | [ʒɛˈna], [sɤˈpruɡɐ] | manželka | [manʒɛlka] | żona, małżonka | [ˈʐɔna], [mawˈʐɔnka] | сопруга | [sɔpruga] | |
| husband | муж | [muʂ] | мъж, съпруг | [ˈmɤ̞ʃ], [sɤˈpruk] | manžel | [manʒɛl] | mąż, małżonek | [ˈmɔ̃ʐ], [mawˈʐɔnɛk] | сопруг | [sɔprug] | |
| mother | *mati | мать | [matʲ] | майка | [ˈmajkɐ] | matka | [matka] | matka | [ˈmatka] | мајка | [majka] |
| father | *otьcь | отец | [ɐˈtʲɛt͡s] | баща, татко | [bɐˈʃta], [ˈtatko] | otec | [otɛts] | ojciec | [ˈɔjt͡ɕɛt͡s] | татко | [tatkɔ] |
| animal | зверь, животное | [zʲvʲerʲ], [ʐɨˈvotnəɪ] | животно | [ʒiˈvɔtno] | zvíře, živočich | [zviːr̝ɛ], [ʒɪvotʃɪx] | zwierzę | [ˈzvʲɛʐɛ] | животно | [ʒivɔtnɔ] | |
| fish | *ryba | рыба | [ˈrɨbə] | риба | [ˈribɐ] | ryba | [rɪba] | ryba | [ˈrɨba] | риба | [riba] |
| bird | птица | [ˈptʲit͡sə] | птица | [ˈptit͡sɐ] | pták | [ptaːk] | ptak | [ptak] | птица | [ptitsa] | |
| dog | собака, пёс | [sɐˈbakə], [pʲos] | пес, куче | [pɛs], [ˈkut͡ʃɛ] | pes | [pɛs] | pies | [pʲɛs] | куче, пес | [kutʃe], [pes] | |
| louse | вошь | [voʂ] | въшка | [ˈvɤ̞ʃkɐ] | veš | [vɛʃ] | wesz | [vɛʂ] | вошка | [vɔʃka] | |
| snake | змея | [zʲmʲɪˈja] | змия | [zmiˈja] | had | [ɦat] | wąż | [vɔ̃ʐ] | змија | [zmija] | |
| worm | червь | [t͡ɕerfʲ] | червей | [ˈt͡ʃɛrvɛj] | červ | [tʃɛrf] | robak | [ˈrɔbak] | црв | [tsr̩v] | |
| tree | дерево | [ˈdʲerʲɪvə] | дърво | [dɤˈrvɔ] | strom | [strom] | drzewo | [ˈdʐɛvɔ] | дрво | [dr̩vɔ] | |
| forest | лес | [lʲɛs] | гора | [ɡoˈra] | les | [lɛs] | las | [las] | шума | [ʃuma] | |
| stick | палка | [ˈpɑlkə] | пръчка | [ˈprɤ̞t͡ʃkɐ] | hůl | [ɦuːl] | laska / pałka / kij | [ˈlaska] / [ˈpawka] / [kij] | стап, палка | [stap], [palka] | |
| fruit | плод | [plot] | плод | [plɔt] | plod | [plot] | owoc | [ˈɔvɔt͡s] | овошје | [ɔvɔʃje] | |
| seed | семя | [ˈsʲemʲə] | семе | [ˈsɛmɛ] | semeno | [sɛmɛno] | ziarno | [ˈʑarnɔ] | семе | [seme] | |
| leaf | лист | [lʲist] | листо | [liˈstɔ] | list | [lɪst] | liść | [ʎiɕt͡ɕ] | лист | [list] | |
| root | корень | [ˈkorʲɪnʲ] | корен | [ˈkɔrɛn] | kořen | [kor̝ɛn] | korzeń | [ˈkɔʐɛɲ] | koren | [kɔren] | |
| bark (of a tree) | кора | [kɐˈra] | кора | [kʊˈra] | kůra | [kuːra] | kora | [ˈkɔra] | кора | [kɔra] | |
| flower | цветок | [t͡svʲɪˈtok] | цвете | [ˈt͡svɛtɛ] | květ | [kvjɛt] | kwiat | [kfʲat] | цвет | [tsvet] | |
| grass | трава | [trɐˈva] | трева | [trɛˈva] | tráva | [traːva] | trawa | [ˈtrava] | трева | [treva] | |
| rope | верёвка | [vʲɪˈrʲofkə] | въже | [vɤ̞ˈʒɛ] | provaz | [provas] | sznur, lina | [ʂnur] | јаже | [jaʒe] | |
| skin | кожа | [ˈkoʐə] | кожа | [ˈkɔʒɐ] | kůže | [kuːʒɛ] | skóra | [ˈskura] | кожа | [kɔʒa] | |
| meat | мясо | [ˈmʲasə] | месо | [mɛˈsɔ] | maso | [maso] | mięso | [ˈmʲɛ̃sɔ] | месо | [mesɔ] | |
| blood | *kry | кровь | [krofʲ] | кръв | [krɤ̞f] | krev | [krɛf] | krew | [krɛf] | крв | [kr̩v] |
| bone | кость | [kosʲtʲ] | кост, кокал | [kɔst], [ˈkɔkɐl] | kost | [kost] | kość | [kɔɕt͡ɕ] | коска | [kɔska] | |
