Stead House
Encyclopedia
Stead House, a grand Victorian
Italianate
residence located in Marrickville
, a suburb of Sydney's Inner West, was initially established as “Waterloo Villa” sometime in the early 1850's by Archibald Mitchell on part of the 30 acre grant known as “Wain’s Farm”. Stead House is an excellent example of a remnant grand estate house that is the product of a series of alterations and additions by owner Samuel Cook, manager of The Sydney Morning Herald
in the late 19th century and The Salvation Army
who purchased the property in 1911, following Cook’s death in 1910.
presentation of the house to Leicester Street was carried out by Samuel Cook in 1892, as an embellishment of Mitchell’s “Waterloo Villa”, renamed “Frankford Villa” in 1864 and subsequently “Frankfort House” during Cook’s ownership. The Italianate
makeover can be dated precisely due to detailed surveys found in the various field books of Public Works Department surveyor D. C. White who surveyed “Frankfort House” in 1891, and again in 1893 (see 'Style analysis').
During Samuel Cook's ownership the house was set in a renowned garden with stands of exotic trees, a large Moreton Bay Fig, carriage loop and much vaunted rose beds to the east. Following the demise of Cook in 1910, his children subdivided the estate and sold it off, primarily as housing lots, but retaining a parcel of land associated with the house (including four house allotments to the north on Victoria Road, and one to the south fronting Leicester Street) at the corner of Victoria Road and the then newly created Leicester Street.
It was purchased by The Salvation Army
in July 1911 at which time the house, renamed “Hopeleigh”, was deemed “...rather small and will allow only 32 beds for inmates...”. In 1912 a wing was added to the rear northern portion to increase accommodation and it was licensed as a hospital in November 1916. In 1926 an additional wing was added to the rear southern portion and included specialist medical/obstetrics
facilities.
The ensuing years saw ongoing changes such as the enclosure of verandas and balconies and internal partitioning to increase capacity. The 1912 wing also effectually reoriented the building to present north to Victoria Road rather than east to Leicester Street and a formal garden was established with trellised walks between “Hopeleigh” and Victoria Road.
The early post WWII
period saw increasing pressure on accommodation and compliance with regulations. In 1955 construction of a purpose-built maternity hospital to the Victoria Road frontage commenced and that building was opened as the new Bethesda Hospital in March 1957. The former maternity hospital was refitted as nurse's quarters with some ancillary facilities, such as a kitchen and laundry, servicing the new hospital out of the basement.
Bethesda Hospital in turn became difficult to operate due to its size and ongoing compliance with regulations and hospital operations ceased in July 1973. “Hopeleigh” was named “Stead House” in honour of the matron of Bethesda Hospital, which was refitted as a convalescent home during the mid 1970's. Stead House continued as a hostel for female students and women of low income in the ensuing years however the difficulties of fire regulation compliance and ongoing maintenance costs, together with the closure of the adjoining convalescent home in 2007, prompted The Salvation Army to dispose of both the properties.
Stead House was listed on the State Heritage Register (SHR) in March 1999.
to James Waine from Northampton
who was a convict on the Second Fleet
(the “Scarborough”). James Waine was convicted on April 4, 1788, for the theft of five turkeys and was transported for seven years. The Grant was consequential to his ticket of leave. The 30 acre grant in 1795 was seemingly a relatively early emancipist grant. Unfortunately there is no documentary evidence discovered as to structures associated with the occupation of the farm under the grant conditions.
in 1892 and, it appears, discharged the mortgage on "Frankfort Villa", undertook extensive works including the paired semi-octagonal bays, Italianate
embellishments to the exterior and seemingly the re-stylisation of the interior around that time. The field books of the Department of Public Works surveyor D. C. White show a significant alteration in the footprint of the house between the 1891 and 1893 surveys. The somewhat mannered Italianate
motifs to the veranda columns and the console brackets, strings and chimney detailing and photographic evidence of the decorative veranda beam indicate a "make-over" in the latter part of the period of Italianate
influence. In 1905 the residence was noted for its garden which was described by the The Sydney Mail
as the "most beautiful suburban garden in Sydney". Cook's children are listed in Sands as residents of the house as of 1911, but appear to have preferred to realise the value of the property and subsequently subdivided and sold the estate off. "Frankfort Villa" and associated land, was bought by The Salvation Army in August 1911.
manner. A 1936 image displays the same the verandah in a more livery appearance with an Arts and Crafts influence and constructed in timber, a curious change in such a relatively short period of time, particularly in the light of apparent funding constraints. The south wing appears to have been built in 1925/26 in response to both increasing accommodation pressures and the need to have purpose built medical facilities. Enclosure of certain areas such as the upper south verandah of the house occurred at this time, and the verandahs to the south wing shortly after, indicating severe accommodation pressure. Damage relating to a severe storm in 1937 prompted the eventual re-roofing of the original slate roof in concrete tiles and asymmetrical re-framing of the roof to the south wing.
