Overview=

Supplemental Instruction (SI) is an academic support model developed by Dr. Deanna Martin[1] at the University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) in 1973 that uses peer-assisted study sessions to improve student retention and success within targeted historically difficult courses.[3] The SI program provides peer support by having students who succeeded in traditionally difficult academic courses (e.g., Organic Chemistry, Biology 101, Logic) help other students complete these courses. SI is a non-remedial approach that provides regular review sessions outside of class in which students work collaboratively by discussing readings, comparing notes, working together to predict test items, and sharing ideas for improving class material. Courses selected for SI tend to be “gatekeeper” courses for first and second year students—generally those classes that have a 30% or higher proportion of students who receive a “D”, fail, or withdraw (the DFW rate) from the course. Out-of-class review sessions are led by “SI leaders,” students who took the class already and did well. SI leaders attend all class lectures, take notes, and act as models to those currently taking the course. The SI model is used for selected courses at the undergraduate, graduate, and professional school levels, and has been adopted by colleges and universities in the United States and internationally.[4]
Philosophy of the SI Model=

The SI model is based on a collection of learning theories. SI borrows from behavioral learning principals for Skinner

B. F. Skinner

Burrhus Frederic Skinner was an American behaviorist, author, inventor, baseball enthusiast, social philosopher and poet...

, Bandura

Albert Bandura

Albert Bandura is a psychologist and the David Starr Jordan Professor Emeritus of Social Science in Psychology at Stanford University...

, Ausubel

David Ausubel

David Paul Ausubel was an American psychologist born in New York. His most significant contribution to the fields of educational psychology, cognitive science, and science education learning, was on the development and research on ....

, and Herbart from cognitive development principles form Bruner

Jerome Bruner

Jerome Seymour Bruner is an American psychologist who has contributed to cognitive psychology and cognitive learning theory in educational psychology, as well as to history and to the general philosophy of education. Bruner is currently a senior research fellow at the New York University School...

, Piaget

Jean Piaget

Jean Piaget was a French-speaking Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children. His theory of cognitive development and epistemological view are together called "genetic epistemology"....

, and Flower and Hayes, from social interdependence principles from Geertz, Vygotsky, Bakhtin, and Erickson

Erik Erikson

Erik Erikson was a Danish-German-American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on social development of human beings. He may be most famous for coining the phrase identity crisis. His son, Kai T...

, and final from interpretive-critical principles form Freire

Paulo Freire

Paulo Reglus Neves Freire was a Brazilian educator and influential theorist of critical pedagogy.-Biography:...

, Apple

Michael Apple

Michael W. Apple is a leading critical educational theorist, recognized for numerous books and scholarly interests, which center on education and power, cultural politics, curriculum theory and research, critical teaching, and the development of democratic schools.He is currently the , at the...

, and Kozol.
Dissemination of SI Model=

The International Center for SI[7] is located at the University of Missouri-Kansas City[8] in Kansas City, Missouri within the Center for Academic Development.[9] The International Center for SI hosts and conducts regular trainings[10] on the SI model and has trained people in over 2,000 institutions in more than 29 countries.

There are national centers for SI at the University of Wollongong,[11] Australia, the University of Guelph,[12] Canada, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa, Lund University,[13] Sweden, and the University of Manchester,[14] United Kingdom. Outside of the United States, SI is also known as PASS (Peer Assisted Study Sessions) and PAL (Peer Assisted Learning). Each national center is responsible for supervision and training interested institutions in their areas the SI model.

Conferences

Every two years, the International Center for SI[15] hosts a conference[16] where administrators, educators, SI leaders, and students gather to share new research and ideas that pertain to SI.
Adaptations=

Video-based Supplemental Instruction (VSI)[5] is a model that combines course content with SI study sessions[6]. University professors capture video recordings of their lectures. Trained facilitators, using the recorded lectures and the SI model, guide students through the learning process while emphasizing critical thinking and study skills. Assessment is provided by the professor keeping the facilitator in the role as a peer supporter and not an evaluator.
Also See=

• Academic Coaching http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutor#Academic_coaching
• Academic Tutoring http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutor#Academic_tutoring
• Learning by Teaching
  Learning by teaching
  In professional education, learning by teaching designates currently the method by Jean-Pol Martin that allows pupils and students to prepare and to teach lessons, or parts of lessons...
  
  
• Peer-mediated Instruction
  Peer-mediated instruction
  Peer-mediated instruction is an approach in special education where peers of the target students are trained to provide necessary tutoring in educational, behavioral, and/or social concerns....
  
  
• Peer Mediated Learning
• Peer Leadership Program
  Peer Leadership Program
  The Peer Leadership Program is an organization, most often run in public high schools and four-year Universities, that looks upon upperclassmen to help ease the transition to the underclassman's respective freshmen year. The Peer Program is considered to stress communal interaction and social insight...
  
  
• Study Skills
  Study Skills
  Study skills or study strategies are approaches applied to learning. They are generally critical to success in school, are considered essential for acquiring good grades, and are useful for learning throughout one's life....