| fat (noun) | сало, жир | [ˈsalə], [ʐɨr] | сланина, мазнина, тлъстина | [slɐˈninɐ], [mɐzniˈna], [tlɤstiˈna] | tuk | [tʊk] | tłuszcz | [twuʂt͡ʂ] | маснотија | [masnotija] | |
| egg | яйцо | [jɪjˈt͡so] | яйце | [jɐʲˈt͡sɛ] | vejce | [vɛjt͡sɛ] | jajko | [ˈjajkɔ] | јајце | [jajtse] | |
| horn | *rogъ | рог | [rok] | рог | [rɔk] | roh | [rox] | róg | [ruk] | рог | [rɔk] |
| tail | хвост | [xvost] | опашка | [ʊˈpaʃkɐ] | ocas | [otsas] | ogon | [ˈɔɡɔn] | опашка | [ɔpaʃka] | |
| feather | перо | [pʲɪˈro] | перо | [pɛˈrɔ] | péro | [pɛːro] | pióro | [ˈpʲurɔ] | пердув | [perduf] | |
| hair | *kosa, *volsъ | волосы | [ˈvoləsɨ] | коса | [koˈsa] | vlasy | [vlasɪ] | włosy | [vwɔsɨ] | коса | [kɔsa] |
| head | *golva | голова | [ɡəlɐˈva] | глава | [ɡlɐˈva] | hlava | [ɦlava] | głowa | [ˈɡwɔva] | глава | [glava] |
| ear | ухо | [ˈuxə] | ухо | [uˈxɔ] | ucho | [ʊxo] | ucho | [ˈuxɔ] | уво | [uvɔ] | |
| eye | *oko | глаз, око | [ɡlas], [ˈokə] | око | [oˈkɔ] | oko | [oko] | oko | [ˈɔkɔ] | око | [ɔkɔ] |
| nose | нос | [nos] | нос | [nɔs] | nos | [nos] | nos | [nɔs] | нос | [nɔs] | |
| mouth | рот, уста | [rot], [ʊˈsta] | уста | [oˈsta] | ústa | [uːsta] | usta | [ˈusta] | уста | [usta] | |
| tooth | зуб | [zup] | зъб | [zɤ̞p] | zub | [zʊp] | ząb | [zɔ̃p] | заб | [zap] | |
| tongue | язык | [jɪˈzɨk] | език | [ɛˈzik] | jazyk | [jazɪk] | język | [ˈjɛ̃zɨk] | јазик | [jazik] | |
| fingernail | ноготь | [ˈnoɡətʲ] | нокът | [ˈnɔkət] | nehet | [nɛɦɛt] | paznokieć | [paˈznɔkʲɛt͡ɕ] | нокт | [nɔkt] | |
| foot | стопа | [stɐˈpa] | стъпало | [stɤˈpalo] | noha | [noɦa] | stopa | [ˈstɔpa] | стапало | [stapalɔ] | |
| leg | нога | [nɐˈɡa] | крак | [krak] | noha | [noɦa] | noga | [ˈnɔɡa] | нога | [nɔga] | |
| knee | колено | [kɐˈlʲenə] | коляно | [kʊˈlʲano] | koleno | [kolɛno] | kolano | [kɔˈlanɔ] | колено | [kɔlenɔ] | |
| hand | |||||||||||
|рука||[ruˈka]
|ръка||[rɤˈka]
|ruka||[rʊka]
|ręka||[ˈrɛ̃ka]
|рака||[raka]
|- align=center
!wing
|
|крыло||[krɨˈlo]
|крило||[kriˈlɔ]
|křídlo ||[kr̝̊ɪːdlo]
|skrzydło||[ˈskʂɨdwɔ]
|крило||[krilɔ]
|- align=center
!belly
|
|живот, брюхо||[ʐɨˈvot], [ˈbrʲuxə]
|корем, стомах||[kʊˈrɛm], [stʊˈmax]
|břicho||[br̝ɪxo]
|brzuch||[bʐux]
|стомак||[stɔmak]
|- align=center
!guts
|
|внутренности, кишки||[ˈvnutrʲɪnəsʲtʲɪ], [kʲɪˈʂkʲi]
|вътрешности, черва ||[ˈvɤ̞trɛʃnʊsti], [t͡ʃɛˈrva]
|vnitřnosti, střeva ||[vɲɪtr̝̊noscɪ], [str̝̊ɛva]
|wnętrzności||[vnɛ̃ˈtʂnɔɕt͡ɕi]
|црева||[tsreva]
|- align=center
!neck
|
|шея||[ˈʂejə]
|врат, шия||[vrat], [ˈʃijɐ]
|krk ||[kr̩k]
|szyja||[ˈʂɨja]
|врат||[vrat]
|- align=center
!back
|
|спина||[spʲɪˈna]
|гръб ||[ɡrɤ̞p]
|záda ||[zaːda]
|plecy||[ˈplɛt͡sɨ]
|грб||[gr̩p]
|- align=center
!breast
|
|грудь||[ɡrutʲ]
|гръд||[ˈɡrɤ̞t]
|prsa, hruď||[pr̩sa, hrʊc]
|pierś||[pʲɛrɕ]
|гради||[gradi]
|- align=center
!heart
|
|сердце||[ˈsʲɛrtt͡sɨ]
|сърце||[sɤˈrt͡sɛ]
|srdce ||[sr̩tsɛ]
|serce||[ˈsɛrt͡sɛ]
|срце||[sr̩tse]
|- align=center
!liver
|
|печень||[ˈpʲet͡ɕɪnʲ]
|черен дроб||[ˈtʃɛrɛn drɔp]
|játra||[jaːtra]
