Swadesh list of Lezgic languages
Encyclopedia
The Lezgic languages
are one of seven main branches of the Northeast Caucasian
language family.
The Swadesh word list
, developed by the linguist Morris Swadesh
, is used as a tool to study the evolution of languages via comparison. It contains a set of 207 basic words which can be found in every language and are rarely borrowed. The list here is in IPA. In comparative techniques, orthography is never used unless there is no phonetic data.
Lezgic languages
The Lezgic languages are one the seven branches of the Northeast Caucasian language family. Lezgian and Tabasaran are literary languages.-Classification:* Peripheral: Archi – 1200 speakers* Samur ** Eastern Samur*** Udi – 5000 speakers...
are one of seven main branches of the Northeast Caucasian
Northeast Caucasian languages
The Northeast Caucasian languages constitute a language family spoken in the Russian republics of Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetia, northern Azerbaijan, and in northeastern Georgia, as well as in diaspora populations in Russia, Turkey, and the Middle East...
language family.
The Swadesh word list
Swadesh list
A Swadesh list is one of several lists of vocabulary with basic meanings, developed by Morris Swadesh from 1940 onward, with the final, posthumously published version 1971 [1972], which is used in lexicostatistics and glottochronology .- Versions and authors :There are several versions of Swadesh...
, developed by the linguist Morris Swadesh
Morris Swadesh
Morris Swadesh was an influential and controversial American linguist. In his work, he applied basic concepts in historical linguistics to the Indigenous languages of the Americas...
, is used as a tool to study the evolution of languages via comparison. It contains a set of 207 basic words which can be found in every language and are rarely borrowed. The list here is in IPA. In comparative techniques, orthography is never used unless there is no phonetic data.
Table
| Translation | Proto-Lezgic | Lezgic languages Lezgic languages The Lezgic languages are one the seven branches of the Northeast Caucasian language family. Lezgian and Tabasaran are literary languages.-Classification:* Peripheral: Archi – 1200 speakers* Samur ** Eastern Samur*** Udi – 5000 speakers... |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Archi Archi language Archi is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by the 1,200 Archis in the village of Archib, southern Dagestan, Russia and the six surrounding smaller villages... |
Samur languages Samur languages The Samur languages are the principal component of the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian languages. Lezgian and Tabasaran are literary languages.-Internal branching:* Eastern Samur** Udi – 5700 speakers... |
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| Eastern Samur languages | Southern Samur languages | Western Samur languages | ||||||||