Italianate
, a style which Apperley and others identify as being favoured, amongst other revivalist "romantic"
styles, during the period c. 1840 to c. 1890. Indications are that the re-stylisation of Stead House occurred in 1892, so it was a relatively late iteration of the style. The striking paired semi-octagonal faceted bays are quite idiosyncratic, the imposition of asymmetrical massing through the introduction of these bays on what was previously seemingly a rigidly symmetrical composition, and the embellishments such as the stylised console brackets and moulding profiles used, all point to an Italianate
style.
The internal decoration, particularly the interior semi-elliptical arch and, to some extent, the upper level joinery all point to a "make-over", given the presence of remnant "Regency"
influenced detailing in the joinery trim, window elbow linings, and particularly the fanlight over the front entrance. The rear wings exhibit some “Federation”
era influence (pressed metal ceilings) while there is some remnant joinery trim to the south wing (“Interwar”), though the latter has been substantially compromised by piecemeal alteration and was seemingly utilitarian when built.
Victorian architecture
The term Victorian architecture refers collectively to several architectural styles employed predominantly during the middle and late 19th century. The period that it indicates may slightly overlap the actual reign, 20 June 1837 – 22 January 1901, of Queen Victoria. This represents the British and...
Italianate
Italianate architecture
The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture. In the Italianate style, the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture, which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and...
residence located in Marrickville
Marrickville, New South Wales
Marrickville, a suburb of Sydney's Inner West is located 7 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district in the state of New South Wales, Australia and is the largest suburb in the Marrickville Council local government area...
, a suburb of Sydney's Inner West, was initially established as “Waterloo Villa” sometime in the early 1850's by Archibald Mitchell on part of the 30 acre grant known as “Wain’s Farm”. Stead House is an excellent example of a remnant grand estate house that is the product of a series of alterations and additions by owner Samuel Cook, manager of The Sydney Morning Herald
The Sydney Morning Herald
The Sydney Morning Herald is a daily broadsheet newspaper published by Fairfax Media in Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1831 as the Sydney Herald, the SMH is the oldest continuously published newspaper in Australia. The newspaper is published six days a week. The newspaper's Sunday counterpart, The...
in the late 19th century and The Salvation Army
The Salvation Army
The Salvation Army is a Protestant Christian church known for its thrift stores and charity work. It is an international movement that currently works in over a hundred countries....
who purchased the property in 1911, following Cook’s death in 1910.
History
The current ItalianateItalianate architecture
The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture. In the Italianate style, the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture, which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and...
presentation of the house to Leicester Street was carried out by Samuel Cook in 1892, as an embellishment of Mitchell’s “Waterloo Villa”, renamed “Frankford Villa” in 1864 and subsequently “Frankfort House” during Cook’s ownership. The Italianate
Italianate architecture
The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture. In the Italianate style, the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture, which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and...
makeover can be dated precisely due to detailed surveys found in the various field books of Public Works Department surveyor D. C. White who surveyed “Frankfort House” in 1891, and again in 1893 (see 'Style analysis').
During Samuel Cook's ownership the house was set in a renowned garden with stands of exotic trees, a large Moreton Bay Fig, carriage loop and much vaunted rose beds to the east. Following the demise of Cook in 1910, his children subdivided the estate and sold it off, primarily as housing lots, but retaining a parcel of land associated with the house (including four house allotments to the north on Victoria Road, and one to the south fronting Leicester Street) at the corner of Victoria Road and the then newly created Leicester Street.
It was purchased by The Salvation Army
The Salvation Army
The Salvation Army is a Protestant Christian church known for its thrift stores and charity work. It is an international movement that currently works in over a hundred countries....
in July 1911 at which time the house, renamed “Hopeleigh”, was deemed “...rather small and will allow only 32 beds for inmates...”. In 1912 a wing was added to the rear northern portion to increase accommodation and it was licensed as a hospital in November 1916. In 1926 an additional wing was added to the rear southern portion and included specialist medical/obstetrics
Obstetrics
Obstetrics is the medical specialty dealing with the care of all women's reproductive tracts and their children during pregnancy , childbirth and the postnatal period...
facilities.
The ensuing years saw ongoing changes such as the enclosure of verandas and balconies and internal partitioning to increase capacity. The 1912 wing also effectually reoriented the building to present north to Victoria Road rather than east to Leicester Street and a formal garden was established with trellised walks between “Hopeleigh” and Victoria Road.