|wątroba||[vɔ̃ˈtrɔba]
|црн дроб||[tsr̩n drɔp]
|- align=center
!to drink
|
|пить||[pʲitʲ]
|пия||[ˈpijɐ]
|pít||[piːt]
|pić||[pʲit͡ɕ]
|пие||[pie]
|- align=center
!to eat
|
|есть||[jesʲtʲ]
|ям ||[jam]
|jíst ||[jiːst]
|jeść||[jɛɕt͡ɕ]
|јаде||[jade]
|- align=center
!to bite
|
|грызть, кусать||[ɡrɨsʲtʲ], [kuˈsatʲ]
|хапя||[ˈxapjɐ]
|kousat||[koʊ̯sat]
|gryźć||[ɡrɨɕt͡ɕ]
|каса||[kasa]
|- align=center
!to suck
|
|сосать||[sɐˈsatʲ]
|суча||[ˈsut͡ʃɐ]
|sát||[saːt]
|ssać||[ˈssat͡ɕ]
|цица||[tsitsa]
|- align=center
!to spit
|
|плевать||[plʲɪˈvatʲ]
|плюя||[ˈpʎʲujɐ]
|plivat ||[plɪvat]
|pluć||[ˈplut͡ɕ]
|плука||[pluka]
|- align=center
!to vomit
|
|рвать, блевать||[rvatʲ], [blʲɪˈvatʲ]
|повръщам||[pʊˈvrɤ̞ʃtɐm]
|zvracet ||[zvratsɛt]
|wymiotować, zwracać||[vɨmʲɔˈtɔvat͡ɕ], [ˈzvrat͡sat͡ɕ]
|повраќа||[povraca]
|- align=center
!to blow
|
|дуть||[dutʲ]
|духам||[ˈduxɐm]
|foukat ||[foʊ̯kat]
|dmuchać||[ˈdmuxat͡ɕ]
|дува||[duva]
|- align=center
!to breathe
|
|дышать||[dɨˈʂatʲ]
|дишам ||[ˈdiʃɐm]
|dýchat ||[diːxat]
|oddychać||[ɔdˈdɨxat͡ɕ]
|дише||[diʃe]
|- align=center
!to laugh
|
|смеяться||[sʲmʲɪˈjæt͡st͡sə]
|смея се||[ˈsmɛjɐ sɛ]
|smát se||[smaːt sɛ]
|śmiać się||[ɕmʲat͡ɕ ɕɛ]
|смее||[smee]
|- align=center
!to see
|
|видеть||[ˈvʲidʲɪtʲ]
|виждам||[ˈviʒdɐm]
|vidět||[vɪɟɛt]
|widzieć||[ˈvʲid͡ʑɛt͡ɕ];
|гледа||[gleda]
|- align=center
!to hear
|
|слышать||[ˈslɨʂɨtʲ]
|слушам, чувам ||[ˈsluʃɐm], [ˈt͡ʃuvɐm]
|slyšet||[slɪʃɛt]
|słyszeć||[ˈswɨʂɛt͡ɕ]
|слуша||[sluʃa]
|- align=center
!to know
|
|знать||[znatʲ]
|зная (знам)||[ˈznajɐ]
|vědět, znát ||[vjɛɟɛt], [znaːt]
|wiedzieć, znać||[ˈvʲɛd͡ʑɛt͡ɕ], [znat͡ɕ]
|знае||[znae]
|- align=center
!to think
|
|мыслить||[ˈmɨsʲlʲɪtʲ]
|мисля||[ˈmisljɐ]
|myslet||[mɪslɛt]
|myśleć||[ˈmɨɕlɛt͡ɕ]
|мисли||[misli]
|- align=center
!to smell
|
|нюхать, чуять||[ˈnʲuxətʲ], [ˈt͡ɕuɪtʲ]
|мириша, душа||[miˈriʃɐ], [ˈduʃɐ]
|vonět, čichat ||[voɲɛt, tʃɪxat]
|czuć||[t͡ʂut͡ɕ]
|мириса||[mirisa]
|- align=center
!to fear
|
|бояться||[bɐˈjæt͡st͡sə]
|страхувам се||[strɐˈxuvɐm sɛ]
|bát se ||[baːt se]
|bać się||[ˈbat͡ɕ ɕɛ̃]
|плаши||[plaʃi]
|- align=center
!to sleep
|
|спать||[spatʲ]
|спя||[spjɐ]
|spát ||[spaːt]
|spać||[spat͡ɕ]
|спие||[spie]
|- align=center
!to live
|
|жить||[ʐɨtʲ]
|живея||[ʒiˈvɛjɐ]
|žít||[ʒiːt]
|żyć||[ʐɨt͡ɕ]
|живее||[ʒivee]
|- align=center
!to die
|
|умирать||[umʲɪˈratʲ]
|умирам||[oˈmirɐm]
|umírat||[ʊmiːrat]
|umierać||[uˈmʲɛrat͡ɕ]
|умира||[umira]
|- align=center
!to kill
|
|убивать||[ubʲɪˈvatʲ]
|убивам||[oˈbivɐm]
|zabíjet||[zabiːjɛt]
|zabijać||[zaˈbʲijat͡ɕ]
|убива||[ubiva]
|- align=center
!to fight
|
|бороться||[bɐˈrot͡st͡sə]
|боря се, бия се||[ˈbɔrjɐ sɛ], [ˈbijɐ sɛ]
|bojovat||[bojovat]
|walczyć||[ˈvalt͡ʂɨt͡ɕ]
|бори, тепа||[bɔri], [tepa]
|- align=center
!to hunt
|
|охотиться||[ɐˈxotʲɪt͡st͡sə]
|ловувам||[loˈvuvɐm]
|lovit||[lovɪt]
|polować||[pɔˈlɔvat͡ɕ]
|лови||[lɔvi]
|- align=center
!to hit
|
|ударять||[udɐˈrʲætʲ]
|удрям||[ˈudrjɐm]
|udeřit||[ʊdɛr̝ɪt]
|uderzać||[uˈdɛʐat͡ɕ]
|удира||[udira]
|- align=center