| Udi Udi language The Udi language, spoken by the Udi people, is a member of the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family. It is believed an earlier form of it was the main language of Caucasian Albania, which stretched from south Dagestan to current day Azerbaijan.The language is spoken by about... |
Lezgi–Aghul–Tabasaran | Kryts Kryts language Kryts , or Jek , is a Samur language of the Northeast Caucasian language family spoken in parts of the Quba Rayon of Azerbaijan by 6,000 people in 1975.... |
Budukh Budukh language Budukh or Budugh is a Samur language of the Northeast Caucasian language family spoken in parts of the Quba Rayon of Azerbaijan. It was reportedly spoken by approximately 1,000 Budukhs in 1990, but Authier reports at most 200 speakers.... |
Rutul Rutul language Rutul is a language spoken by the Rutuls, an ethnic group living in Dagestan and some parts of Azerbaijan. It is spoken by 29,400 people in Dagestan and the remaining 110 in Azerbaijan... |
Tsakhur Tsakhur language Tsakhur is a language spoken by the Tsakhurs, an ethnic group, which populates northern Azerbaijan and southwestern Dagestan . It is spoken by about 13,000 people in Azerbaijan and by about 9,770 people in Dagestan... |
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| Lezgi Lezgi language Lezgian, also called Lezgi or Lezgin, is a language that belongs to the Lezgic languages. It is spoken by the Lezgins, who live in southern Dagestan and northern Azerbaijan. Lezgian is a literary language and an official language of Dagestan. It is classified as "vulnerable" by UNESCO's Atlas of... |
Aghul Aghul language Aghul, also spelled Agul, is a language spoken by the Aguls who live in southern Dagestan, Russia and in Azerbaijan. It is spoken by about 28,300 people .-Classification:... |
Tabasaran Tabasaran language Tabasaran is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Lezgic branch. It is spoken by the Tabasaran people in southern part of the Russian Republic of Dagestan. There are two main dialects: North and South Tabasaran. It has a literary language based on the Southern dialect, one of six in the Dagestan... |
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| I | /zon/ | /zun/ | /zun/ | |||||||
| you (singular) | /un/ | /wun/ | /wun/ | |||||||
| he | ||||||||||
| we | /nen/ | /t͡ʃun/ | /xun/ incl. /t͡ʃun/ excl. |
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| you (plural) | /ʒʷen/ | /kyn/ | ||||||||
| they | /teb/ | |||||||||
| this | /jamu/, /jaw/ | /i/ | /me/ | |||||||
| that | /tot/, /tob/ neut. /tor/ fem. /tuw/ masc. |
/a/ | /te/ | |||||||
| here | /iʃík/ | /ina/ | ||||||||
| there | /ana/ | |||||||||
| who | /kʷi/ | /wuʒ/ | /fiʃ/ | |||||||
| what | /wut͡ʃ/ | /fi/ | ||||||||
| where | /danna/ | /hina/ | ||||||||
| when | /mus/ | |||||||||
| how | /hikʼ/ | |||||||||
| not | /tʼo/ (stat. v) | /tuʃ/ | /da/ | |||||||
| all | /óbʃːi/ 'all, whole, every' | /biri/ | /wari/ | |||||||
| many | /ɡzaf/ 'a lot' | /pːari/ 'a lot' | ||||||||
| some | /ospará/ | |||||||||
| few | ||||||||||
| other | ||||||||||
| one | /os/ | /sad/ | /sad/ | |||||||
| two | /qˤʷʼe/ | /qʷʼed/ | /ʡad/ | |||||||
| three | /ʟ̝̊eb/ | /pud/ | ||||||||
| four | /ebqʼ/ | /qʼud/ | ||||||||