The early post WWII
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
period saw increasing pressure on accommodation and compliance with regulations. In 1955 construction of a purpose-built maternity hospital to the Victoria Road frontage commenced and that building was opened as the new Bethesda Hospital in March 1957. The former maternity hospital was refitted as nurse's quarters with some ancillary facilities, such as a kitchen and laundry, servicing the new hospital out of the basement.
Bethesda Hospital in turn became difficult to operate due to its size and ongoing compliance with regulations and hospital operations ceased in July 1973. “Hopeleigh” was named “Stead House” in honour of the matron of Bethesda Hospital, which was refitted as a convalescent home during the mid 1970's. Stead House continued as a hostel for female students and women of low income in the ensuing years however the difficulties of fire regulation compliance and ongoing maintenance costs, together with the closure of the adjoining convalescent home in 2007, prompted The Salvation Army to dispose of both the properties.
Stead House was listed on the State Heritage Register (SHR) in March 1999.
History of the site
Stead House has had a relatively involved history, and is a complex palimpsest of the following eras.Wain's Farm (1795–1839)
The original land was part of a thirty acre grant by Governor William PatersonWilliam Paterson (explorer)
Colonel William Paterson, FRS was a Scottish soldier, explorer, Lieutenant governor and botanist best known for leading early settlement in Tasmania. This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation Paterson when citing a botanical name.-Early years:A native of Montrose, Scotland, Paterson was...
to James Waine from Northampton
Northampton
Northampton is a large market town and local government district in the East Midlands region of England. Situated about north-west of London and around south-east of Birmingham, Northampton lies on the River Nene and is the county town of Northamptonshire. The demonym of Northampton is...
who was a convict on the Second Fleet
Second Fleet (Australia)
The Second Fleet is the name of the second fleet of ships sent with settlers, convicts and supplies to colony at Sydney Cove in Port Jackson, Australia. The fleet comprised six ships: one Royal Navy escort, four convict ships, and a supply ship....
(the “Scarborough”). James Waine was convicted on April 4, 1788, for the theft of five turkeys and was transported for seven years. The Grant was consequential to his ticket of leave. The 30 acre grant in 1795 was seemingly a relatively early emancipist grant. Unfortunately there is no documentary evidence discovered as to structures associated with the occupation of the farm under the grant conditions.
Waterloo Villa (1839–1865)
Archibald Mitchell was the owner of the land between 1839 and 1865 and, according to the Sands Directory, the name changed in 1865 to "Frankford [sic] Villa" with Archibald Mitchell still in residence, suggesting some change in the nature of the house. It appears that Mitchell borrowed heavily against the property and was sold-up by the mortgagee Jane M. Dunsmere, who possibly had to force the sale as her husband John appeared to have died around 1864. There is apparent fabric evidence from the earlier "Waterloo Villa" period in the presence of the front door and fanlight, multi-paned windows to the original north and rear walls, a bead and butt door, the six panel doors and some of the joinery trim.Frankfort Villa (1865–1911)
Samuel Cook purchased the property from Jane M. Dunsmere in 1865. Prior to this he resided in Enmore Road, Newtown and was described as a "reporter". He became manager of The Sydney Morning HeraldThe Sydney Morning Herald
The Sydney Morning Herald is a daily broadsheet newspaper published by Fairfax Media in Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1831 as the Sydney Herald, the SMH is the oldest continuously published newspaper in Australia. The newspaper is published six days a week. The newspaper's Sunday counterpart, The...
in 1892 and, it appears, discharged the mortgage on "Frankfort Villa", undertook extensive works including the paired semi-octagonal bays, Italianate
Italianate architecture
The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture. In the Italianate style, the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture, which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and...
embellishments to the exterior and seemingly the re-stylisation of the interior around that time. The field books of the Department of Public Works surveyor D. C. White show a significant alteration in the footprint of the house between the 1891 and 1893 surveys. The somewhat mannered Italianate
Italianate architecture
The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture. In the Italianate style, the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture, which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and...
motifs to the veranda columns and the console brackets, strings and chimney detailing and photographic evidence of the decorative veranda beam indicate a "make-over" in the latter part of the period of Italianate
Italianate architecture
The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture. In the Italianate style, the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture, which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and...
influence. In 1905 the residence was noted for its garden which was described by the The Sydney Mail
The Sydney Mail
The Sydney Mail was an Australian magazine published weekly in Sydney. The weekly edition of The Sydney Morning Herald newspaper, it ran from 1860 to 1938....
as the "most beautiful suburban garden in Sydney". Cook's children are listed in Sands as residents of the house as of 1911, but appear to have preferred to realise the value of the property and subsequently subdivided and sold the estate off. "Frankfort Villa" and associated land, was bought by The Salvation Army in August 1911.