!to cut
|
|резать, рубить||[ˈrʲezətʲ], [ruˈbʲitʲ]
|режа, сека||[ˈrɛʒɐ], [sɛˈkɐ]
|řezat||[r̝ɛzat]
|ciąć||[t͡ɕɔ̃t͡ɕ]
|сече||[setʃe]
|- align=center
!to split
|
|разделять||[rəzʲdʲɪˈlʲætʲ]
|разделям||[rɐzˈdɛljɐm]
|rozdělit||[rozɟɛlɪt]
|podzielić||[pɔˈd͡ʑɛʎit͡ɕ]
|раздели||[razdeli]
|- align=center
!to stab
|
|колоть||[kɐˈlotʲ]
|буча, промушвам, пробождам||[buˈt͡ʃɐ], [proˈmuʃvɐm], [proˈbɔʒdɐm]
|píchnout||[piːxnoʊ̯t]
|pchnąć||[pxnɔ̃t͡ɕ]
|убоде||[ubɔde]
|- align=center
!to scratch
|
|царапать||[t͡͡sɐˈrapətʲ]
|чеша, драскам||[ˈt͡ʃɛʃɐ], [ˈdraskɐm]
|škrábat||[ʃkraːbat]
|skrobać||[ˈskrɔbat͡ɕ]
|чеша||[tʃeʃa]
|- align=center
!to dig
|
|копать||[kɐˈpatʲ]
|копая||[koˈpajɐ]
|kopat||[kopat]
|kopać||[ˈkɔpat͡ɕ]
|копа||[kɔpa]
|- align=center
!to swim
|
|плавать||[ˈplavətʲ]
|плувам||[ˈpluvɐm]
|plavat||[plavat]
|pływać||[ˈpwɨvat͡ɕ]
|плива||[pliva]
|- align=center
!to fly
|
|летать||[lʲɪˈtatʲ]
|летя||[lɛˈtjɐ]
|létat||[lɛːtat]
|latać||[ˈlatat͡ɕ]
|лета||[leta]
|- align=center
!to walk
|
|ходить, идти||[xɐˈdʲitʲ], [ɪtʲˈtʲi]
|вървя, ходя||[vɐrˈvjɐ], [ˈxɔdjɐ]
|chodit, jít||[xoɟɪt], [jiːt]
|chodzić, iść||[ˈxɔd͡ʑit͡ɕ], [iɕt͡ɕ]
|оди, чекори||[ɔdi], [tʃekɔri]
|- align=center
!to come
|
|приходить, прийти||[prʲɪxɐˈdʲitʲ], [prʲɪjˈtʲi]
|идвам||[ˈidvɐm]
|přicházet, přijít||[pr̝̊ɪxazɛt, pr̝̊ɪjiːt]
|przychodzić, przyjść||[pʂɨˈxɔd͡ʑit͡ɕ], [pʂɨjɕt͡ɕ]
|доаѓа||[dɔaɟa]
|- align=center
!to lie (as in a bed)
|
|лежать||[lʲɪˈʐatʲ]
|лежа||[lɛˈʒɐ]
|ležet||[lɛʒɛt]
|leżeć||[ˈlɛʐɛt͡ɕ]
|лежи||[leʒi]
|- align=center
!to sit
|*sěsti
|сидеть||[sʲɪˈdʲetʲ]
|седя||[sɛˈdjɐ]
|sedět||[sɛɟɛt]
|siedzieć||[ˈɕɛd͡ʑɛt͡ɕ]
|седи||[sedi]
|- align=center
!to stand
|
|стоять||[stɐˈjætʲ]
|стоя||[stoˈjɐ]
|stát||[staːt]
|stać||[stat͡ɕ]
|стои||[stɔi]
|- align=center
!to turn (intransitive)
|
|вращать, вертеть||[vrɐˈɕɕætʲ], [vʲɪˈrtʲetʲ]
|завивам, въртя се||[zɐˈvivɐm], [vɤ̞rˈtjɐ sɛ]
|točit||[totʃɪt]
|skręcać||[ˈskrɛ̃t͡sat͡ɕ]
|заврти||[zavr̩ti]
|- align=center
!to fall
|
|падать||[ˈpadətʲ]
|падам||[ˈpadɐm]
|padat||[padat]
|padać, spadać||[ˈpadat͡ɕ], [ˈspadat͡ɕ]
|паѓа||[paɟa]
|- align=center
!to give
|
|давать||[dɐˈvatʲ]
|давам||[ˈdavɐm]
|dávat||[daːvat]
|dawać||[ˈdavat͡ɕ]
|дава||[dava]
|- align=center
!to hold
|
|держать||[dʲɪˈrʐatʲ]
|държа||[dɤ̞rˈʒɐ]
|držet||[dr̩ʒɛt]
|trzymać||[ˈtʂɨmat͡ɕ]
|држи||[dr̩ʒi]
|- align=center
!to squeeze
|
|сжимать||[ʐʐɨˈmatʲ]
|стискам, мачкам||[ˈstiskɐm], [ˈmat͡ʃkɐm]
|mačkat||[matʃkat]
|ściskać||[ˈɕt͡ɕiskat͡ɕ]
|стиска||[stiska]
|- align=center
!to rub
|
|тереть||[tʲɪˈrʲetʲ]
|трия, търкам||[ˈtrijɐ], [ˈtɤ̞rkɐm]
|třít||[tr̝̊iːt]
|trzeć||[ˈtʂɛt͡ɕ]
|трие||[trie]
|- align=center
!to wash
|
|мыть||[mɨtʲ]
|мия, пера||[ˈmijɐ], [pɛˈrɐ]
|mýt||[miːt]
|myć||[mɨt͡ɕ]
|мие||[mie]
|- align=center
!to wipe
|
|вытирать||[vɨtʲɪˈratʲ]
|бърша, трия||[ˈbɤ̞rʃɐ], [ˈtrijɐ]
|vytírat||[vɪciːrat]
|wycierać||[vɨˈt͡ɕɛrat͡ɕ]
|брише||[briʃe]
|- align=center
!to pull
|
|тянуть||[tʲɪˈnutʲ]
|дърпам, тегля, влача||[ˈdɤ̞rpɐm], [ˈtɛɡljɐ], [ˈvlatʃɐ]