| five | /ʟ̝̊ːo/ | /vad/ | ||||||||
| big | /dóːˤz/ (st. v.) | /tʃʼeχi/ | ||||||||
| long | ||||||||||
| /ærʁi/ | /irχef/ | |||||||||
| wide | qʼʷa (st. v.) | |||||||||
| thick | ||||||||||
| heavy | ||||||||||
| small | /tʼi/ (st. v.) | /ʁʷet͡ʃʼi | /bit͡sʼif/ | |||||||
| short | /kúːtʼa/ (st. v.) | |||||||||
| narrow | /qʼʷˤáqʼˤar/ (st. v.) | |||||||||
| thin | ||||||||||
| woman | /ʟ̝̊ːonnól/ | /pab/ | /xir/ | |||||||
| man (male) | /boʃór/ | /itim/ | /ʃuj/ | |||||||
| human being | /insán/ | /kas/ | /idemi/ | |||||||
| child | /lo/ | |||||||||
| wife | /ʟ̝̊ːonnól/ | |||||||||
| husband | /boʃór/ | |||||||||
| mother | ||||||||||
| father | ||||||||||
| animal | ||||||||||
| fish | /ʁed/ | /t͡ʃʼekʼ/ | ||||||||
| bird | /nykʼ/ | /d͡ʒaqʷʼ/ | ||||||||
| dog | /ɡʷátʃi/ | /kit͡sʼ/ | /ʁuj/ | |||||||
| louse | /nat͡sʼ/ | /net/ | /net/ | |||||||
| snake | /jáˤtʼi/ | |||||||||
| worm | /χʷárʃi/ | |||||||||
| tree | /qʷátʼi/ | /tar/ | /kʼur/ | |||||||
| forest | /χːʷak/ | |||||||||
| stick | /kʼuħán/ | |||||||||
| fruit | /áχəran/ | |||||||||
| seed | /muh/ 'grain, seed' | /tum/ | /tum/ | |||||||
| leaf | /kʼát͡ʃʼi/ 'leaf, sheet' | /peʃ/ | /pad͡ʒ/ | |||||||
| root | /márχːu/ | /duwul/ | /marʡ/ | |||||||
| bark (of a tree) | /páqʼut/ | /t͡ʃkal/ | /qːark/ | |||||||
| flower | /tʼeˤ/ | |||||||||
| grass | /hóti/ | |||||||||
| rope | /báˤkʼon/ | |||||||||
| skin | /qal/ | /χam/ | /χam/ | |||||||
| meat | /ak͡ʟ̝̊ʼ/ | /æk/ | /jak/ | |||||||
| blood | /bi/ | /iwi/ | /iʡ/ | |||||||
| bone | /lékːi/ | /kʼarab/ | /irk/ | |||||||
| fat (noun) | /mij/ | /pi/ | /maw/ | |||||||
| egg | /ɡénuk/ | /kaka/ | /ʁuraʁal/ | |||||||
| horn | /bat/ | /kart͡ʃ/ | /kʼart͡ʃ/ | |||||||
| tail | /oˤt͡ʃ/ qʼutːúl 'fatty ~ (sheep)' |
/qʼat͡ʃʼ/ | /rud͡ʒ/ | |||||||
| feather | /t͡sal/ | /t͡sʼakul/ | /murt͡s/ | |||||||
| hair | /t͡ʃʼáːˤri/ | /t͡ʃʼar/ | /t͡ʃʼar/ | |||||||
| head | /kártʼi/ (of a man) /oˤnt/ (of a woman or animal) |
/qʼil/ | /kʼil/ | |||||||
| ear | /oj/ | /æb/ | /ibur/ | |||||||
| eye | /lur/ | /wil/ | /ul/ | |||||||
| nose | /mut͡ʃ/ | /ner/ | ||||||||
| mouth | /soːb/ | /siw/ | /siw/ | |||||||
| tooth | /sot/ | /sas/ | /sileb/ | |||||||
| tongue | /mat͡s/ | /mez/ | /mez/ | |||||||
| fingernail | /k͡ʟ̝̊ʼontʼól/ | /kek/ | /kirk/ | |||||||
| foot | ||||||||||
| leg | /kʷʼat͡ʃ/ | |||||||||
| knee | /met/ | |||||||||
| hand | /ʁil/ | /ʁil/ | ||||||||
| wing | ||||||||||
| belly | ||||||||||
| guts | ||||||||||
| neck | /ɡardan/ | /ɡardan/ | ||||||||
| back | ||||||||||
| breast | /χur/ | /muχur/ | ||||||||
| heart | /rikʼ/ | /jurkʼ/ | ||||||||
| liver | /leqʼ/ | /lekʼ/ | ||||||||
| to drink | /qʰun/ | /uχas | ||||||||
| to eat | /tʼyn/ | /ʡytʼas/ | ||||||||
| to bite | /kʼasun/ | /qʼat͡sʼikas/ | ||||||||
| to suck | ||||||||||
| to spit | ||||||||||
| to vomit | ||||||||||
| to blow | ||||||||||
| to breathe | ||||||||||
| to laugh | ||||||||||
| to see | /akun/ | /aɡwas/ | ||||||||
| to hear | /wan xun/ | /un xas/ | ||||||||
| to know | /t͡ʃir xun/ | |||||||||
| to think | ||||||||||
| to smell | ||||||||||
| to fear | ||||||||||
| to sleep | /ksun/ | /ʁarxas/ | ||||||||