Hopeleigh/Hopeleigh Maternity Home (1911-c.1936)
Shortly after taking possession of the rather small "Frankfort Villa" The Salvation Army proceeded to enlarge the house through the construction of the northern wing. This addition consisted of a verandah to the north and south walls and the rooms, seemingly used for residential accommodation for the staff, appear to have been accessed off the verandahs. A 1915 image shows cast iron columns, lace balustrades and friezes in the VictorianVictorian architecture
The term Victorian architecture refers collectively to several architectural styles employed predominantly during the middle and late 19th century. The period that it indicates may slightly overlap the actual reign, 20 June 1837 – 22 January 1901, of Queen Victoria. This represents the British and...
manner. A 1936 image displays the same the verandah in a more livery appearance with an Arts and Crafts influence and constructed in timber, a curious change in such a relatively short period of time, particularly in the light of apparent funding constraints. The south wing appears to have been built in 1925/26 in response to both increasing accommodation pressures and the need to have purpose built medical facilities. Enclosure of certain areas such as the upper south verandah of the house occurred at this time, and the verandahs to the south wing shortly after, indicating severe accommodation pressure. Damage relating to a severe storm in 1937 prompted the eventual re-roofing of the original slate roof in concrete tiles and asymmetrical re-framing of the roof to the south wing.
Bethesda Hospital/Stead House (c. 1936–present)
It appears there was something of a hiatus during the late 1930s to the early 1950s in terms of building activity. A new hospital was built in 1955-57 and seemingly the name "Bethesda Hospital" transferred to the new building with what is now Stead House used as accommodation for staff. It also appears the basement of Stead House was fitted out with a commercial kitchen and laundry to service the new hospital and a link structure built. Following the demise of the Bethesda Hospital in 1973, it appears the name "Stead House" was given to the subject building in honour of the founding matron of the new Bethesda Hospital, Lieutenant Colonel Doris Stead. Stead House became a hostel for women students and low income earners up until recently, when the economic and fire regulation compliance issues became insurmountable and it was placed on the market.Style analysis
Richard Apperley, Robert Irving and Peter Reynolds, in their “A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture….” (1989) determine a series of styles based on “style indicators”. Stead House exhibits many of the elements of the VictorianVictorian architecture
The term Victorian architecture refers collectively to several architectural styles employed predominantly during the middle and late 19th century. The period that it indicates may slightly overlap the actual reign, 20 June 1837 – 22 January 1901, of Queen Victoria. This represents the British and...
Italianate
Italianate architecture
The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture. In the Italianate style, the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture, which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and...
, a style which Apperley and others identify as being favoured, amongst other revivalist "romantic"
Romanticism
Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution...
styles, during the period c. 1840 to c. 1890. Indications are that the re-stylisation of Stead House occurred in 1892, so it was a relatively late iteration of the style. The striking paired semi-octagonal faceted bays are quite idiosyncratic, the imposition of asymmetrical massing through the introduction of these bays on what was previously seemingly a rigidly symmetrical composition, and the embellishments such as the stylised console brackets and moulding profiles used, all point to an Italianate
Italianate architecture
The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture. In the Italianate style, the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture, which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and...
style.
The internal decoration, particularly the interior semi-elliptical arch and, to some extent, the upper level joinery all point to a "make-over", given the presence of remnant "Regency"
Regency architecture
The Regency style of architecture refers primarily to buildings built in Britain during the period in the early 19th century when George IV was Prince Regent, and also to later buildings following the same style...
influenced detailing in the joinery trim, window elbow linings, and particularly the fanlight over the front entrance. The rear wings exhibit some “Federation”
Federation architecture
Federation architecture refers to the architectural style in Australia, which was prevalent from around 1890 to 1920. The period refers to the Federation of Australia on 1 January 1901, when the Australian colonies collectively became the Commonwealth of Australia...
era influence (pressed metal ceilings) while there is some remnant joinery trim to the south wing (“Interwar”), though the latter has been substantially compromised by piecemeal alteration and was seemingly utilitarian when built.
External links
- http://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/07_subnav_01_2.cfm?itemid=2030138
- http://www.marrickville.nsw.gov.au/edrawer/Files/718093175/TRIM_TR_REC_1185161.ZIP
- http://salvostu.com/salvostu/?q=node/6
- http://www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au/catalogues/artist/15450/samuel-cook.aspx
- http://salvos.org.au/glebe/news/2009/07/10/stead-house-update/
- http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/marrickville
- http://www.historyaustralia.org.au/twconvic/tiki-index.php?page=Scarborough+1790
- http://www.marrickville.nsw.gov.au/marrickville/internet/me.get?site.home