|táhnout||[taːɦnoʊ̯t]
|ciągnąć||[ˈt͡ɕɔ̃ɡnɔ̃t͡ɕ]
|влече||[vletʃe]
|- align=center
!to push
|
|толкать, пихать||[tɐˈlkatʲ], [pʲɪˈxatʲ]
|натискам, бутам||[nɐˈtiskɐm], [ˈbutɐm]
|tlačit||[tlatʃɪt]
|pchać||[pxat͡ɕ]
|турка||[turka]
|- align=center
!to throw
|
|бросать, кидать||[brɐˈsatʲ], [kʲɪˈdatʲ]
|хвърлям||[ˈxvɤ̞rljɐm]
|házet||[ɦaːzɛt]
|rzucać||[ˈʐut͡sat͡ɕ]
|фрла||[fr̩la]
|- align=center
!to tie
|
|вязать||[vʲɪˈzatʲ]
|връзвам||[ˈvrɤ̞zvɐm]
|vázat||[vaːzat]
|wiązać||[ˈvʲɔ̃zat͡ɕ]
|врзува||[vr̩zuva]
|- align=center
!to sew
|
|шить||[ʂɨtʲ]
|шия||[ˈʃijɐ]
|šít||[ʃiːt]
|szyć||[ʂɨt͡ɕ]
|шие||[ʃie]
|- align=center
!to count
|
|считать||[ɕɕɪˈtatʲ]
|броя||[broˈjɐ]
|počítat||[potʃiːtat]
|liczyć||[ˈʎit͡ʂɨt͡ɕ]
|брои||[brɔi]
|- align=center
!to say
|
|говорить, сказать||[ɡəvɐˈrʲitʲ], [skɐˈzatʲ]
|казвам||[ˈkazvɐm]
|říkat||[r̝iːkat]
|mówić||[ˈmuvit͡ɕ]
|вели, кажува||[veli], [kaʒuva]
|- align=center
!to sing
|
|петь||[pʲetʲ]
|пея||[ˈpɛjɐ]
|zpívat||[spiːvat]
|śpiewać||[ˈɕpʲɛvat͡ɕ]
|пее||[pee]
|- align=center
!to play
|
|играть||[ɪˈɡratʲ]
|играя||[iˈɡrajɐ]
|hrát||[ɦraːt]
|grać||[ɡrat͡ɕ]
|игра||[igra]
|- align=center
!to float
|
|плыть||[plɨtʲ]
|плавам||[ˈplavɐm]
|plout||[ploʊ̯t]
|płynąć||[ˈpwɨnɔ̃t͡ɕ]
|плови||[plɔvi]
|- align=center
!to flow
|
|течь||[tʲet͡ɕ]
|тека||[tɛˈkɐ]
|téct||[tɛːtst]
|ciec||[t͡ɕɛt͡s]
|тече||[tetʃe]
|- align=center
!to freeze
|
|замерзaть||[zəmʲɪˈrzatʲ]
|замръзвам||[zɐˈmrɤ̞zvɐm]
|zamrznout||[zamr̩znoʊ̯t]
|marznąć||[ˈmarznɔ̃t͡ɕ]
|смрзнува, замрзнува||[smr̩znuva], [zamr̩znuva]
|- align=center
!to swell
|
|пухнуть||[ˈpuxnutʲ]
|подпухвам, отичам, подувам се||[poˈdpuxvɐm], [oˈtit͡ʃɐm], [poˈduvɐm sɛ]
|opuchnout, otéct||[opʊxnoʊ̯t], [otɛːtst]
|puchnąć||[ˈpuxnɔ̃t͡ɕ]
|отекува||[ɔtekuva]
|- align=center
!sun
|
|солнце||[ˈsont͡sɨ]
|слънце||[ˈslɤ̞nt͡sɛ]
|slunce||[slʊntsɛ]
|słońce||[ˈswɔɲt͡sɛ]
|сонце||[sɔntse]
|- align=center
!moon
|
|луна, месяц||[luˈna], [ˈmʲesʲɪt͡s]
|луна ||[luˈna]
|měsíc||[mɲɛsiːts]
|księżyc||[ˈkɕɛ̃ʐɨt͡s]
|месечина||[mesetʃina]
|- align=center
!star
|
|звезда||[zʲvʲɪˈzda]
|звезда||[zvɛzˈda]
|hvězda||[ɦvjɛzda]
|gwiazda||[ˈɡvʲazda]
|ѕвезда||[dzvezda]
|- align=center
!water
|
|вода||[vɐˈda]
|вода||[voˈda]
|voda||[voda]
|woda||[ˈvɔda]
|вода||[vɔda]
|- align=center
!rain
|
|дождь||[doɕɕ], [doʂtʲ]
|дъжд||[ˈdɤ̞ʃt]
|déšť||[dɛːʃtʲ]
|deszcz||[dɛʂt͡ʂ]
|дожд||[dɔʒd]
|- align=center
!river
|
|река||[rʲɪˈka]
|река||[rɛˈka]
|řeka||[r̝ɛka]
|rzeka||[ˈʐɛka]
|река||[reka]
|- align=center
!lake
|
|озеро||[ˈozʲɛrə]
|езеро||[ˈɛzɛrɔ]
|jezero||[jɛzɛro]
|jezioro||[jɛˈʑɔrɔ]
|езеро||[ezerɔ]
|- align=center
!sea
|
|море||[ˈmorʲɪ]
|море||[moˈrɛ]
|moře||[mor̝ɛ]
|morze||[ˈmɔʐɛ]
|море||[мɔre]
|- align=center
!salt
|
|соль||[solʲ]
|сол||[sɔl]
|sůl||[suːl]
|sól||[sul]
|сол||[sɔl]
|- align=center
!stone
|
|камень||[ˈkamʲɪnʲ]
|камък||[ˈkamɤk]
|kámen||[kaːmɛn]
|kamień||[ˈkamʲɛɲ]
|камен||[kamen]
|- align=center
!sand
|
|песок||[pʲɪˈsok]
|пясък||[ˈpjasɤk]
|písek||[piːsɛk]
|piasek||[ˈpʲasɛk]
|песок||[pesɔk]