| to live | ||||||||||
| to die | /qʼin/ | /kʼes/ | ||||||||
| to kill | /qʼin/ | /kʼes/ | ||||||||
| to fight | /ánχːas/ | |||||||||
| to hunt | ||||||||||
| to hit | ||||||||||
| to cut | ||||||||||
| to split | /qːˤʼel/ | |||||||||
| to stab | ||||||||||
| to scratch | ||||||||||
| to dig | ||||||||||
| to swim | /sirnaw awun/ | /salaw aqʼas/ | ||||||||
| to fly | /luw ɡun/ | /ʁiʃas/ | ||||||||
| to walk | ||||||||||
| to come | /atun/ | /adis/ | ||||||||
| to lie (as in a bed) | /qatkun/ | /aqu xas/ | ||||||||
| to sit | /at͡suqʼun/ | |||||||||
| to stand | /aqʷazun/ | /quzanas/ | ||||||||
| to turn (intransitive) | ||||||||||
| to fall | ||||||||||
| to give | /ɡun/ | /is/ | ||||||||
| to hold | ||||||||||
| to squeeze | ||||||||||
| to rub | ||||||||||
| to wash | ||||||||||
| to wipe | ||||||||||
| to pull | ||||||||||
| to push | ||||||||||
| to throw | ||||||||||
| to tie | ||||||||||
| to sew | ||||||||||
| to count | ||||||||||
| to say | /luhun/ | /pas/ | ||||||||
| to sing | ||||||||||
| to play | ||||||||||
| to float | ||||||||||
| to flow | ||||||||||
| to freeze | ||||||||||
| to swell | ||||||||||
| sun | /raʁ/ | /raʁ/ | ||||||||
| moon | /warz/ | /waz/ | ||||||||
| star | /ʁed/ | /ʡad/ | ||||||||
| water | /ʟ̝̊ːan/ | /æd/ | /xed/ | /ʃid/ | /xed/ | /xan/ | ||||
| rain | /marf/ | /marx/ | ||||||||
| river | ||||||||||
| lake | ||||||||||
| sea | ||||||||||
| salt | ||||||||||
| stone | /qʷan/ | /ʁwan/ | /ʁwan/ | |||||||
| sand | /qum/ | /qːum/ | ||||||||
| dust | ||||||||||
| earth | /t͡ʃil/ | /d͡ʒil/ | ||||||||
| cloud | /t͡sif/ | /dif/ | /dif/ | |||||||
| fog | ||||||||||
| sky | ||||||||||
| wind | ||||||||||
| snow | ||||||||||
| ice | ||||||||||
| smoke | /ɡum/ | /kum/ | /kum/ | /kuma/ | ||||||
| fire | /t͡sʼaj/ | /t͡sʼa/ | /t͡sʼa/ | /t͡sʼaj/ | /t͡sʼaj/ | |||||
| ash | /ryqʰ/ | |||||||||
| to burn | /kun/ | /uɡas/ | /ubɡub/ | |||||||
| road | /reqʰ/ | /req/ | ||||||||
| mountain | /suw/ | /su/ | /ban/ | |||||||
| red | /æru/ | /iref/ | /yru/ | |||||||
| green | /qat͡su/ | /t͡ʃire/ | /t͡ʃru/ | |||||||
| yellow | /qili/ | |||||||||
| white | /lat͡su/ | /d͡ʒaɡwarf/ | ||||||||
| black | /t͡ʃʼulaw/ | /kʼare/ | /kʼaru/ | |||||||
| night | /jif/ | /ʡyʃ/ | /jiʃʷ/ | |||||||
| day | ||||||||||
| year | ||||||||||
| warm | /kudaj/ 'hot' | /kyt͡ʃef/ 'hot' | ||||||||
| cold | /meqʼi/ | /ruʁuf/ | ||||||||
| full | /at͡sʼaj/ | /at͡sʼuf/ | ||||||||
| new | /t͡sʼiji/ | /t͡sʼajif/ | /t͡sʼiji/ | |||||||
| old | ||||||||||
| good | /qʰsan/ | /id͡ʒef/ | /uʒu/ | |||||||
| bad | ||||||||||
| rotten | ||||||||||
| dirty | ||||||||||
| straight | ||||||||||
| round | /ɡurɡutʼ/ | /ɡurɡænf/ | /ɡerɡmi/ | |||||||
| sharp | ||||||||||
| dull | ||||||||||
| smooth | ||||||||||
| wet | ||||||||||
| dry | /qʼuraj/ | /ruqːuf/ | ||||||||
| correct | ||||||||||
| near | ||||||||||
| far | ||||||||||
| right | ||||||||||
| left | ||||||||||
| at | ||||||||||
| in | ||||||||||
| with | ||||||||||
| and | ||||||||||
| if | ||||||||||
| because | ||||||||||
| name | /t͡sʼor/ | /tʷʼar/ | /tur/ | /t͡ʃʷur/ | /dur/ | /do/ | ||||
See also
- Swadesh list of Avar–Andic languages