|- align=center
!dust
|
|пыль||[pɨlʲ]
|прах||[prax]
|prach||[prax]
|pył, kurz||[pɨw], [kuʂ]
|прашина||[praʃina]
|- align=center
!earth
|
|земля||[zʲɪˈmlʲa]
|земя||[zɛˈmja]
|země||[zɛmɲɛ]
|ziemia||[ˈʑɛmʲa]
|земја||[zemja]
|- align=center
!cloud
|
|туча, облако||[ˈtut͡ɕə], [ˈobləkə]
|облак||[ˈɔblɐk]
|oblak||[oblak]
|chmura||[ˈxmura]
|облак||[ɔblak]
|- align=center
!fog
|
|мгла||[mɡla]
|мъгла||[mɤˈɡla]
|mlha||[ml̩ɦa]
|mgła||[mɡwa]
|магла||[magla]
|- align=center
!sky
|*nebo
|небо||[ˈnʲɛbə]
|небе||[nɛˈbɛ]
|nebe||[nɛbɛ]
|niebo||[ˈɲɛbɔ]
|небо||[nebɔ]
|- align=center
!wind
|
|ветер||[ˈvʲetʲɪr]
|вятър||[ˈvjatɤr]
|vítr||[viːtr̩]
|wiatr||[vʲatr]
|ветер||[veter]
|- align=center
!snow
|
|снег||[snʲɛk]
|сняг||[ˈsnjak]
|sníh||[sniːx]
|śnieg||[ɕɲɛk]
|снег||[snek]
|- align=center
!ice
|
|лёд||[lʲot]
|лед||[lɛt]
|led||[lɛt]
|lód||[lut]
|мраз||[mras]
|- align=center
!smoke
|
|дым||[dɨm]
|дим, пушек||[dim], [ˈpuʃɛk]
|dým||[diːm]
|dym||[dɨm]
|пуши||[puʃi]
|- align=center
!fire
|
|огонь||[ɐˈɡonʲ]
|огън||[ˈɔɡɤn]
|oheň||[oɦɛɲ]
|ogień||[ˈɔɡʲɛɲ]
|оган||[ɔgan]
|- align=center
!ash
|
|пепел||[ˈpʲepʲɪl]
|пепел||[ˈpɛpɛl]
|popel||[popɛl]
|popiół||[ˈpɔpʲuw]
|пепел||[pepel]
|- align=center
!to burn
|
|гореть, пылать ||[ɡɐˈrʲetʲ], [pɨˈlatʲ]
|горя, паля||[ɡoˈrjɐ], [ˈpaljɐ]
|hořet||[hor̝ɛt]
|palić||[ˈpaʎit͡ɕ]
|пали||[pali]
|- align=center
!road
|
|путь||[putʲ]
|път||[pɤ̞t]
|cesta||[tsɛsta]
|droga||[ˈdrɔɡa]
|пат||[pat]
|- align=center
!mountain
|
|гора||[ɡɐˈra]
|планина||[plɐniˈna]
|hora||[ɦora]
|góra||[ˈɡura]
|планина||[planina]
|- align=center
!red
|
|красный||[ˈkrasnɨj]
|червен||[t͡ʃɛˈrvɛn]
|červený||[tʃɛrvɛniː]
|czerwony||[t͡ʂɛrˈvɔnɨ]
|црвен||[tsr̩ven]
|- align=center
!green
|
|зелёный||[zʲɪˈlʲonɨj]
|зелен||[zɛˈlɛn]
|zelený||[zɛlɛniː]
|zielony||[ʑɛˈlɔnɨ]
|зелен||[zelen]
|- align=center
!yellow
|
|жёлтый||[ˈʐoltɨj]
|жълт||[ʒɤ̞lt]
|žlutý||[ʒlʊtiː]
|żółty||[ˈʐuwtɨ]
|жолт||[ʒɔlt]
|- align=center
!white
|
|белый||[ˈbʲelɨj]
|бял||[bjal]
|bílý||[biːliː]
|biały||[ˈbʲawɨ]
|бел||[bel]
|- align=center
!black
|
|чёрный||[ˈt͡ɕornɨj]
|черен||[ˈt͡ʃɛrɛn]
|černý||[tʃɛrniː]
|czarny||[ˈt͡ʂarnɨ]
|црн||[tsr̩n]
|- align=center
!night
|
|ночь||[not͡ɕ]
|нощ||[nɔʃt]
|noc||[nots]
|noc||[nɔt͡s]
|ноќ||[nɔc]
|- align=center
!day
|
|день||[dʲenʲ]
|ден||[dɛn]
|den||[dɛn]
|dzień||[d͡ʑɛɲ]
|ден||[den]
|- align=center
!year
|
|год||[ɡot]
|година||[ɡoˈdinɐ]
|rok||[rok]
|rok||[rɔk]
|година||[gɔdina]
|- align=center
!warm
|
|тёплый||[ˈtʲoplɨj]
|топъл||[ˈtɔpɤl]
|teplý||[tɛpliː]
|ciepły||[ˈt͡ɕɛpwɨ]
|топло||[tɔplɔ]
|- align=center
!cold
|
|холодный||[xɐˈlodnɨj]
|хладен, студен||[ˈxladɛn], [stoˈdɛn]
|chladný, studený||[xladni], [stʊdɛni]
|zimny||[ˈʑimnɨ]
|ладен, студен||[laden], [studen]
|- align=center
!full
|
|полный||[ˈpolnɨj]
|пълен||[ˈpɤ̞lɛn]
|plný||[pl̩niː]
|pełny||[ˈpɛwnɨ]
|полн||[pɔln]
|- align=center
!new
|
|новый||[ˈnovɨj]
|нов||[nɔf]
|nový||[noviː]
|nowy||[ˈnɔvɨ]
|нов||[nɔf]
|- align=center
!old
|
|старый||[ˈstarɨj]
|стар||[star]
|starý||[stariː]
|stary||[ˈstarɨ]
|стар||[star]
|- align=center
!good
|
|хороший||[xɐˈ roʂɨj]
|добър||[doˈbɤ̞r]
|dobrý||[dobriː]
|dobry||[ˈdɔbrɨ]
|добар||[dɔbar]
|- align=center
!bad
|
|злой||[zloj]
|лош||[lɔʃ]
|zlý ||[zliː]
|zły||[zwɨ]
|- align=center
!rotten
|
|гнилой||[ɡnʲɪˈloj]
|гнил||[ɡnil]
|shnilý||[sxɲɪliː]
|zgniły||[ˈzɡɲiwɨ]
|скапан||[skapan]
|- align=center
!dirty
|
|грязный||[ˈɡrʲaznɨj]
|мръсен||[ˈmrɤ̞sɛn]
|špinavý||[ʃpɪnaviː]
|brudny||[ˈbrudnɨ]
|валкан||[valkan]
|- align=center
!straight
|
|прямой||[prʲɪˈmoj]
|прав||[praf]
|přímý||[pr̝̊iːmiː]
|prosty||[ˈprɔstɨ]
|прав||[praf]
|- align=center
!round
|
|круглый||[ˈkruɡlɨj]
|кръгъл||[ˈkrɤ̞ɡɤl]
|okrouhlý||[okroʊ̯ɦliː]
|okrągły||[ɔˈkrɔ̃ɡwɨ]
|кружен, тркалезен||[kruʒen], [tr̩kalezen]
|- align=center
!sharp
|
|острый||[ˈostrɨj]
|остър||[ˈɔstɤr]
|ostrý||[ostriː]
|ostry||[ˈɔstrɨ]
|остар||[ɔstar]
|- align=center
!dull
|
|тупой||[tuˈpoj]
|тъп||[tɤ̞p]
|tupý||[tʊpiː]
|tępy||[ˈtɛ̃pɨ]
|тап||[tap]
|- align=center
!smooth
|
|гладкий, ровный||[ˈɡlatkʲɪj], [ˈrovnɨj]
|гладък, равен||[ˈɡladɤk], [ˈravɛn]
|hladký||[ɦlatkiː]
|gładki||[ˈɡwatkɨ]
|мазен, рамен||[mazen], [ramen]
|- align=center
!wet
|
|мокрый||[ˈmokrɨj]
|мокър||[ˈmɔkɤr]
|mokrý||[mokriː]
|mokry||[ˈmɔkrɨ]
|влажен, мокар||[vlaʒen], [mɔkar]
|- align=center
!dry
|
|сухой||[suˈxoj]
|сух||[sux]
|suchý||[sʊxiː]
|suchy||[ˈsuxɨ]
|сув||[suv]
|- align=center
!correct
|
|правильный||[ˈpravʲɪlʲnɨj]
|правилен||[ˈpravilɛn]
|správný||[spraːvniː]
|poprawny||[pɔˈpravnɨ]
|точен, правилен||[tɔtʃen], [pravilen]
|- align=center
!near
|
|близкий||[ˈblʲizkʲɪj]
|близък||[ˈblizɤk]
|blízký||[bliːskiː]
|bliski||[ˈbʎiskɨ]
|блиску||[blisku]
|- align=center
!far
|
|далёкий||[dɐˈlʲɵkʲɪj]
|далечен||[dɐˈlɛt͡ʃɛn]
|daleký||[dalɛkiː]
|daleki||[daˈlɛkʲi]
|далеку||[daleku]
|- align=center
!right
|
|правый||[ˈpravɨj]
|десен||[ˈdɛsɛn]
|pravý||[praviː]
|prawy||[ˈpravɨ]
|десно||[desnɔ]
|- align=center
!left
|
|левый||[ˈlʲɛvɨj]
|ляв||[ljaf]
|levý||[lɛviː]
|lewy||[ˈlɛvɨ]
|лево||[levɔ]
|- align=center
!at
|
|при, у||[prʲi], [u]
|при, у, на||[pri], [u], [na]
|při, u||[pr̝̊ɪ, ʊ
|do, na,||[dɔ], [na]
|во, на||[vɔ], [na]
|- align=center
!in
|
|в||/v/
|в(във)||[v/f]([vɤ̞f])
|v||[v]
|w||[v]
|во||[vɔ]
|- align=center
!with
|
|с||/s/
|с(със)||[s]([sɤ̞s])
|s||[s]
|z||[z]
|со||[sɔ]
|- align=center
!and
|
|и, а||[i]
|и, а||[i], [ɐ]
|a, i||[a]
|i, a||[i, a]
|и||[i]
|- align=center
!if
|
|если||[ˈjesʲlʲɪ]
|ако||[ɐˈkɔ]
|jestli||[jɛstlɪ]
|jeśli, jeżeli||[ˈjɛɕʎi], [jɛˈʐɛʎi]
|ако||[akɔ]
|- align=center
!because
|
|потому что||[pətɐˈmu ʂtə]
|защото||[zɐˈʃtɔto]
|protože||[protoʒɛ]
|bo, dlatego że, ponieważ||[bɔ], [dlaˈtɛɡɔ ʐɛ], [pɔˈɲɛvaʂ]
|бидејќи, затоа што||[bidejci]. [zatɔa ʃto]
|- align=center
!name
|
|имя||[ˈimʲə]
|име||[ˈimɛ]
|jméno||[jmɛːno]
|imię||[ˈimʲɛ]
|име||[ime]
|}
Dialectal differentiation
After the three palatalizations of Proto-Slavic, dialectal variation became more apparent. Some dialects (such as Proto-East Slavic), applied the second regressive palatalization across an intervening *v.- RussianRussian languageRussian is a Slavic language used primarily in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Turkmenistan and Estonia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics...
: *gwojzda → *gwězda → zvězda → [zʲvʲɪˈzda] ('star') - PolishPolish languagePolish is a language of the Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages, used throughout Poland and by Polish minorities in other countries...
: *gwojzda → *gwězda → gwiazda → [ˈɡvʲazda] ('star')
Also, the realization of the palatalizations' sibilants varied a little amongst dialects. argues that the phonetic character of the palatalizations was uniform throughout Common Slavic and that West Slavic languages developed *š later on by analogy. In all dialects (except for Lechitic), [dz] was deaffricated to [z]:
The final cutoff point for the Proto-Slavic period was the change of *ě to *a after palatal consonants and *j, which then created *ča/*ka contrasts. This, and the shortening and elision of weak yer
Yer
The letter yer of the Cyrillic alphabet, also spelled jer or er, is known as the hard sign in the modern Russian and Rusyn alphabets and as er golyam in the Bulgarian alphabet...
s (*ь/ĭ and *ъ/ŭ) (see Havlík's law
Havlík's law
Havlík's law is a Slavic rhythmic law dealing with the reduced vowels in Proto-Slavic. It is named for the Czech scholar Antonín Havlík , who determined the pattern in 1889. While Havlík's law was a precursor to the loss of the jers, that process is part of the individual history of the various...
) that created newly formed closed syllables ended the period of syllabic synharmony characteristic of Common Slavic.
For many Common Slavic dialects—including most of West Slavic, all but the northernmost portions of East Slavic, and some western parts of South Slavic— *g lenited from a voiced velar plosive
Voiced velar plosive
The voiced velar plosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is g. Strictly, the IPA symbol is the so-called "opentail G" , though the "looptail G" is...
to a voiced velar fricative
Voiced velar fricative
The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in various spoken languages. It is not found in English today, but did exist in Old English...
([ɡ] → [ɣ]). Because this change was not universal and because it did not occur in a number of East Slavic dialects (such as Belarussian and South Russian) until after the application of Havlík's law, calls into question early projections of this change and postulates three independent instigations of lenition, dating the earliest to before 900 AD and the latest to the early thirteenth century.
Because the reflexes for the nasal vowels *ę and } differ so widely, it's very likely that their phonetic value in Late Proto-Slavic was not uniform.
See also
- Wiktionary:Appendix:Swadesh lists for Slavic languages